The thesis deals with legalization of active euthanasia, its main impacts for the whole society, potential abuse and some basic concerns of specialist of various profession related to euthanasia. The thesis is focused on the medical, economic, legal and religious point of view of euthanasia and defines crucial approaches of the defenders and defendant of euthanasia. Special emphasis is on the attitude of doctors, whose opinions on legalization of active euthanasia vary. The thesis denies legalization of active euthanasia as a good solution for patients which are incurable ill or dying, calls attention to keeping the right to live in current form and disagrees with the economical argument that euthanasia is cheap and fast solution for complicated situation of the health service.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-09T17:58:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arthur Bezerra De Souza Junior.pdf: 1374491 bytes, checksum: b20a5dd5e31c1fc5018aaadf9a6ba8c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T17:58:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arthur Bezerra De Souza Junior.pdf: 1374491 bytes, checksum: b20a5dd5e31c1fc5018aaadf9a6ba8c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-11 / The 1988 Federal Constitution contemplates a large list of fundamental rights and guarantees, being named “Citizen Constitution “. Social rights have its own chapter and the right to health constitutes a right of all and a duty of the state and society. When dealing with the right to health within the constitutional framework, enables the constitutional text that any violation or restriction of this right is enjoyed by the judiciary. This is the legalization of politics. Accordingly, we analyze the role played by the judiciary ones, mostly, the Supreme Court in the realization of the right to health , in light of their recent decisions requiring the Government to the formulation and implementation of public policies in health care . This is the phenomenon called judicial activism. In this context , we examine accurately the extent to which the judiciary , especially the Supreme Court is entitled to enter the merits of the public policy of the State to give greater effectiveness to the right to health . Similarly examines whether this new stance adopted by the Supreme Court does not violate the separation of powers constitutionally guaranteed. / A Constituição Federal de 1988, contempla um amplo rol de direitos e garantias fundamentais, sendo denominada de “Constituição Cidadã”. Os direitos sociais possuem um capítulo próprio e o direito à saúde, constitui-se um direito de todos e um dever do Estado e da sociedade. Ao tratar do direito à saúde no âmbito constitucional, possibilita o Texto Constitucional que eventual violação ou restrição a esse direito seja apreciada pelo Poder Judiciário. Trata-se da judicialização da política. Nesse sentido, analisa-se o papel desempenhado pelo Poder Judiciário, precipuamente, do Supremo Tribunal Federal na efetivação do direito à saúde, tendo em vista suas recentes decisões que exigem do Poder Público a formulação e concretização de políticas públicas na área da saúde. Trata-se do fenômeno denominado de ativismo judicial. Nesse contexto, examina-se com acuidade em que medida o Poder Judiciário, especialmente, o Supremo Tribunal Federal tem legitimidade para adentrar no mérito das políticas públicas do Estado para dar maior efetividade ao direito à saúde. De igual modo, analisa-se se essa nova postura adotada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal não violaria a separação dos poderes constitucionalmente assegurada.

Law enforcement agencies are faced with the problem of how to reduce crime in the most economical method possible without violating the law. Since drug offenders also engage in a disproportionate amount of non-drug crime, then drug enforcement is considered as an acceptable general crime control method. Unfortuantely, this is an expensive option because incarcerating offenders is both costly and ony a short-term solution to the problem. A review of existing research examining the prior criminal histories of drug offenders compared to their previous involvement in violent and property crime is conducted to evaluate this relationship.

Criminological aspects of drug-related crime Abstract This master`s thesis deals with a number of criminological aspects and issues related to drug-related criminality, in particular with legislation that takes into account the specific impact of selected drugs. In this context the thesis analyzes the drugs` impact on secondary drug-related crime, the death rate and health of their users and additional negative social and economic consequences related to such drugs. Following the evaluation of these harmful effects the thesis proposes potential changes to policy on such drugs and compares it to policies of foreign countries on individual drugs. These changes consist of various proposals including the decriminalization or legalization of certain means of handling of individual drugs. The thesis also examines national legislation currently in force related to selected individual drugs. Its conclusions are reached through a variety of researches and statistical data. The thesis consists of eight chapters which are preceded by a brief introduction to the selected topic. The first chapter lays out basic terminology used in this thesis. The second chapter deals with historical cases of drug policies such as the Chinese policy on opium in 19th and 20th century or the prohibition in the United States between 1920...

The dissertation thesis about Czech and Polish legislation on drug offenses deals with driving under the influence of addictive substances, responsibility for acts committed under the influence of addictive substances, drug possession, cannabis cultivation, production and distribution of drugs, handling of articles for drug production and spreading drug addiction. The aim of this work is to bring a critical view of the current Czech legislation on drug offenses and related issues and then to present specific legislative proposals based on comparison with Polish law. The thesis analyzes the Polish and Czech legal regulations of drug offenses and brings a comparison of the facts of the aforementioned crimes and specific case studies. The work is based on legal regulations and case law of both countries, practical knowledge and also available statistical data. The thesis deals with the legalization of drugs comprehensively, including the arguments for and against legalization, wich are used in the Czech Republic and Poland. It addresses the legalization of cannabis on the example of Holland, the USA and Uruguay, as well as the availability of hard drugs in substitution programs in the Czech Republic and Poland. In conclusion the thesis gets to the explanation how the Czech legislator should proceed...

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This thesis focuses on the issue of cannabis legalization in Colorado. Legislation adopted at the federal level prohibits production, distribution and consumption of cannabis. Through public ballot initiatives, use of cannabis for non-medical purposes was legalized on the state level. This approach represents a fundamental change in drug policy and, in the future, it could affect federal drug policy regarding cannabis. This thesis uses the example of Colorado to illustrate the inconsistency in the legal approach to cannabis between some of the U.S. states and the federal government. By describing and analyzing the control measures in Colorado, this thesis aims to identify various regulatory risks, which might cause conflicts with the federal government. The thesis points to the liberal aspects of the regulation in Colorado and confronts the discrepancy with the directive of the federal government to establish a strong regulatory framework that is consistent with federal priorities in the area of law enforcement. The thesis contains a set of recommendations that contribute to reducing potential negative effects. Even though the federal government did not interfere with state's cannabis legalization, these recommendations could prevent a possible clash with the federal government, which still de jure...

The United States has long waged war against drugs resulting in, amongst other things, theworld’s largest prison population and costing society billions of dollars yearly. As a possible solution to the problem, legalization of recreational marijuana has emerged with Colorado as a pioneering state. The purpose of this study is to examine whether legalization has a casual effect on unemployment and arrests. This was done by performing difference-in-difference estimations with Colorado as the treatment group, Georgia and Arizona as the control group with unemployment and varying offenses as dependent variables. The results indicate legalization leading to a decrease in marijuana possession arrests. However, the non-drug related offenses and unemployment increased, albeit without statistical significance, which means that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected and leaves room for questioning of the results. This may be explained by there being more factors affecting those variables, Thus, using legalization as a mean to decrease unemployment and arrest rates can be challenged.

Labor intensive sectors such as the specialty crop sector have historically had strong reliance on foreign labor, constituting roughly oneifth of all U.S. farms while incurring roughly two-thirds of direct-hire expenses. It is estimated that more than half unauthorized of the foreign-born labor force in the specialty crop sector are unauthorized for US employment. Using data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey for 1989-2014, this study uses a treatment effects approach (via propensity score matching and minimum-biased estimation) to evaluate the farm wage implications of legalization of foreign-born specialty crop farm workers nationally, as well as specifically in California. Positive wage effects are estimated in nationally and in California, with higher magnitude effects observed in California.

This thesis examines the abortion debate in Brazil within the context of Catholic and Evangelical belief systems. Using a systematic literature review and thematic content analysis, the primary objective is to illuminate the intersection of religion and the often taboo topic of abortion. Given the widespread poverty in Brazil, abortion becomes a profoundly critical issue that directly impacts the health and safety of women as it affects their ability to access medical care in safe and regulated settings, thereby reducing the risks associated with dangerous and illegal procedures. The findings underscore the substantial role played by Catholic and Evangelical belief systems in opposing the legalization of abortion, driven by their deeply held values. This influence is deeply rooted in historical opportunities seized during Brazil's democratization process. Moreover, Catholic, and Evangelical movements have demonstrated remarkable mobilization efforts, engaging in grassroots activities, and fostering mobilization within private spheres. The polarization of the abortion debate has intensified the visibility of these religious groups and mobilized their supporters in various ways. In conclusion, this study reveals that Catholic and Evangelical belief systems have emerged as influential political actors, significantly shaping public opinion and resistance to abortion legalization, even in cases where it is legally sanctioned. Given that religion's influence shows no signs of diminishing but rather continues to grow, further research in this context is crucial to understanding its profound impact on society.