The economic impact of legalized marijuana has been massive, but does legal marijuana have the impact to create new types of urban spaces? The legalization of formerly illicit vices has created urban spaces thematically constructed around vice, such as The Strip in Las Vegas (gambling) or The Wallen in Amsterdam (prostitution). This paper suggests that legalized marijuana similarly has the potential to construct vice-themed urban spaces in a post-industrial economic paradigm defined by consumption. Using Denver’s South Broadway (an urban area that has been rebranded as “The Green Mile” due to the outgrowth of marijuana businesses in the area) as the foundation for the analysis, this paper uses qualitative methodologies including historical and content analysis and interviews to examine how marijuana becomes normalized through legalization and resituated for mass consumption, in turn creating the possibility for the construction of thematic urban spaces.

公民投票的正當性奠基於「直接民主」，而直接民主至今仍被多數人認定為最典型的民主制度。中山先生以創制複決權作為補足代議制度缺失的制度，為落實「直接民權」提供堅實的基礎。此外，本論文亦提出「民主行政」、「公民參與」理論，作為公民主動關心公眾事務，解決重大爭議性政策的基石。民主行政理論不僅力主政治系統內的所有公民，盡可能地親自參與各種政治決策，並且深信各個公民透過決策過程中的普遍參與，可以激發其潛能，促進其道德發展，從而造就出典型公民。公民投票制度也提供了經驗性的基礎。從歐美公民投票制度的發展過程來看，瑞士贏得「公民投票制之母國」的稱呼，並發展成為美、法公民投票系統之外的第三大系統。最近以公民投票決定國際條約的例子，為芬蘭與奧地利選民分別於一九九四年十月十七日與五月十三日舉行公民投票，決定加入歐洲聯盟。而我國公民投票法制化呼聲四起，主要植基於國民大會代表人民行使政權所產生的爭議、立法機制及決策機制背離民意之所致。在「國大自廢武功」不可能的情勢下，訴諸「公民投票」以決定「國民大會存廢與否」，似乎是一種可行之道。公民投票的實施，真正意含則是不信任議會民主，而且對政黨政治存有嚴重戒心。其次，行政機關的決策作為不當亦是興起公民投票法制化的原因之一。本論文主要提出「威權行政」及「漸進理性」決策觀的不當，希望邁向民主行政的決策觀，而公民投票的實施正是「民主行政」精神的最佳展現。第四、五兩章介紹我國公民投票制度法制化的過程。透過各種公投法草案的分析，優劣利弊應已明顯浮現。透過上述的理論、經驗與時空環境的分析，提供了第五章逐條討論階段爭議性問題政策辯論之基礎，這些問題包括公民投票法的法源問題、目前有無實施公民投票之條件、公民投票與代議政治、決策制定之關聯性等等。。筆者期盼執政黨不應再被動以對，以黨版「全國性創制複決法草案」和審查會通過的「五合一」版本進行協商，應是最好的解決之道。第六章提出公民投票運作成功應該具有相關條件之配合，如公民教育的重視、溝通管道的建立、社區意識的培養、培養具倫理觀念之公共行政實務者，以及相關「配套」措施的配合。

Prostitution has often been referred to as the oldest profession in the world. Yet the Canadian legislature and courts refuse to recognize it as a profession but merely as a social nuisance or worse yet a social evil. While the act of selling sex in exchange for money is technically legal in Canada, all related activities are criminalized. The majority of social science studies concerning the impact of prostitution-related laws on the health, safety and wellbeing of prostitutes indicates that criminalization jeopardizes the safety of prostitutes, as well as their access to health and social services and recommends the decriminalization of the profession. Despite these studies and requests from sex workers and experts, the government has refused to repeal any of the prostitution-related laws. This paper outlines the societal and legislative treatment of prostitution and then seeks to determine whether decriminalization is a viable goal in Canada.

Prostitution has often been referred to as the oldest profession in the world. Yet the Canadian legislature and courts refuse to recognize it as a profession but merely as a social nuisance or worse yet a social evil. While the act of selling sex in exchange for money is technically legal in Canada, all related activities are criminalized. The majority of social science studies concerning the impact of prostitution-related laws on the health, safety and wellbeing of prostitutes indicates that criminalization jeopardizes the safety of prostitutes, as well as their access to health and social services and recommends the decriminalization of the profession. Despite these studies and requests from sex workers and experts, the government has refused to repeal any of the prostitution-related laws. This paper outlines the societal and legislative treatment of prostitution and then seeks to determine whether decriminalization is a viable goal in Canada.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-05T16:00:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação ENTREGA FINAL PDF.pdf: 1279401 bytes, checksum: 308cdb60e0a51eda5977d4d71d6fb05f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T16:00:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação ENTREGA FINAL PDF.pdf: 1279401 bytes, checksum: 308cdb60e0a51eda5977d4d71d6fb05f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / Introdução: As modificações econômicas e sociológicas têm interferido na discussão sobre legalização e descriminalização do uso recreacional da Cannabis sativa exigindo um posicionamento da sociedade. Objetivo: Caracterizar a opinião de estudantes de Medicina sobre a legalização da maconha. Métodos: Em estudo transversal, descritivo, tipo levantamento de dados, realizado nos campi da Universidade de Pernambuco e da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, instituições públicas de ensino superior foram incluídos 357 alunos regularmente matriculados e cursando disciplinas da graduação em Medicina, em 2016, que se dispuseram a responder a três instrumentos de coleta de dados, em sala de aula. Foram levantadas as características dos alunos, os conhecimentos sobre maconha e as expectativas de resultados sobre o efeito da maconha. As variáveis foram sexo, idade, período do curso de Medicina, opinião sobre legalização da maconha e expectativas do efeito da droga. Empregou-se o programa EPI7 para organizar o banco de dados e o Statistical Package for Social Sciences, para análise. Resultados: Constatou-se que 32,5% dos estudantes eram usuários de maconha, o que não influenciou no conhecimento ou nas expectativas. O motivo mais frequente dos 158 (44,3%) estudantes para serem favoráveis à legalização da maconha foram os benefícios econômicos, diferindo dos 199/(55,7%) desfavoráveis cujo motivo foi oferecer risco para uso de drogas pesadas. Os participantes declararam não perceber desconforto com a abertura de um estabelecimento de comércio de marijuana e tampouco se a pessoa consumisse a droga em sua residência, mas se aborreceriam na presença de uma pessoa usando droga. Pelo questionário de expectativas de uso de maconha se identificou haver uma tendência de os alunos favoráveis oferecerem pontuações menores e essas diferenças foram significantes. Conclusão A opinião sobre legalização da maconha pareceu não manter relação com os aspectos da saúde. / Introduction: Economic and sociological changes have affected the discussion of legalization and decriminalization of recreational use of cannabis sativa requiring positioning of society. Objective: To characterize the opinion of medical students about the legalization of marijuana. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, data collection, held on the campuses of the University of Pernambuco and the Federal University of Pernambuco, public institutions of higher education to include 357 students enrolled and attending graduation courses in Medicine in 2016, who were willing to answer three data collection tools in the classroom. the characteristics of the students were raised, determining the knowledge of marijuana and the results expectations survey on the effect of marijuana. The variables were gender, age, medical school period, review of legalizing marijuana and drug effect expectations. The program EPI7 was employed to organize database and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for analysis. Results: It was found that 32.5% of students were marijuana users, which did not influence their knowledge or expectations. The most common cause of 158 (44.3%) students to be in favor of legalizing marijuana were the economic benefits, differing from 199 (55.7%) unfavorable whose motive was to offer risk for use of hard drugs. Participants said they did not notice discomfort with the opening of a marijuana trade settlement nor with a person consuming the drug in his home, but abhor the presence of a person using drugs. Within the questionnaire marijuana expectations, we identified a trend of favorable students to offer lower scores and these differences were significant. Conclusion Opinion on legalizing marijuana appeared to maintain no relationship with health aspects.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-04T14:37:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação ENTREGA FINAL PDF.pdf: 1279401 bytes, checksum: 308cdb60e0a51eda5977d4d71d6fb05f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T14:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação ENTREGA FINAL PDF.pdf: 1279401 bytes, checksum: 308cdb60e0a51eda5977d4d71d6fb05f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / Introdução: As modificações econômicas e sociológicas têm interferido na discussão sobre legalização e descriminalização do uso recreacional da Cannabis sativa exigindo um posicionamento da sociedade. Objetivo: Caracterizar a opinião de estudantes de Medicina sobre a legalização da maconha. Métodos: Em estudo transversal, descritivo, tipo levantamento de dados, realizado nos campi da Universidade de Pernambuco e da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, instituições públicas de ensino superior foram incluídos 357 alunos regularmente matriculados e cursando disciplinas da graduação em Medicina, em 2016, que se dispuseram a responder a três instrumentos de coleta de dados, em sala de aula. Foram levantadas as características dos alunos, os conhecimentos sobre maconha e as expectativas de resultados sobre o efeito da maconha. As variáveis foram sexo, idade, período do curso de Medicina, opinião sobre legalização da maconha e expectativas do efeito da droga. Empregou-se o programa EPI7 para organizar o banco de dados e o Statistical Package for Social Sciences, para análise. Resultados: Constatou-se que 32,5% dos estudantes eram usuários de maconha, o que não influenciou no conhecimento ou nas expectativas. O motivo mais frequente dos 158 (44,3%) estudantes para serem favoráveis à legalização da maconha foram os benefícios econômicos, diferindo dos 199/(55,7%) desfavoráveis cujo motivo foi oferecer risco para uso de drogas pesadas. Os participantes declararam não perceber desconforto com a abertura de um estabelecimento de comércio de marijuana e tampouco se a pessoa consumisse a droga em sua residência, mas se aborreceriam na presença de uma pessoa usando droga. Pelo questionário de expectativas de uso de maconha se identificou haver uma tendência de os alunos favoráveis oferecerem pontuações menores e essas diferenças foram significantes. Conclusão A opinião sobre legalização da maconha pareceu não manter relação com os aspectos da saúde. / Introduction: Economic and sociological changes have affected the discussion of legalization and decriminalization of recreational use of cannabis sativa requiring positioning of society. Objective: To characterize the opinion of medical students about the legalization of marijuana. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, data collection, held on the campuses of the University of Pernambuco and the Federal University of Pernambuco, public institutions of higher education to include 357 students enrolled and attending graduation courses in Medicine in 2016, who were willing to answer three data collection tools in the classroom. the characteristics of the students were raised, determining the knowledge of marijuana and the results expectations survey on the effect of marijuana. The variables were gender, age, medical school period, review of legalizing marijuana and drug effect expectations. The program EPI7 was employed to organize database and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for analysis. Results: It was found that 32.5% of students were marijuana users, which did not influence their knowledge or expectations. The most common cause of 158 (44.3%) students to be in favor of legalizing marijuana were the economic benefits, differing from 199 (55.7%) unfavorable whose motive was to offer risk for use of hard drugs. Participants said they did not notice discomfort with the opening of a marijuana trade settlement nor with a person consuming the drug in his home, but abhor the presence of a person using drugs. Within the questionnaire marijuana expectations, we identified a trend of favorable students to offer lower scores and these differences were significant. Conclusion Opinion on legalizing marijuana appeared to maintain no relationship with health aspects.

The main aim of the thesis is to verify the correlation between cannabis use and the crime rate in accordance with the legalization of marijuana in Colorado 1. 1. 2014. Method difference in differences is used to analyze this problem by comparing Denver with Philadelphia. Philadelphia is the control group because legalization did not occur there. Panel data in monthly intervals for the period from 2006 to 2014 are used. The hypothesis in this thesis is a positive correlation between cannabis use and crime rates. The results of the regression analysis show that differences in number of all offenses per 100 000 inhabitants decreased by 11.83 units and differences in number of violent crimes per 100 000 inhabitants increased by 0.67 units after legalization of cannabis. Increase of violent crimes verified the hypothesis. However the hypothesis was not verified in case of all offenses. The Czech Republic is supposed to be similarly affected by eventual legalization of cannabis, which follows from an applying the results to the Czech Republic. In addition, the discussion shows that the Czech Republic could set a higher tax rate for cannabis than Colorado. If the funds gained from eventual legalization of cannabis in Czech Republic had been allocated properly in society, an increase of violent crimes could be lower.

Diploma thesis "Paid sex in Czech republic - how to solve it by legislation?" deals with prostitution and the way it is considered by law. In this thesis I first focus on defining the subject by describing different types of prostitution and associated legislative attitudes both in Czech republic and abroad, which makes me understand the complexity of this issue and vast area that is influenced by it. Regarding this I also analyze the stakeholders platform realizing that various groups connected to this subject consider the key problem about prostitution being in different areas and they also demand diverse solutions. My other conclusion is that regarding legislation associated to prostitution we can find a crucial lack of proper cooperation with non governmental organizations that have the closest relationship with sex-workers. This could cause the legislation being disconnected from the reality and not being able to implement its key objectives. In the second part of analysis I focus on analyzing the variety of legislation attitudes towards prostitution - abolition, decriminalization and legalization and evaluate these alternatives by set of criteria regarding technical feasibility, economic possibility, political viability and administrative operability. As a result I suggest the forth...

The thesis consists of a philosophical normative analysis of legislation on prostitution. The thesis aims to add on to the existing discussion regarding prostitution through an angle that has not been discussed earlier. During the thesis, three major models of legislation are analyzed through the theoretical framework of Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach. The three major models of legislation are criminalization, the Nordic model, and legalization. The result entails that criminalization is the least supported model of legislation regarding prostitution, and the Nordic model is the most supported by the theoretical framework. Although, it is stated that the answer could perhaps be found outside the three major models of legislation.

Drug prohibition has dramatically affected countries worldwide. It fuels violence and corruption in Latin America, and Central and Southeast Asia, and is a major contributing factor behind the United States having the highest rate of incarceration in the world. Yet there is scant evidence that prohibition reduces drug use. Despite this lack of evidence, prohibition is the preferred policy stance of governments worldwide. One of the primary justifications of prohibition is that drug use causes individuals’ harm. While there is evidence of individual harms associated with drug use there is also a literature suggesting it is possible to use drugs functionally – defined here as use with minimal impairment to mental and physical health, and social roles and expectations. However, drug use is a politically charged topic and as such little research on functional drug use has come to prominence. The existence of persons who use drugs functionally would allow us to consider alternative approaches to drug control that address the harms that stem from both prohibition and individual use.In this dissertation I conducted three independent but related studies to explore the existence and drivers of functional drug use. In Chapter 1 I systematically reviewed peer-reviewed literature from Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge databases regarding functional drug use and find robust evidence that all illegal drugs can be used functionally. Drawing on the narratives of participants across the studies the typical person who uses drugs functionally is marked by three characteristics. First, they actively avoid addiction and take steps to maintain overall good physical and mental health. Second, they are socially integrated with lives that do not revolve solely around procuring and consuming drugs; hallmarks of this included holding a job, attending school, and maintaining connections to non-drug using family and friends. Third, persons who use drugs functionally take pains to avoid negative stereotypes attached to persons who use drugs – paying for their drugs with excess income, avoiding other illegal activities and attending to important socially sanctioned activities. In Chapter 2 I used data from the Inner-City Mental Health Study Predicting HIV/AIDS, Club and Other Drug Transitions (IMPACT) study, a cross-sectional dataset of former and current persons who use drugs in New York City selected via random street intercept between 2005 and 2008, to apply the findings of our review to find participants reflective of the phenomenon of functional drug use. Using exploratory latent class analysis on questions regarding drug use behaviors I report different patterns of drug use within the IMPACT sample and regress measures of social functioning on these classes as distal outcomes to assess the functionality of each class. My solution is a 6-class model consisting of the following use patterns: former non-persons who inject drugs (PWID); former PWID; marijuana use; cocaine, crack and marijuana use; low frequency polydrug use; high frequency polydrug use. Among the classes containing persons who use drugs currently, there was a clear pattern of relative functionality based on the probability of drug related interference and having an illegal main source of income. From most functional to least functional these were: marijuana use (2% interfering use; 5% illegal main source of income), cocaine, crack and marijuana use (48%; 31%), low frequency polydrug use (58%; 38%), and high frequency polydrug use (80%; 57%); compared to 37% of the overall sample reporting interfering use and 24% reporting having an illegal main source of income. Comparing the classes to former non-PWID, marijuana use had a lower odds of drug use interference (OR = 0.07, p-value < 0.01) whereas all other classes had significantly increased odds of drug use interference with increasing odds from former PWID (OR = 1.80, p-value = 0.04), cocaine, crack and marijuana use (OR = 4.46, p-value < 0.01), low frequency polydrug use (OR = 6.48, p-value < 0.01), and high frequency polydrug use (OR = 18.66, p-value < 0.01). Regarding main source of income there was no significant difference between the marijuana use class with the former non-PWID (OR = 0.88, p-value = 0.81). The other classes however, followed a similar step-wise pattern as for drug use interference: former PWID (OR = 2.68, p-value = 0.04), cocaine, crack and marijuana use (OR = 7.21, p-value < 0.01), low frequency polydrug use (OR = 10.08, p-value < 0.01), and high frequency polydrug use (OR = 21.30, p-value < 0.01). In Chapter 3 I built on the results from Chapter 2 to test whether childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (CAN) was associated with membership in less compared with more functional drug use classes using multinomial logistic regression. This analysis builds on literature summarized in Chapter 1 suggesting non-functional drug use is associated with feelings of negative affect and a large body of work documenting associations between CAN and psychiatric and behavioral disorders generally, and drug use specifically. I report that childhood neglect is not associated with different patterns of drug use behaviors but is positively associated with having an illegal main source of income (OR = 1.40, 95%CI 1.02, 1.92). Participants experiencing physical abuse were 1.65 (95% CI 1.06-2.59) times more likely to engage in high frequency polydrug use compared to marijuana use but had no association with drug use interference after adjustment for drug use class. There were positive associations between all measures of sexual abuse with drug use interference and having an illegal main source of income. Adjustment for drug use class accounted for the association with drug use interference but not having an illegal main source of income. This exploration of functional drug use found a strong evidence base of qualitative work supporting its existence; however, there are few extant quantitative investigations. Applying the results of our review to an epidemiologic sample I found a hierarchy of functionality related to different patterns of drug use. Moving this body of work forward requires the development of new scales to measure functional drug use to more fully characterize the phenomenon. Replication across samples will generate much needed estimates of the prevalence of functional and non-functional drug use, key data for drug policy debates. These scales should take into account the three key dimensions outlined by participants across the studies reviewed and be applicable across various kinds of drugs and meaningful cross-culturally. I report evidence supporting an association between CAN with different patterns of drug use and reduced social functioning. Future analyses should measure other sources of childhood trauma if they are interested in the direct effect of CAN on drug use, as well as modifiers of the CAN-drug use relationship to fully characterize the phenomenon. However, it should also be noted that the model this analysis is based on, like most extant theories of use, is rooted in the moral panic over drugs that has engulfed the United States for the last 100 years. These models treat drug use as unequivocally harmful, hence an irrational activity and therefore, implicitly, the result of some trauma. Functional drug use subverts this paradigm and considers multiple reasons for and patterns of use. While there are likely negative inducements towards less functional patterns of drug use we would do well to update our models by considering pleasure and incorporating both positive and negative inducements. New models should then be tested systematically across samples.