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Historically, the federal government has been the institution responsible for setting the nation's drug policy. Since 1996, however, the federal government's authority and legitimacy in this issue area has increasingly been challenged through state ballot measures introduced via the initiative process. While only eight percent of ballot measures historically are approved by voters (Initiative and Referendum Institute 2004), half of the 28 state ballot measures on illegal drugs have been approved by voters over the past decade. The stated goal of those supporting legalization through ballot measures is to "build a political movement to end the war on drugs" (Nadelmann 2004). Nadelmann (2004) suggests that victories in the states show that the "nascent drug policy reform movement" can win in the "big leagues of American politics" and that the successful models presented through the ballot measures will increase "public confidence in the possibilities and virtue" of regulating the non-medical use of illicit drugs. To date there has been no detailed examination of the issue framing strategies in this venue; nor has there been an effort to link the problem definition and direct democracy literatures. This dissertation links the problem definition and direct democracy literatures, using drug policy as the vehicle and applying Stone's (2002) analytic framework of problem definition to make descriptive inferences about the issue framing devices employed in state ballot measures on illegal drugs. The research examines a range of materials related to the state ballot measures on illegal drugs including the language appearing on voter ballots; the full text of the ballot measures, including ballot titles and political preambles; and the voter information statements and their authors. In addition, the dissertation describes the elements of legalization proposed by the ballot measures that were approved by voters and examines three key legal challenges to Proposition 215, one of the first ballot measures on illegal drugs approved by voters in California in 1996, including two U.S. Supreme Court cases. / Ph. D.

The aim of this thesis is to study how cannabis is constructed in contemporary Sweden, which policy responses are promoted as rational, and how international cannabis trends are received in this context. The four papers are the result of analyzing empirical material from three different sub-studies: 1) a qualitative study of online discussions about cannabis and drug policy, 2) a qualitative and comparative study of print media articles from 2002 and 2012, and 3) a qualitative study of oral presentations from cannabis information symposia. All papers are based on a social constructionist approach. A point of departure is that attitudes and regulations on cannabis have changed in large parts of the Western world. In Sweden, however, strict prohibition of cannabis is still central in the national drug laws. Some of the main findings can thus be gathered in discussions on continuity and change. In Swedish online discussions, there seems to be a strong desire to change the national cannabis policy in line with international developments. This discussion propagates alternative views on cannabis, in which comparisons to alcohol become vital and more liberal cannabis policies become logical. These discussions are also characterized by continuity, as many arguments for liberal cannabis policies seem to be based on traditional social democratic values and prohibitionist “scaremongering” arguments. Continuity is also what seems to characterize traditional print media, where cannabis is generally portrayed as a potent and illegal drug producing social problems. However, this arena also shows signs of change, as the material from 2012 includes stories on cannabis as an economic asset as well as a recreational substance. Both traditional print media and cannabis information symposia focus on youth consumers, who are seen as particularly vulnerable to cannabis effects. Such constructions seem important for protecting prohibition from international influences and for a continuous discourse centered on the dangers of cannabis. It is concluded that cannabis appears to be able to represent almost anything. As such it can be “used” for any purpose to promote a whole set of ideas related to policy often based on what is considered as scientific evidence. Depending on the context, it thus seems possible that cannabis is medicinal, recreational, harmful, and addictive. If so, and if all of these constructions are in some way “real,” then it is suggested that cannabis necessitates a much more tailored and nuanced response than that which prohibition can offer.

The thesis explores the nature of transnational legalisation by identifying one emerging norm - corporate accountability for human rights violations - and tracing its promotion through three separate pathways of legalisation. At the domestic level, the thesis discusses the jurisprudence of domestic courts that have contemplated assuming extraterritorial jurisdiction over alleged human rights violations of transnational corporations (TNCs) in other states. At the international level, the thesis considers developments in the United Nations (UN), which in 2011 launched a new normative framework to bolster the accountability of TNCs in respect of human rights. At the transnational level, the thesis discusses the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPs), which have been selected as representative of the range of hybrid schemes increasingly developed by government and industry representatives to ameliorate the impact of TNCs on human rights. The thesis also develops a framework with which to analyse these trends by adopting (and further developing) the liberal institutionalist tool of legalisation, which is described in Kenneth Abbott et al's 'The Concept of Legalisation'. This thesis argues that this classic framework can be adapted and reimagined in the context of the transnational legal system, which is characterised by thick configurations of agents working across a multiplicity of issue areas. I suggest that in applying the classic framework in the transnational context, there appears to be an omitted variable - that of implementation, which exists alongside obligation, precision, and delegation. Implementation refers to the specific actions taken by agents to translate legal or law-like principles into practical, workable instructions for courts, governments, companies and other non-state actors to follow. The thesis argues that an increased focus on implementation generally leads to more effective or greater legalisation. The empirical chapters demonstrate that efforts in implementation are often undertaken for the purpose of strengthening one or more other legalisation characteristics in the long run. This suggests that agents will be willing to accept lower levels of obligation, precision and/or delegation if they believe a focus on implementation will help strengthen these characteristics over time.

Submitted by Leoná Rodrigues (leonarodrigues@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-30T19:07:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Judicialização da Saude - Lorena Azevedo.pdf: 27265 bytes, checksum: a13ee89f0faba7526a6ca80908987678 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito (bfd@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-06T14:38:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Judicialização da Saude - Lorena Azevedo.pdf: 27265 bytes, checksum: a13ee89f0faba7526a6ca80908987678 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T14:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Judicialização da Saude - Lorena Azevedo.pdf: 27265 bytes, checksum: a13ee89f0faba7526a6ca80908987678 (MD5) / A presente dissertação é apresentada como trabalho final do Mestrado Profissionalizante em Justiça Administrativa do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Justiça Administrativa da Universidade Federal Fluminense – UFF e tem por objetivo analisar a questão da judicialização da saúde no Brasil, em especial quanto ao acesso a medicamentos, fazendo uma reflexão sobre duas importantes diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): a descentralização e a integralidade. Resulta dessa análise o reconhecimento da importância de se observar a descentralização para o funcionamento do SUS e de se avaliar com critério o real significado do termo integralidade. Também se reconhece o valor agregado pela utilização da Medicina Baseada em Evidência como método de análise para a incorporação segura e eficiente de novas tecnologias ao SUS, funcionando como um instrumento de harmonização entre os interesses da Administração Pública e os interesses dos administrados, harmonização esta essencial para a manutenção do equilíbrio orçamentário e a garantia de acesso de milhões de brasileiros à saúde. A metodologia utilizada na elaboração desta dissertação foi essencialmente a pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes diversas, como livros, artigos, pareceres e sítios oficiais. O trabalho, que se estrutura em introdução, quatro partes principais, conclusão e bibliografia, tem por finalidade traçar um panorama do SUS e alertar para o fenômeno da judicialização da saúde no Brasil no que tange ao acesso a medicamentos. Os resultados alcançados apontam para a necessidade de se reduzir as ações judiciais, com enfoque para aquelas de fornecimento de medicamentos, ampliando, assim, o acesso ao SUS. / This dissertation is presented as the final work for the Professional Master´s degree in Administrative Justice of the Post-Graduate Program in Administrative Justice of the Fluminense Federal University - UFF and aims to examine the issue of health judicialization in Brazil, especially concerning to medications allowance, performing a discussion about two important guidelines of Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): its decentralization and its completeness. An outcome of that examination is the recognition of perceiving importance of a SUS decentralization for an functional operation and for an accurate assessment of the real signification of the word completeness. Also, one recognize the added-value from the Evidence-based Medicine as a method of analysis for an efficient and reliable incorporation of new technologies to the SUS, working as a instrument for harmony between the Public Administration and the administrated interest, an essential harmony for budgetary balance maintenance and assurance of health treatment for millions of Brazilians. The methodology used on this dissertation was based substantially on reviewing several bibliographic sources, such as books, journals, technical opinions and official websites. This work is hierarchically structured on introduction, divided in four main parts, conclusion and bibliographic reference. It has as goal draw a SUS's prospect and warn about the Brazilian health system judicialization, concerning on medication assistance. The results obtained support the existence of needs for corrective judicial actions, focusing on the medications purveyance, broadening, therefore, the SUS patients admission.

Since 2012, many states and Canada have legalized the use and sale of recreational marijuana. One of the expected benefits of the legalization is that the establishment of a legal cannabis market would eliminate the black market which has been the main form of marijuana trade for decades. Even though legal options are available for marijuana producers and consumers, the black market is still thriving in states where recreational marijuana has been legalized. The reasons behind the persistence of the marijuana black market are complex. One of the main arguments is that the legalized states have failed to establish a regulatory framework which effectively keeps both producers and consumers in the legal market. Instead, strict regulations and high cost of compliance have created an environment in favor of big players while driving small-scale businesses into the black market. The current research attempts to study this issue by answering the research question of whether overregulation is pushing some marijuana businesses back to the black market or preventing them from entering the legal market. This thesis employs a mix-method design to analyze qualitative data of news articles reporting the reasons that marijuana businesses decide to stay in the black market and a quasi-experimental time series analysis of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data regarding marijuana offenses in Colorado and Washington between 2014 and 2017. The qualitative analysis of news reports reveals that regulation is one of the main reasons that people stay in the illicit market. The comparison of marijuana crime trends in Colorado and Washington shows mixed findings. While marijuana offense rates in Colorado largely remained steady over the years, those in Washington increased dramatically after the implementation of more intensive regulations. The results of this study have several policy implications for the marijuana legalization as well as implications for future research on the black-market issue.

La Turquie forme un cadre exceptionnel pour l’étude de la question d’asile dans le sens où les politiques mises en œuvre concernant ce sujet ne correspondent pas à la complexité de la réalité sur ce territoire. C’est l’un des rares pays au monde qui applique – encore aujourd’hui - la Convention de Genève avec deux réserves, géographique et temporelle. Cette version de la Convention indique que seuls les réfugiés et demandeurs d’asile « européens » fuyant des événements antérieurs au 1er Janvier 1951 peuvent demander le statut de réfugiés auprès de l’Etat turc. En conséquence, aujourd’hui, l’Etat turc ne délivre pas le statut de réfugié aux demandeurs d’asile non-européens mais fournit seulement un statut temporaire. Les personnes, qui obtiennent le statut de réfugié d’après la définition internationale, sont autorisées à rester dans le pays uniquement jusqu’à ce que leur réinstallation dans un pays tiers soit organisée par le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Refugiés (HCR).Basée sur des recherches effectuées sur les demandeurs d’asile iraniens à Van, une ville frontière de l’est de la Turquie, cette étude analyse le fonctionnement du processus de légalisation des personnes dans un contexte transitoire en se concentrant sur la relation entre les différents acteurs : les Etats, le HCR, les acteurs informels et les demandeurs d’asile. Elle explore la relation simultanée entre la légalité, la temporalité et le statut de réfugié à trois différents niveaux : local, national et transnational. Cette étude examine comment le statut transitoire du demandeur d’asile structure la relation de l’individu avec la légalité et comment il oriente la personne dans ses stratégies politiques et l’organisation de sa (sur)vie pendant cette période. Ainsi sont étudiées les conséquences des notions de légalité et temporalité sur l’expérience des demandeurs d’asile en Turquie. / Despite the increasing number of people entering Turkey as asylum seekers, the Turkish state has maintained the “rule of geographical reservation” that does not allow non- European asylum seekers to remain in Turkey as refugees. Accordingly, the on-going asylum system does not offer refugee status for non-European asylum seekers, but merely provides a temporary status. So-called “Temporary Guest”, these individuals are only allowed to stay within the country until their resettlement in a third country has been arranged by the United Nations for High Commissariat of refugee. This research concerns itself with the study of the experiences of Iranian asylum seekers and refugees residing in Van, a border satellite city in Eastern Turkey, currently in the process of transition. It analyzes the experience of being a refugee and being “in transit” in a country geographically proximate to the country of one’s origin. It examine individuals’ legalization struggle within transitory, local, national and transnational context by focusing on interacted/intersected relationship between states, international refugee regime, informal actors and asylum applicants. In so doing, it suggest exploring the ways in which legality and temporality come to be so intricately related as to form one’s refugee experience in Turkey.

A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a Teoria da Reserva do Possível como estratégia jurídica do Estado para restringir, a partir da Constituição Federal do Brasil de 1988, o direito fundamental à saúde nas lides levadas ao Poder Judiciário. A Teoria da Reserva do Possível, extraída de uma decisão proferida pelo Tribunal Constitucional Federal alemão, conhecida como numerus clausus, tem sido suscitada pelo Estado, no Brasil, no momento em que ele é acionado para efetivar o direito à saúde em prol do indivíduo, da coletividade ou da sociedade. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é verificar se os fundamentos dessa decisão alemã também servem para o Estado brasileiro sustentar a Teoria da Reserva do Possível diante do direito fundamental à saúde. Como objetivo específico, busca-se identificar se o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) acolhe essa Teoria diante desse direito fundamental, bem como quais são os requisitos, condições, circunstâncias e fundamentos que o levam a acolher ou não tal Teoria. O presente trabalho se justifica porque, apesar de haver estudos doutrinários sobre a Teoria da Reserva do Possível, não se constatou a presença de doutrina que investigue se os fundamentos da decisão alemã são capazes de impor essa Teoria ao direito fundamental à saúde no Brasil; também não se localizou pesquisa que investigue os requisitos, condições, circunstâncias e fundamentos que levam o STF a admitir ou não a Reserva do Possível diante do direito fundamental à saúde. Outro fator que justifica esta pesquisa é o aumento considerável de demandas judiciais envolvendo esse direito e essa Teoria, ante a insegurança jurídica que se instaura quando o Estado é chamado a efetivar o direito à saúde e ele alega que o mesmo estádelimitado pela Reserva do Possível. Utilizou-se como metodologia para esta dissertação a pesquisa bibliográfica e booleana. A bibliográfica permitiu uma análise da doutrina sobre direitos humanos; direitos fundamentais; direitos sociais; mínimo existencial; não retrocesso social; políticas públicas; separação dos poderes; judicialização das políticas públicas; Reserva do Possível; orçamento público e ónus da prova. A pesquisa booleana, com base na busca de expressões chaves na jurisprudência do STF, possibilitou a pesquisa documental das decisões do STF e a pesquisa empírica, que permitiram identificar a posição do STF quando este julga casos que envolvam simultaneamente o direito fundamental à saúde e a Reserva do Possível. Também como metodologia, utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo bardiniana para analisar os fundamentos da decisão alemã, bem como para apurar quais são os requisitos, condições, circunstâncias e fundamentos que levam o STF a acolher ou não a Teoria da Reserva do Possível frente ao direito fundamental à saúde. Como resultados, a análise de conteúdo da decisão alemã permitiu deduzir que os fundamentos dessa decisão não permitem que o Estado sustente a reserva do possível como delimitadora do direito à saúde, a não ser adaptada aos fundamentos atuais. A pesquisa empírica sobre a posição do STF permitiu identificar que ele admite a Reserva do Possível se o Estado provar um justo motivo para a delimitação do direito fundamental à saúde. / The present dissertation hás as object of study the Theory of Possible Reserve as legal strategy of the State to restrict, from the Federal Constitution of Brazil of 1988, the fundamental right to health in the deal taken to the judiciary. The Theory of the Reservation possible, extracted from a decision given of the German Federal Constitutional Court, known as numerus clausus, hás been raised by the State, in Brazil, at the moment when he is added for effect the right to health on behalf of individual, the collective or society. The overall objective of this study is to verify if the fundamentais of this German decision also serve for the Brazilian State support the theory of Possible reservation against the fundamental right to health. As a specific objective, the aim is to identify if the Supreme Federal Court (STF) accepts this theory on this fundamental right as well as what are the requirements, conditions, circumstances and reasons that leading to accept or not this theory. The present work whether justified because, although there are doctrinal studies on the theory of Possible reservation, not found the presence of doctrine which investigate the foundations of German decision are able to impose this theory to the fundamental right to health in Brazil; also not located to investigate the requirements, conditions, circumstances and reasons that lead the STF to admit or not the possible reservation on the fundamental right to health. Another factor that justifies this research is the considerable increase of judicial demands involving this right and this theory against legal insecurity that establishes when the State is called upon to implement this right and he claims that it is bounded by booking possible. It was used as a methodology for this dissertation bibliographic search and Boolean. The bibliographical allowed an analysis of doctrine about human rights; fundamental rights; social rights; existential minimum; no social backlash; public policies; separation of powers; judicialization of public policies; booking possible; public budget and burden of proof. The Boolean search, as base on the search for key expressions in the jurisprudence of the STF, enabled the documentary research of the decisions of the STF and the empirical research, which allowed identified the position of the STF when judges cases involving both the fundamental right to health and the possible reservation. As well as methodology, we used the bardiniana content analysis to analyze the fundamentais of the German decision, as well as to investigate what are the requirements, conditions, circumstances and reasons that led the STF to accept or not the theory of possible Reserve facing the fundamental right to health. As results, the content analysis of the German decision allowed deduce that the fundamentais of this decision not allow that the State maintains the reservation possible as bounding of the right to health, unless adapted to current fundamentais. The empirical research on the position of the STF hás identified that he admits the Possible Reservation if the State proved a fair reason for the delimitation of the fundamental right to health.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9982047 bytes, checksum: c97a4cb337cf64dfe05ab4a780c54d2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research proposes to investigate the application of the instrument land tenure regularization in informal settlements in Brazil, through a theoretical, legal and practical contribution of discussions and experiences, which from a technical, political and social reading, we seek from case study of regularization process of the Casa Branca´s community, located in Bayeux/PB, understand the possible problems and blame the actors to do not complete this. Under the time frame between 2006 to 2013 where the first is distinguished to year of initiation, the research focuses on two hypotheses raised regarding non-completion of this process specifically, these being, the lack of integration between the actors involved which are the Municipal government of Bayeux (PMB), the Superintendent of Union Assets/PB (SPU/PB) and the Association of Residents of the Casa Branca community (AMCB), and to disorganization of public documents, as causes of slowness. Based on the empirical of object analysis, the scenario method has been established as the method of analysis, where qualitative and quantitative procedures were applied, either through the use of questionnaires to stakeholders, and a analysis of the process in detail, to be established possible futures scenarios, positive or not, that will materialize the process analyzed. The results confirmed that technical impediments, are responsibility of the SPU / PB, and involving the PMB, are the political impediments the main obstacles to the process, and that the SPU / PB would be the main actor on progress of steps. However, the hypothesis of lack of integration between the actors involved as a factor of slowness was denied, and confirmed that the mess of public documents along with the technical and political impediments found, would be the main reasons for non-implementation of the regularization process of the Casa Branca´s community / Esta pesquisa propõe a investigação da aplicação do instrumento de regularização fundiária em assentamentos informais no Brasil, por meio da análise de um aporte teórico, legal e prático de discussões e experiências, onde a partir de uma leitura técnica, política e social, busca-se estudar o processo de regularização fundiária da comunidade Casa Branca, localizada em Bayeux/PB, e compreender os possíveis entraves e atores responsáveis pela não concretização deste. Sob o recorte temporal de 2006 a 2013, onde o primeiro destaca-se pelo ano de início do processo, a pesquisa debruça-se sobre duas hipóteses levantadas quanto a não conclusão deste processo especificamente, sendo estas, a falta de integração entre os atores envolvidos, que são a Prefeitura Municipal de Bayeux (PMB), a Superintendência de Patrimônio da União/PB (SPU/PB) e a Associação de Moradores da comunidade Casa Branca (AMCB), e a desorganização dos documentos públicos, como causas da lentidão. Com base no objeto empírico analisado, o método de cenários foi estabelecido como forma de análise, onde foram aplicados procedimentos qualitativos e quantitativos, utilizando-se de ferramentas como à aplicação de questionários, nos atores envolvidos, na análise do processo de forma detalhada, para assim, serem estabelecidos os possíveis cenários futuros, positivos ou não, que concretizem o processo analisado. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que impedimentos técnicos, de ordem da SPU/PB, e políticos, envolvendo a PMB, seriam os principais entraves do processo, e que a SPU/PB, seria o principal ator inibidor das etapas. Entretanto, a hipótese de falta de integração entre os agentes envolvidos como fator da lentidão foi negada, e confirmada que a desordem dos documentos públicos, juntamente com impedimentos técnicos e políticos levantados, seriam os principais motivos da não concretização do processo de regularização da comunidade Casa Branca

This thesis deals with the employment of foreign nationals in the Czech Republic, namely in Prague. The aim is to analyze the process of employing foreign nationals to point out the shortcomings of applied process and suggest measures to improve the current situation. Analysis of the process of employing foreign nationals is based on publicly available information sources and uses the results of a survey among foreign nationals and interviews with consultants in the field.