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Sexuality education in public schools in the US is a set of curricula geared toward sexual health, sexual identities, sexual acts, associated values, as well as intimacy and relationships (Naz, 2014). Taught under the curricular umbrella of family life education in the present study, it is governed by state and federal legislation and shaped by community values. It is also uniquely controversial both politically and personally (Drazenovich, 2015; Giroux, 2011). In this study, I developed research questions grounded in Sexual Configurations Theory (SCT): a contemporary, comprehensive theory of sexual identities and behaviors (van Anders, 2015). I also used the theory of legitimate peripheral participation, which is a well-established theory of social interaction that can explain how learning occurs within and around a community (Lave and Wenger, 1991). I analyzed the curriculum of two rural public school divisions in the southeastern US to identify salient categories of curricula relevant to the research questions. I also interviewed 29 school personnel and community partners involved in the curriculum development and guest lectures. I aimed to identify differences in their perceptions of the curriculum as well as how students may have learned about sexuality in out-of-class contexts (for example, the internet, pornography, peer-to-peer, in households, etc.) (Charmaraman, Lee, and Erkut, 2012; Tight, 2016). Results indicated that participants perceived adolescents engaging in informal learning about sexuality elsewhere. The participants reported trying to help adolescents bridge these gaps in instruction with community partnerships, guest lectures from health professionals, and referrals to resources inside and outside of the school. I conclude that curriculum, context, and community are overarching principles in teaching and developing sexuality education. The evidence gathered and interpretations presented provide a rich description that drives implications for stakeholders interested in increasing curricular comprehensiveness. / Doctor of Philosophy / Sexuality education (or sex ed, also sometimes called family life education) in US public schools is a course that teaches adolescents about sexual identities, sexual activities, values, and relationships. It is a controversial topic due to its history, the politics associated with it, and differing values surrounding it across communities. In this study, I looked at the sexuality education curriculum of two rural school divisions in the southeastern US. I also interviewed 29 school personnel and community health partners involved with the curriculum and guest lectures, paying special attention to different perspectives that were raised about the topic. Results showed that participants were perceived that adolescent students would search for information on sex (such as among their peers, at home, on their phones, and watching pornography) when not given the information they wanted in the classroom. Participants also perceived concern that adolescents would engage in sexual behaviors as a result of out-of-class learning, and they attempted to provide referrals to in-school and community resources to bridge the gap between what was taught in the classroom and what was learned out of class. The research also uncovered different views on opting out of sexuality education, abstinence, pregnancy, disease (STI) prevention, and use of technology and apps.

Det finns många läkare som arbetar deltid, sjukskrivs eller byter jobb på grund av ett påfrestande arbetsmiljö. Syftet med min studie är att identifiera läkarens upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad stress inom vårdcentral. Metoden som valdes är en kvalitativ metod där jag använder halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Två kategorier och fyra subkategorier av upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad stress hos läkare identifierades: faktorer som påverkar stress i arbetet, egna strategier för stresshantering, tidsbrist, ledarskap, brister i organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö, upplevelse av krav och förväntningar. Informanterna upplevde att deras stress orsakades av brister i den organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljön. Läkarens arbete kan förstås påverkas negativt av upplevd stress. Arbetsrelaterad stress kan påverka negativt läkarens bedömningsförmåga vilket ställer patienterna i risk för felbedömningar. / There are many doctors who work part-time, are laid off or change jobs because of a stressful work environment. The purpose of my study is to identify the physician's experience of work-related stress in a health center. The method chosen is a qualitative method where I used semi-structured interviews. Two categories and four subcategories of high of work-related stress were identified: factors affecting stress at work, own strategies for stress management, lack of time, leadership, deficiencies in organizational and social work environment, demands and expectations. It was found that the respondents experienced stress was caused by problems in the organizational and social work environment. The physician's work can be adversely affected by high stress. Work-related stress can adversely affect the physician's judgment, which puts patients at risk of misjudgment.

The plays of James Boaden, an author all too often forgotten in the pages of theatre history, are usually dismissed by scholars as mercenary adaptations of popular Gothic novels for the stage. Boaden’s plays of the 1790s—Fontainville Forest (1794), The Secret Tribunal (1796), The Italian Monk (1797), Cambro-Britons (1798) and Aurelio and Miranda (1799)—were certainly popular successes in their own time, but this should not discount them from serious consideration as aesthetic and ideological objects. In fact, these plays are intelligently wrought, using popular Gothic conventions to further a conservative ideology that was not originally associated with this genre. This fact has gone unrecognized by scholars partly because these plays have not been previously analysed for their dramaturgical structure as adaptations: Boaden borrows conventions from the Gothic, to be sure, but he also borrows dramaturgical techniques from Shakespeare. In so doing, Boaden harnesses both popular appeal and theatrical legitimacy to write Tory propaganda at a time when the stage was a key tool in the ideological war against France and French sympathizers in Britain. Political threats, both domestic and foreign, were of ongoing concern in Britain in the years following the French Revolution. Immediately after 1789, the Gothic was ideologically charged in ways that promoted revolutionary thinking. Boaden’s adaptation of the Gothic form responds to the revolution and the Reign of Terror by replacing the genre’s iconoclasm with a strongly nationalist orientation, drawn, in part, from eighteenth-century Shakespeare reception, itself often strongly nationalist in tone. Boaden’s plays are reactionary in that they comment on the current political situation, using allegory to play on the audience’s emotions. In his first phase, Boaden depicts the demise of a villainous usurper, a scapegoat figure, but his second phase reintegrates the villain into domestic and social harmony. In so doing, Boaden serves as a case study in the shifting attitude towards Britain’s revolutionary sympathizers, the Jacobins, and illustrates the important use of the Gothic mode for conservative purposes. Boaden emerges, in this study, as a figure whose relevance to theatre history in this fraught period requires reassessment.

Le législateur a introduit, à la fin des années 1980, une institution permettant à tout individu majeur et apte de confier, advenant son inaptitude, son bien-être, la gestion de ses biens et, de façon générale, sa protection à une personne en qui il a confiance. Cette institution s’appelle le mandat donné en prévision de l’inaptitude du mandant. Toutefois, les besoins du mandant ne peuvent être déterminés avec précision avant la survenance de son inaptitude. Cette situation a amené une certaine doctrine, en vue d’assurer la sauvegarde de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, à invoquer en matière de mandat de protection les principes gouvernant les régimes de protection. Malheureusement, en l’absence de disposition expresse à cet effet, il semble que cette voie ne puisse être adoptée. En conséquence, le présent mémoire tente de démontrer que les principes énoncés à la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et les fondements du régime contractuel prévu au Code civil du Québec permettent d’assurer la protection du mandant dans le respect de ses intérêts et de ses attentes légitimes. Cette approche concilie également le respect de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, de ses volontés et de son besoin de protection et assure l’efficacité de l’institution. / In the late 1980s, the legislator introduced an institution allowing an individual of full age and able to exercise his civil rights to entrust, in the event of his inability, his well-being, the administration of his patrimony and, in general, his protection to a trusty person. This institution is called the mandate given in anticipation of the mandator’s incapacity. However, the onset of the mandator’s inability is a precondition to an accurate evaluation of his needs. This situation has led a certain doctrine, in order to safeguard the residual autonomy of the mandator, to invoke the principles governing the protective supervision of a person of full age. Unfortunately, without a specific provision to that effect, it appears that this pathway cannot be adopted. Accordingly, this text attempts to demonstrate that the principles brought up by the Charter of human rights and freedoms and the general provisions governing contractual agreements under the Civil Code of Québec allows to ensure the protection of the mandator in respect of his interests and his legitimate expectations. This approach also reconciles the respect of the mandator’s residual autonomy, his wishes and his need of protection and ensures the effectiveness of the institution.

Theoretical bases for the limitation 
 of fundamental rights and freedoms in the Czech Republic 
 In the Czech Republic, the conception of fundamental rights and the conditions for their limitations are the result of a specific interpretation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms by the Constitutional Court, which in turn reflects its own views on constitutional theory. Despite being presented almost dogmatically, the confrontation with foreign literature suggests that the so-called external theory of the Constitutional Court finds strong opponent in the so-called internal theory. Internal theory sheds doubts on such hallmarks of the Court's doctrine like the wide conception of fundamental rights, the principle of proportionality or the very existence of conflicts of constitutional values. In this thesis, it is argued that although the internal theory cannot substitute for the external theory at the moment, it represents an opportunity for the Constitutional Court to reassess its current position in order for it to better depict the aims of the constitution-maker, to respect the policies of the legislator and - above all - to take fundamental rights seriously. In particular, it is claimed that the optimal model of the limitation of fundamental rights dully distinguishes between definition and...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Ramires Araujo Valim.pdf: 594836 bytes, checksum: a7bb8033c1199ef8e02c50eda8ca09a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14 / This study is intended to be a starting point to more in-depth investigations on the legal security principle under Brazilian Law. By sistematizing the content of the legal security principle under Brazilian Administrative Law, the aim is to bring out the full potential of this principle in order to provide maximum protection to the individuals and legal entities subject to this field of law. Merely enunciating the principle at issue in an ill-defined manner has increasingly become more trivial, and has given margin to exaggerations and, on other occasions, to undue restrictions to its application . These are the reasons why it is necessary to establish clear-cut boundaries of the legal security principle in the current legal system. Therefore, by means of a dogmatic analysis this study proposes a categorization of the legal security principle in two conceptual nuclei, which are: certainty and stability. To this end, from the standpoint of certainty the force, effectiveness and content of legal norms are addressed. And, from the point of view of stability we examine the doctrines of the vested right, the perfect juridical act and the res judicata, the sub-principle of the protection of legitimate trust, and its respective manifestations, and, finally, the concepts of limitation and lapse. In the words of Lopez de Oñate, the legal security principle represents the specific ethicality of the Law, and full compliance to the legal concepts that materialize this principle must be encouraged in order to prevent the rupture of the rule of law / O presente estudo pretende ser um ponto de partida para o aprofundamento do estudo do princípio da segurança jurídica no Direito Brasileiro. Ao se sistematizar o conteúdo do princípio da segurança jurídica no Direito Administrativo, objetiva-se evidenciar todas as virtualidades desse princípio, de sorte a dar máxima proteção aos direitos dos administrados. A enunciação abstrata do princípio da segurança jurídica, algo cada vez mais corriqueiro, tem dado lugar ora a exageros, ora a mutilações indevidas, motivo pelo qual se impõe sua delimitação em conformidade com a ordem jurídica vigente. Nessa medida, por meio de uma análise dogmática, propõe-se a classificação do conteúdo do princípio da segurança jurídica em dois núcleos conceituais, quais sejam: a certeza e a estabilidade. Sob aquela vertente, cogitase da vigência das normas jurídicas, da projeção eficacial das normas jurídicas e do conteúdo das normas jurídicas, ao passo que sob o prisma da estabilidade se examinam os institutos do direito adquirido, do ato jurídico perfeito e da coisa julgada, o subprincípio da proteção à confiança legítima, com suas respectivas manifestações e, finalmente, os institutos da prescrição e da decadência. Representa o princípio da segurança jurídica, nas palavras de Lopez de Oñate, a específica eticidade do Direito, devendo ser encarecida a necessidade de observância integral dos institutos que o concretizam, sob pena de ruptura do Estado de Direito

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-13T19:27:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 0000123C.pdf: 2511349 bytes, checksum: 59fa1ddbf02ed9b29e103e07fb0ceb4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T19:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0000123C.pdf: 2511349 bytes, checksum: 59fa1ddbf02ed9b29e103e07fb0ceb4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-01 / Nenhuma / No final do ano de 2013, passa a vigorar no Brasil a lei do vale cultura, que garante um benefício mensal para trabalhadores que ganham até cinco salários mínimos. Esse vale é destinado, inicialmente, às classes populares, assumindo-se que esses indivíduos não participam ativamente do mercado de produtos culturais. Assim, tendo a teoria de Bourdieu (1979) como alicerce e a lei como o motivador das indagações, este trabalho buscou compreender como as classes populares se relacionam com o gosto legítimo, ou seja, compreender como esses indivíduos se apropriam daquilo que é imposto como cultura válida pela elite. A partir de uma abordagem interpretativista e da combinação de múltiplas técnicas qualitativas de coleta de dados através de entrevistas em profundidade, observação participante, entrevista com imagens e design thinking, buscou-se a resposta ao objetivo do trabalho. Pode-se verificar que os jovens das classes populares são bastante heterogêneos em relação aos seus gostos. Assim, a partir da heterogeneidade e das semelhanças, eles estabelecem pontes ou muros com os demais. No campo foi possível perceber que os adolescentes se subdividem em três grupos de práticas de consumo: os locais, os globais e os outliers. Cada um desses grupos possui produtos culturais que os caracterizam. Além disso, a cultura consumida pelas classes populares é aquela que está de fácil acesso, ou seja, a cultura de massa. Devido à heterogeneidade dos indivíduos das classes populares e singularidades em relação ao consumo de produtos culturais, o governo deve levar em conta as características dos cidadãos das classes populares para que a promoção de políticas públicas associada ao consumo cultural tenha o efeito desejado de diminuição das desigualdades. / At the end of the year 2013 goes into effect in Brazil the “culture voucher” law, which guarantees a monthly benefit for workers earning less than five minimum wages. This voucher is initially destined to people in popular classes, assuming that they do not actively participate in cultural events. Thus, taking the theory of Bourdieu (1979) as the basis and the law as the motivator of questions, this study sought to understand how the popular classes relate to the legitimate taste, i.e. to comprehend how these people accept what is imposed as genuine culture by the elite. From an interpretive approach and a combination of multiple qualitative techniques to collect data through in-depth interviews, as well as a participant observation and interviews with images and design thinking, we sought to answer the study's objective. It is possible to observe that young people from lower classes are quite heterogeneous in their tastes. Thus, from the heterogeneity and the similarities they establish bridges or walls with others. In the field it was revealed that teenagers are subdivided into three groups of consumption practices: local, global and outliers. Each of these groups has cultural products which characterize them. Moreover, the culture consumed by the popular classes is one that is easily accessible, i.e. mass culture. Due to the heterogeneity of individuals in this class and the singularities of cultural products consumption, the government should take into account the characteristics of the popular classes’ citizens so the promotion of public policies associated to the cultural consumption has the intended effect in the decrease of inequalities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Souza Santiago da Silva.pdf: 500769 bytes, checksum: 7be9813b59caf058755a0812fb15efde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-20 / The aim of the present dissertation is the study of the non-retroactivity of modifications of precedents set in the tax sphere, whose relevance is highlighted in view of the recent constitutional reforms as well as procedural legislation, which award great importance to precedents, generalizing the effects of decisions uttered in individual lawsuits. The work was divided in four chapters. In the first one, there is an analysis of the function of Law, the language through which it is expressed and the way to create the legal norm, which is differentiated from legal texts, concluding that the Judiciary Branch does not perform a mere operation of syllogism and deduction, but a true creation of sense and reach of prescriptive statements, concretizing rules from generalizing concepts applied by legislators. In the second chapter, there is a study of the issue of setting the precedent, determining criteria for the characterization of consolidated precedents, which, in spite of being able to orient the conducts in a generalized manner, will always be subject to modifications, as a way to preserve modernization, adequacy and improvement of the legal system. Subsequently, in the third chapter, there is a verification of categorization of the non-retroactivity as a rule to be applied in order to preserve the principle of legal certainty, of mandatory compliance in cases of characterization of a material alteration of law, that is, when there is a modification of the sense it was applied, even if there is no alteration of the legal text. Finally, the fourth chapter is intended to the analysis of situations of applied tax law and the necessary modulation of the effects of decisions that imply modification of the normative judicial expectations / A presente dissertação tem por objeto o estudo da irretroatividade das modificações da jurisprudência consolidada no âmbito tributário, cuja relevância evidencia-se diante das recentes reformas constitucionais e da legislação processual, que dispensam grande importância aos precedentes, generalizando os efeitos de decisões proferidas em processos individuais. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, analisamos a função do direito, a linguagem pela qual se manifesta e a forma de construção da norma jurídica, que se distingue do texto legal, concluindo que o Poder Judiciário não realiza mera operação de silogismo e dedução, mas verdadeira atividade de criação do sentido e do alcance dos enunciados prescritivos, concretizando as normas a partir dos conceitos generalizantes empregados pelo legislador. No segundo capítulo, estudamos a questão da cristalização do precedente, fixando critérios para a caracterização da jurisprudência consolidada, que, a despeito de ser capaz de orientar as condutas de forma generalizada, poderá ser sempre modificada, como forma de preservação da atualização, adequação e aperfeiçoamento do ordenamento jurídico. Na sequência, já no terceiro capítulo, verificamos o enquadramento da irretroatividade como uma norma a ser aplicada para preservação do princípio da segurança jurídica, de observância obrigatória nos casos em que restar caracterizada uma alteração material da lei, ou seja, quando houver modificação do sentido em que era aplicada, ainda que não haja alteração do texto legal. Por fim, o quarto capítulo se destina à análise de situações de direito tributário aplicado e da necessária modulação dos efeitos das decisões que impliquem modificação das expectativas normativas judiciais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Medrado Darze.pdf: 1438059 bytes, checksum: 132ed7f7da3e9ae3b0ae8dc1ed863e99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-02 / The purpose of this study is essentially analyze the article 166 of the National Tax Code. We began our research by identifying what is the real basis of validity of the right to refund the undue tax payment. In this stage of research, all effort was directed to synthesize the contours that were established by the Federal Constitution in the delineating of this prerogative. Then, we intend to answer the following questions: When is effectively possible to talk about undue tax payment? What is it legal nature? What are the requirements, factual and legal, for its configuration? What is the view of the courts case law, in particular the Supreme Court and Superior Court of Justice concerning article 166 of the National Tax Code? After intense reflection, we concluded that the right to refund the undue tax payment has direct basis on the Constitution, although is not adequate to conclude, indistinctly, the unconstitutionality of article 166 of the National Tax Code. This is because shifting the legitimacy of the general law rule of the right to a refund in cases of tax repercussion or even to require proof of the absence of repercussion in situations in which there is a legal presumption of its existence does not necessarily implies limitation or restriction on the right to refund. On the contrary, properly applied, is essential measure to avoid spreading new pathologies in the legal system, this time arising from the refund of the undue tax payment itself, which certainly would occur before the grant of uniform treatment for cases in which taxation involves legal repercussion of their onus and those in which this phenomenon does not occur. But to so conclude, it is necessary to interpret this statement without the remnants of financial law and without interference from other sciences. In a second stage we fixed the content and scope of the main signs and compositional phrases of article 166 of the National Tax Code. All with the goal of identifying an interpretation of this legal statement in accordance to the Constitution and general rules themselves on the matter. Held the analytical decomposition of the right to a refund of the undue tax payment set by article 166 of the National Tax Code, we define denotatively that taxes which, by its nature, have repercussions and, as such, have its refund requests submitted to this special rule / Tributário Nacional. Iniciamos nossa pesquisa identificando qual o verdadeiro fundamento validade do direito à restituição do indébito tributário. Nesta fase da investigação, todo o esforço se dirigiu a sintetizar os contornos traçados já na Constituição Federal na delimitação dessa prerrogativa. Em seguida, buscamos responder às seguintes questões: Quando efetivamente é possível falar em indébito tributário? Qual a sua natureza jurídica? Quais são os requisitos, fáticos e jurídicos, para a sua configuração? Qual a posição da jurisprudência judicial, especialmente a do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, a respeito do artigo 166 do Código Tributário Nacional? Após intensa reflexão, verificamos que o direito à repetição do tributo indevidamente pago tem fundamento direto na Constituição da República, mas que isso não é suficiente para concluir, indistintamente, pela inconstitucionalidade do artigo 166 do CTN. Isso porque deslocar a legitimidade ativa da regra geral do direito à restituição nos casos de tributos repercutidos ou mesmo exigir prova da ausência de repercussão nas hipóteses em que há presunção legal da sua existência não implica, necessariamente, limitação ou restrição do direito à restituição. Pelo contrário, bem aplicada, é medida indispensável para evitar que se propaguem novas patologias no sistema, desta vez derivadas da própria devolução do indébito, o que, certamente, ocorreria diante da outorga de tratamento uniforme para os casos em que a tributação envolve a repercussão jurídica do seu ônus e para aqueles em que este fenômeno não ocorre. Mas, para assim concluir, é necessário interpretar este enunciado sem os resquícios do direito financeiro, sem interferências de outras ciências. Num segundo momento, fixamos o conteúdo e alcance dos principais signos e locuções compositivas do artigo 166 do CTN. Tudo com o objetivo de identificar uma interpretação deste enunciado legal conforme à Constituição da República e às próprias normas gerais sobre a matéria. Realizada a decomposição analítica do direito à restituição do indébito tributário positivado no artigo 166 do CTN, definimos denotativamente os tributos que, por sua natureza, repercutem e, como tais, têm seus pedidos de restituição submetidos a este especial regramento