Titel: “En experimentell studie om användningen av ekonomisk information vid kreditbedömning” Inledning: I de flesta företag uppstår det någon gång ett behov av att öka företagets kapital. Ett sätt för företag att öka sitt kapital är att söka kredit hos en bank. Det ställs höga krav på bankerna att de har bra underlag för att bevilja företag en kredit. Kreditbedömaren måste samla in en mängd olika informationskällor för att de ska ha möjlighet att göra en korrekt bedömning. Revisionsberättelsen är en av de informationskällor som kreditbedömare kan använda i sin kreditbedömning. Den 15 december 2016 infördes nya standarder gällande revisionsberättelsen. De nya standarderna innebär förändringar i revisionsberättelsens utseende och innehåll vilket kan ha påverkat användarnas arbete. Även tidigare erfarenhet verkar enligt tidigare studier ha en avgörande betydelse vid kreditbedömningar. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka och förstå huruvida olika informationskällor används olika i en kreditbedömning beroende på om beslutsfattaren besitter erfarenhet eller inte. Slutligen kommer studien även se till om detaljeringsgraden i revisionsberättelsen påverkar dess informationsvärde för de som ska bedöma en kredit. Metod: Genom en experimentell studiedesign har två delstudier upprättats. Den första består av en kvasiexperimentell enkät som skickats ut till både erfarna och oerfarna. I enkäten har den nya alternativt gamla revisionsberättelsen medföljt. Enkäten testar dels om bedömningen av olika informationskällor får olika utfall beroende på om respondenten har erfarenhet eller inte samt om respondenten tagit del av den nya eller gamla revisionsberättelsen. Delstudie två består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med både erfarna kreditbedömare och oerfarna studenter och innehar en deduktiv ansats. Slutsats: Det finns inga bevis på att erfarenheten påverkar om en kredit beviljas eller inte. Inte heller enskilda ekonomiska informationskällor påverkar ett beslut om kredit. Att förändra innehållet i starkt institutionaliserade dokument påverkar inte bedömningen eller beslutet vilket gjort att den nya revisionsberättelsen inte kan ses som en bidragande hjälp för personer som arbetar med kreditbedömning av företag. / Background: In most companies, there is sometimes a need to increase the company’s capital. One way for companies to increase their capital is to do a credit application in a bank. The creditor at the bank has to collect a lots of information to make it possible to do a correct assessment. One part of the information that can be used in a credit assessment is the audit report. In 15 December 2016 new standards from IAASB were introduced for the audit report. The new standards imply changes in the audit report's appearance and content, which may have affected users' daily work. Also previous experience seems, according to previous studies, to be important in credit assessments. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate and to understand whether different financial information sources are used differently in a credit assessment depending on whether the decision maker has experience or not. Finally, the study will also ensure that the degree of detail in the audit report affect the information value. Method: The study has an experimental study design where two substudies have been established. The first one consists of a experimental survey sent to both experienced and inexperienced. In the survey, the new alternative to the old audit report has been included. The survey tests whether the assessment of different sources of information has different outcomes depending on whether the respondent has experience or not. It also tests whether the respondent has taken part in the new or old audit report. The second studie consists of semistructured interviews with both experienced creditors and inexperienced students and has a deductible approach. Conclusions: There is no evidence that the experience affects whether a credit is granted or not. Neither individual parts of the annual report affect the outcome of the credit. Changing the content of highly institutionalized documents does not affect the assessment or decision, which has meant that the new audit report can not be seen as a contributing help for individuals who work with creditors to companies. Keywords: The use of information in credit assessment, Credit assessment, Experience, The new audit report, The Brunswiks Lens Model.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a cápsula e o epitéilo subcapsular cristaliniano (ESC) de pacientes submetidos à capsulotomia curvilínea contínua (CCC) utilizando o corante azul de tripano (AT) a 0,1%, através de microscopia óptica (MO), da técnica TUNEL, de imunohistoquímica e de microscopia eletrônica transmissão (MET). Realizamos um estudo prospectivo, controlado e randomizado utilizando 30 amostras de cápsulas e ESC obtidos de pacientes após CCC durante cirurgia de facectomia. Essas amostras foram divididas em dois grupos (15 espécimes cada) um utilizando o AT (grupo experimental) no ato cirúrgico e o outro sem o uso do corante (grupo controle). As cápsulas e o ESC destes grupos foram fixados e processados para análises estruturais posteriores com técnicas de MO de rotina, técnica TUNEL para detecção de morte celular por apoptose, imunohistoquímica para analisar a expressão da beclina-1 (um marcador de morte celular por autofagia), além de análise ultraestrutural por meio da MET. Foram realizadas análises morfométricas das imagens de microscopia após captura e digitalização, utilizando o programa Image Pró Plus (Cybernetics®, USA). Foram encontrados resultados positivos para a expressão de morte celular por apoptose e por autofagia no grupo submetido ao uso do AT, enquanto que no grupo controle os resultados foram negativos. As análises através da MET do ESC mostraram alterações em células coradas com o AT, incluindo ruptura mitocondrial, dilatação das cisternas do retículo endoplasmático, aumento da elétrondensidade citoplasmática e nuclear, e alteração no perfil nuclear. Os resultados estatísticos obtidos pelo teste de Mann-Whitney a partir da morfometria obtida de micrografias, demonstraram diferenças morfológicas significativas entre os grupos estudados, tanto nas dimensões dos maiores eixos nucleares, quanto na relação perímetro/área do núcleo celular (p=0,03). Em relação à espessura da cápsula, do epitélio subcapsular e do conjunto dessas estruturas obtidas a partir da MO de rotina não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p= 0,1). O AT provoca no ESC toxicidade celular com sinais indicativos de morte celular. Observamos nos aspectos morfológicos e moleculares morte celular tanto pelo mecanismo de apoptose quanto de autofagia. A partir destes achados podemos sugerir que a ação do AT, talvez possa ajudar a prevenir ou reduzir a opacificação da cápsula posterior do cristalino no período pós-operatório das facectomias / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of trypan blue (TB) 0.1% staining on lens epithelial cells (LECs) and capsules of patients undergoing capsulorhexis using routine optical microscopy (OM), TUNEL technique, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In a prospective controlled and randomized study we evaluated 30 samples of capsules with LECs obtained after capsulorhexis during cataract surgery. Samples were randomly assigned to one of two groups (15 specimens each), one submitted to TB (experimental group) during the surgery and the other without the dye (control group). The capsule and the LECs of both groups were fixed and processed for later structural analysis with routine optical microscopy, immunohistochemistry for beclin-1 expression (a marker of cell death by autophagy), and the TUNEL technique to detect apoptosis, in addition to ultra-structural analysis by TEM. Morphometrical analysis were performed by using the Image Pro Plus software (Cybernetics®, USA). In the TB-stained group we have found positive results for the expression of cell death by autophagy and apoptosis while in the control group the results were negative. Analysis of LEC by TEM showed abnormalities in TB-stained cells including mitochondrial disruption, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, increased cytoplasmic and nuclear electron density and abnormalities in the nuclear profile. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test on morphometric data from micrographies showed significant morphologic differences between the two groups, both regarding longest nuclear axis difference and the ratio between the total nuclear perimeter and the cell area (p=0.03). No statistically significant difference was observed in capsule thickness, the LEC and the grouping of these two structures obtained from routine OM (p=0.1). Trypan blue is toxic to LECs, and cause abnormalities indicative of cell death. We observed molecular and morphologic aspects of cell death both by the mechanism of apoptosis and autophagy. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that staining with 0.1% TB can help prevent or reduce the incidence of posterior capsule opacification following cataract surgery

This thesis deals with the design of lens antennas for automotive radar in 77 GHz bandwidth. The work explains methods of designing waveguides as well as horn antennas and dielectric lens. A simulation of three designed horn antennas is performed in CST Microwave Studio. Antennas with spherical and hyperbolical lens are simulated as well and subsequently optimized for maximal gain. The thesis also investigates effects of the lens permittivity on its properties. Furthermore, the work deals with a design of an antenna system with minimalized antenna coupling. Nylon, ABS and photopolymer lens are designed and compared afterwards. ABS and photopolymer lens were produced by 3D print

The thesis deals with the design and optimization of varifocal lens for projection illuminating purposes, its mechanical design and manufacturing drawings. It was proceed in the cooperation with Robe Lighting s.r.o., which defined requirement for a new projective objective lens. Lighting fixtures development is a very specific industry with a number of unusual conditions for design and methods of using of the optical systems. In this paper conditions for imaging quality will be defined and a new design of the lens with corrected distortion will be created based on the definition of the conditions.

Die komplexe Analysen großer Datensätze stellt in der Informationsvisualisierung eine zunehmende Herausforderung dar. Mit Hilfe von Magic Lenses wird die teilweise unübersichtliche Visualisierung dieser Datensätze lokal manipuliert und vereinfacht. Dabei spielen besonders der Umfang an Filterfunktionen und wie sie verändert werden können eine Rolle. Die Vorteile eines Multitouchdisplays im Vergleich zu herkömmlicher Maus- oder Keyboardinteraktion kommen dabei zum Einsatz. Es treten jedoch stetig Probleme bei der Adaption bisheriger Menüdesigns auf. Da Magic Lenses über Menüs parametrisiert werden sollen, stellt sich die Frage welche Menü- und Interaktionsarten besser dazu geeignet sind. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Multitouch-basiertes Kontextmenü für Magic Lenses evaluiert. Es befindet sich direkt am Linsenrand und ist kompakt jedoch neuartig. Es wird die Konkurrenzfähigkeit zu einem speziell für die Studie entworfenen und implementierten klassischen, globalen Menü getestet. Dieses ist für Nutzer vertrauter, aber distanziert sich von der Linse. Die Ergebnisse werden anschließend unter quantitativen und qualitativen Punkten zusammengefasst und ausgewertet. Es zeigt sich, dass klassische Menüs mit Touchinteraktion performanter waren. Das Multitouch-basierte Kontextmenü war allerdings bei den Probanden beliebter und wurde für die Arbeit mit Linsen bevorzugt. / The complex analysis of huge data sets is an increasing challenge in information visualization. With the help of emph{Magic Lenses} the somtimes confusing visualization of those data sets is being locally manipulated and simplified. Especially the amount of filter functions and how they can be altered matter. The advantages of multitouch displays in comparison to conventional mouse and keyboard interaction are used. However, there occur continual problems with the adaption of existing menu designs. Since emph{Magic Lenses} have to be parameterized with those menus the question arises which kind of menu and interaction are more fitting. In this work we evaluate a multitouch based context menu for emph{Magic Lenses}. It is located directly at the lens and compact but new to users. We test its competitiveness to a classical global menu specifically designed and implemented for this study. Users are more familiar with it but it is distanced from the lens. Finally, the results are summarized and analyzed under quantitative and qualitative points. It turns out that classical menus with touch interaction performed best. The multitouch-based context menu though was more popular with probands and was preferred for the work with lenses.

L'orientation des lentilles sclérales devient extrêmement importante pour maximiser la stabilité et la vision chez des patients qui portent des lentilles ayant une face antérieure torique. Les techniques cliniques actuelles pour déterminer la rotation d'une lentille sclérale impliquent l'utilisation de lentilles diagnostiques; cependant, ces méthodes nécessitent beaucoup de temps de chaise pour obtenir un ajustement optimal. Des appareils novateurs existent maintenant pour évaluer la forme de la surface oculaire et peuvent s’avérer utiles pour prédire la rotation des lentilles sclérales et augmenter l'efficacité globale des ajustements. Le but de cette étude comparative et randomisée était d'évaluer la rotation des lentilles sclérales en se basant sur des valeurs fournies par deux topographes. Quinze participants ont été recrutés et leurs deux yeux ont été imagés à l'aide de deux topographes: le Eye Surface Profiler (ESP) et le Cornea Sclera Profile (CSP). Les participants ont ensuite été ajustés avec la lentille OneFit MED dans un oeil et la Zenlens dans l'autre. La rotation de chaque lentille a été évaluée à l’aide de la lampe à fente et comparée à l’axe le plus cambré de l’astigmatisme conjonctival identifié par chaque topographe. Bien que les rotations des deux instruments ne soient pas comparables, l'ESP a prédit une rotation à moins de 15° de l'observation à la lampe à fente, ce qui la rend cliniquement acceptable pour les lentilles avec de faibles valeurs de puissance cylindrique. L'acuité visuelle des patients portant des lentilles avec des quantités élevées de toricité pouvant être plus affectée par la quantité de rotation, les ajustements empiriques semblent, à ce stade, être déconseillés pour ces cas. / Scleral lens orientation becomes extremely important to maximize vision and lens stability in patients who are fitted in front-toric lenses. Current clinical techniques to determine the rotation of a scleral lens involve the use of diagnostic lenses; however, these methods require a substantial amount of chair time to achieve an optimal fit. Contemporary equipment exists to evaluate ocular surface shape, which could be useful in predicting scleral lens rotation and increasing the overall efficiency of scleral lens adjustments. The goal of this comparative and randomized study was to evaluate scleral lens rotation based on the values provided by two scleral topographers. Fifteen participants were recruited and both eyes were imaged using two scleral topographers: the Eye Surface Profiler (ESP) and the Cornea Sclera Profile (CSP). Participants were fitted with the OneFit MED on one eye and the Zenlens on the other. Each lens’s rotation was evaluated at the slit lamp and compared to the steep axis of conjunctival astigmatism identified by each topographer. While the rotations from both instruments are not comparable, the ESP predicted rotation within 15˚ from slit lamp observation, which makes it clinically acceptable for lenses with low values of cylindrical power. The visual acuity of patients wearing lenses with a high amount of toricity may be affected by the amount of rotation and are not suitable for empirical fittings at this point in time.

With the rise of high frequency communication systems such as 5G, new types of antennas has to be developed in order to meet the new requirements. In recent years, lens antennas made of periodic structures has been shown to have desirable performance when increasing operational frequency without increasing the size of the antennas. One way of manufacturing the lenses for the antennas are with 3D printers loaded with dielectrics with specified permittivity. This project group studied the process of designing and manufacturing a flat Maxwell fish eye lens at 5 GHz with a bandwidth of 3.5 GHz to 6 GHz. The resulting design is a lens based on a periodic configuration of cuboid unit cells made from dielectrics which consisted of a hole. By choosing the ratio of dielectric and holes in the unit cells, each part of the lens could be tuned to achieve a specific effective refractive index required for realising the Maxwell fish eye lens.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biochemistry / Dolores J. Takemoto / Connexin proteins are the principle structural components of gap junction channels that connect the cytoplasm of two cells and maintain direct intercellular communication through the exchange of ions, small molecules and cellular metabolites. Colocalization and tissue-specific expression of diverse connexin molecules are reported to occur in a variety of organs. Impairment of gap junctional intercellular communication, caused by mutations, gain of function or loss of function of connexins, is involved in a number of diseases including the development of cancer. Here the functions of a gap junction protein, connexin46 (Cx46), have been investigated in two hypoxic tissues, lens and breast tumor. We show that human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and breast tumor tissues express connexin46 (Cx46) and it plays a critical role in protecting cells against hypoxia-induced death. Interestingly, I find that Cx46 is upregulated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and human breast cancer tumors. Downregulation of Cx46 by siRNA promotes cell death of human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) and MCF-7 cells under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, direct injection of anti-Cx46 siRNA into xenograft tumors prevents tumor growth in nude mice. Our result suggests that both normal hypoxic tissue (lens) and adaptive hypoxic tissue (breast tumor) utilize the same protein, Cx46, as a protective strategy against hypoxia. In the last part of the dissertation, we show that over expression of Cx46 induces the degradation of another connexin, connexin43, in rabbit lens epithelial NN1003A cells. Over expression of Cx46 increases ubiquitination of Cx43. Moreover, the Cx46-induced Cx43 degradation is counteracted by inhibitors of proteasome. Taken together, these data indicate that the degradation of Cx43, upon Cx46 over expression, is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. I also provide evidence that that C-terminal tail of Cx46 is essential to induce degradation of Cx43. Therefore, our study shows that Cx46 has a novel function in the regulation of Cx43 turnover in addition to its conventional role as a gap junction protein. This may contribute to protection from hypoxia in both the lens and tumors.