In dieser Arbeit sind im neu gegründeten Arbeitsbereich Umweltphysik an der Universität Osnabrück im Aerosol-Labor verschiedene Versuchsaufbauten geplant und realisiert worden. Den zentralen Kern aller Experimente stellt hierbei die Paul-Falle dar, mit deren Hilfe Aerosole elektrodynamisch levitiert werden können. Außerdem ist das im Aerosol-Labor entwickelte Fast-Fourier-Transformations-(FFT)-Auswerteverfahren zur Analyse der Streubilder der Aerosole beschrieben worden und seine Gültigkeit an speziellen Modell-Aerosolen aufgezeigt worden. Die Eigenschaften der in dieser Arbeit betrachteten Modell-Seesalzaerosole, welche durch einen Mikrotropfengenerator erzeugt werden, sind detailliert untersucht worden. Es ist gelungen, das Verhalten von drei Modell-Seesalzaerosolarten auch für den metastabilen Bereich der Übersättigung zu untersuchen. Es konnte dabei für die reinen NaCl- und NaBr-Salzlösungen nachgewiesen werden, dass es einen eindeutigen Zusammenhang zwischen der Temperatur und dem jeweiligen Wasserdampf-Partialdruck gibt. Es konnte ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Logarithmus des kritischen Wasserdampf-Partialdruckes und der inversen Temperatur (1/T) eindeutig aufgezeigt und die gültigen Koeffizienten der linearen Regression angegeben werden. Ein Vergleich mit den Lösungswärmen für makroskopische Systeme aus der Literatur ergab einen deutlichen exothermen Enthalpie-Anteil für die übersättigte NaCl-Lösung. Auch für Natriumbromid kann ein zusätzlicher exothermer Enthalpie-Anteil festgestellt werden. Ferner konnten die Nukleationsraten beim Kristallisationsvorgang für die einzelnen Temperaturen ermittelt werden. Es konnte qualitativ festgestellt werden, dass je höher die Temperatur ist, desto höher die Nukleationsrate ist. Es konnte eine Ausgleichsgerade bestimmt werden, welche das Verhalten der Nukleationsraten über (1/T) der absoluten Temperatur für die beiden Salze NaBr und NaCl annähernd beschreibt.

The magnetic field analysis based on the wavelet transform is performed. The Halbach array magnetic field analysis has been studied using many methods such as magnetic scalar potential, magnetic vector potential, Fourier analysis and Finite Element Methods. But these analyses cannot identify a transient oscillation at the beginning stage of levitation. The wavelet transform is used for analyzing the transient oscillatory response of an EDS Maglev system. The proposed scheme explains the under-damped dynamics that results from the cradle's dynamic response to the irregular distribution of the magnetic field. It suggests this EDS Maglev system that responds to a vertical repulsive force could be subject to such instability at the beginning stage of a low levitation height. The proposed method is useful in analyzing instabilities at the beginning stage of levitation height. A controller for the EDS maglev system with the Halbach array magnet is designed for the beginning stage of levitation and after reaching the defined levitation height. To design a controller for the EDS system, two different stages are suggested. Before the object reaches a stable position and after it has reached a stable position. A stable position can be referred to as a nominal height. The former is the stage I and the latter is the stage II. At the stage I, to achieve a nominal height the robust controller is investigated. At the stage II, both translational and rotational motions are considered for the control design. To maintain system stability, damping control as well as LQR control are performed. The proposed method is helpful to understand system dynamics and achieve system stability.

<p> Levitation melting was used to measure the equilibrium between H2-H2o or CO-C02 gas mixtures and pure Fe or Fe-Cr alloys over the temperature range 1550 - 1750°C. The effects of thermal diffusion on the two types of gases were investigated. First and second order interaction parameters were employed to describe the interaction between oxygen and chromium {up to 25 wt. pct. of Cr.). </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

In this dissertation we have studied nearield phenomena in dipole radiation. We have studied first the energy flow patterns of the radiation emitted by an electric dipole located in between parallel mirrors. The field lines of the Poynting vector have intricate structures, including many singularities and vortices. For a dipole parallel to the mirror surfaces, vortices appear close to the dipole. Vortices are located where the magnetic field vanishes. Also, a radiating electric dipole near the joint of two orthogonal mirrors is considered, and also here we find numerous singularities and vortices in the energy flow patterns. We have also studied the current density in the mirrors. Next we have studied the reflection of radiation by and the transmission of radiation through an interface with an  -near-zero (ENZ) material. For p polarization, we find that the reflection coefficient is -1, and the transmission coefficient is zero for all angles of incidence. The transmitted electric field is evanescent and circularly polarized. The transmitted magnetic field is identically zero. For s polarization, the transmitted electric field is s polarized and the transmitted magnetic field is circularly polarized. The next topic was the study of the force exerted on the dipole by its own reflected field near an ENZ interface. We found that, under certain circumstances, it could be possible that the dipole would levitate in its reflected field. This levitation is brought about by evanescent reflected waves. Finally, power emission by an electric dipole near an interface was considered. We have derived expressions for the emitted power crossing an interface. The power splits in contributions from traveling and evanescent incident waves. We found that for an ENZ interface, only evanescent dipole waves penetrate the material, but there is no net power flow into the material.

The objective of this study is to set a methodology for the economic evaluation of high speed ground transportation systems. The main objective of this study is to establish a systematic framework, in order that planners can quickly understand and analyze the implications that different policies have on the life-cycle of the transportation system. The methodology is adaptable for different modes and also for different locations at which similar systems could be implemented. The mode under consideration here is that of Magnetically levitated vehicles and the study area is the Northeast corridor of the United States. The economic evaluation is based on a Systems Dynamics simulation model. The model incorporates socioeconomic parameters, trip generation, mode split, traffic engineering, economic parameters and elements of mass transportation. The interactions within these subsystems and between them are studied through various policy analysis which were conducted. The range of policy covers socioeconomic parameters, traffic strategies and economic parameters. Life cycle costs and revenues are the key performance indicators. Parameters such as elasticity values were assumed based on previous studies conducted in other locations. Revenues from fares is the only benefit considered for implementation of the new transportation system. The model has been developed so that it can be expanded so as to include various other benefits from maglev implementation. The model is highly flexible and can be used for a wide range of policy analysis. With regard to magnetic levitated transportation system it was found to be an economically feasible transportation alternative to solve the problems facing high speed inter-city travel. The life cycle costs of such a venture were found to be highly sensitive to the cost of power and the elasticity values associated with the trip generation model. / Master of Science

No description available.

Die Kopplung von akustischer Levitation mit optischer Spektroskopie ermöglicht die Untersuchung von Reaktionen und intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen unter besonderen Bedingungen. Mit akustischer Levitation können Proben im µL-Bereich kontaktfrei gehaltert und Verunreinigungen durch Oberflächenkontaminationen ausgeschlossen werden. Durch die Verwendung verschiedener Methoden der optischen Spektroskopie wie Raman-Streuung, UV/Vis-Absorptions- und Fluoreszenz-Spektroskopie konnten die levitierten Proben untersucht werden. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Ultraschallfalle aufgrund der Wandlosigkeit sowie des Kontakts der levitierten Probe mit der Atmosphäre und der daraus resultierenden möglichen Aufkonzentrierung eine interessante Möglichkeit zur Probenhandhabung in der Mikrofluidik darstellt. Anhand zweier sonochemischer Reaktionen wurde mit Absorptionsspektroskopie gezeigt, dass das Ultraschallfeld des Levitators nur einen sehr geringen Einfluss auf die levitierte Probe ausübt. Mittels Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie wurde die durch die Verdampfung induzierte Aggregation eines Farbstoffes untersucht. Zudem wurde die relative Quantenausbeute des Farbstoffes im levitierten Tropfen bestimmt. Der Kontakt des levitierten Tropfens mit der umgebenden Atmosphäre kann auch zur Aufnahme von Substanzen aus der Atmosphäre führen. Dieser Effekt wurde anhand von levitierten ionischen Flüssigkeiten volumetrisch und schwingungsspektroskopisch bei verschiedenen Luftfeuchten untersucht und die Wechselwirkungen mit dem absorbierten Wasser detailliert charakterisiert. Die Kopplung und simultane Messung von Raman-Streuung und UV/Vis-Spektroskopie ermöglichte die Untersuchung der Bildung und Aggregation von Silber-Nanopartikeln und deren Auswirkungen auf die oberflächenverstärkte Raman-Streuung. Zudem wurde die Stabilisierung von Silber-Nanopartikeln in ionischen Flüssigkeiten und die Wechselwirkungen der Partikel mit den ionischen Flüssigkeiten untersucht. / Acoustic levitation in combination with optical spectroscopy allows for investigations of reactions and intermolecular interactions under specific conditions. Samples with microliter volumes can be handled without contact to solid surfaces resulting in the absence of impurities from surface contamination. Using different optical spectroscopy methods such as Raman, UV/vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, different levitated samples were characterized in detail within this work. The investigations show that the acoustic levitator is an interesting tool for sample handling due to the wall-less fixture and because of the interaction of the levitated sample with the surrounding atmosphere. This interaction leads to an increase of a solved analyte upon the evaporation of the solvent. The ultrasonic field inside the trap was characterized by investigations of sonochemical reactions, which show a negligible influence of the ultrasonic field on the levitated sample. Absorption as well as fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the aggregation of a dye due to an increasing concentration upon evaporation of the solvent. Furthermore, the relative quantum efficiency of the dye was determined from levitated droplet experiments. The interaction of the levitated droplet with the surrounding atmosphere can also lead to absorption of airborne substances. This effect was investigated for different levitated ionic liquids. Volumetric and vibrational studies were performed on levitated ionic liquids under different atmospheric humidity conditions to characterize the interaction of ionic liquids with water. Hyphenation of Raman scattering and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy enabled the investigation of the formation and aggregation of silver nanoparticles and the correlation of this information with the recorded surface-enhanced Raman spectra. In addition, the stability of silver nanoparticles in ionic liquids and the interactions of the particles with the ionic liquids were examined.

Three-dimensional particle tracking is a valuable tool in microfluidics for obtaining information about a system. General Defocus Particle Tracking (GDPT) is a straightforward method of 3D particle tracking that only requires a single-camera plane, making it applicable to existing equipment in a laboratory.  This project's aim was to evaluate the open-source module DefocusTracker which uses GDPT. DefocusTracker was used to track particles that were levitated in a microchip using ultrasonic standing waves.  The effects of different calibration methods used and the evaluation of the acoustic energy density over an active part of a piezo on an microchip device were investigated. Different procedures to generate a depth model from the calibration images showed that the choice of step length affects the accuracy of the depth model. A depth model created from the middle part of the field of view provides more accurate results compared to one made from the edge. Levitation experiments demonstrate that higher applied voltages result in a stronger acoustic energy density field over the field of view. The acoustic energy density field and pressure amplitude field show variations across the active piezo on the device, potentially due to a non-uniform thickness of the fluid layer and variations in energy delivery from the piezo. Overall, GDPT proves to be a useful method for evaluating unknown aspects of a microfluidic system under the influence of ultrasonic standing waves. / Tredimensionell partikelspårning är ett värdefullt verktyg inom mikrofluidik för att få ut information om ett system. Generell ur-fokus partikel spårning (GDPT) är en okomplicerad metod för 3D-partikelspårning som endast kräver ett plan med en kamera. Detta gör den tillämpningsbar på befintliga utrustningar i ett laboratorium.  Syftet med detta projekt var att utvärdera den öppna modulen DefocusTracker som använder sig av GDPT. DefocusTracker användes för att spåra partiklar som leviterades i ett mikrochip med hjälp av stående ultraljudsvågor.  Effekterna av olika kalibreringsmetoder och utvärderingen av den akustiska energitätheten över en aktiv del av en piezo på ett mikrochip undersöktes. Olika metoder för att generera en djup modell från kalibreringsbilderna visade att valet av steglängd påverkar djup modellens noggrannhet. En djup modell som skapats från mitten av synfältet ger mer användbara resultat jämfört med en som skapats från kanten. Levitationsexperiment visar att högre använda spänningar resulterar i ett starkare akustiskt energitäthetsfält över synfältet. Fältet för den akustiska energitätheten och tryckamplituden visar variationer över den aktiva piezon på enheten, vilket kan bero på en ojämn tjocklek på vätskelagret och variationer i energitillförseln från piezon.  Allmänt visar sig GDPT vara en användbar metod för att utvärdera okända aspekter av ett mikrofluidiskt system under påverkan av stående ultraljudsvågor.

The standard technology used in a pick and place machine for lifting and transportingsurface mount electronic components is a vacuum based solution.  This thesis investigates a new acoustic based technology for manipulating surface mountelectronic components.  Using a microelectromechanical systems-based transducers array to create a standing wave, small objects and components were levitated and studied.  It was examined how the distance would affect the levitation ability of different objects with varying density as well as how the stability was affected. It was concluded that the distance variation of approximately 10 mm had no significant affecton the levitation ability. The longer distance did result in a less stable behavior of the levitated object. / Standardtekniken som används i en pick-and-placemaskin för att lyfta och förflytta ytmonterade elektroniska komponenter är baserad på en vakuumbaserad lösning. Detta examensarbete undersöker en ny akustisk baserad teknik för att manipulera ytmonterade elektroniska komponenter.  Med hjälp av en mikroelektromekaniskt system-baserad piezoelektrisk givare skapades en stående våg, för att levitera och studera små föremål och komponenter. Det undersöktes hur avståndet skulle påverka levitationsförmågan hos olika föremål med varierande densitet samt hur stabiliteten påverkades.  Slutsatsen som drogs var att avståndsvariationen på cirka 10 mm inte hade någon signifikant påverkan på levitationsförmågan. Det längre avståndet resulterade dock i ett mindre stabilt beteende hos det svävande föremålet.

published_or_final_version / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning