Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T14:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1219525 bytes, checksum: fd2d648dd36f5e74dce56c955cb9c446 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T14:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1219525 bytes, checksum: fd2d648dd36f5e74dce56c955cb9c446 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-24 / As a cohesion strategy, words as effective elements of the constitution of a written or spoken text have their meanings changed through specific features of textual construction and they are able to connect the elements that are inside (endophoric) or outside (exophoric) the text through the lexical substitution. In this perspective, the aim of this research is to describe and analyze the use of the word from Portuguese language “coisa”, commonly understood as a generic and vague meaning, showing how this term acquires particular meaning to function as a reference element of cohesion in the oral text. To this end, we used as a corpus eighteen (18) occurrences of the use of "coisa" collected from the corpus "O Linguajar do Sertão Paraibano" observing the process of textual referencing as well as the semantic relationships established in the lexical substitution process. This qualitative, descriptive and interpretive research adopted the theoretical and methodological principles of Lexical Semantics. For the theoretical discussions about the relationship the words have among each other and their textualization, we based our discussion on Antunes (2005, 2012), Henriques (2011), Ilari (2006, 2008), Koch (2004, 2012), Lyons (1981, 1979), Marcuschi (2004, 2008), Oliveira (2008) and Tamba-Mecz (2006). Cavalcante (2003, 2013) and Mondada (2013) served as a theoretical basis as well. The analyses showed that, when establishing exophoric and endophoric references with its textual referent, the word "coisa" builds semantic-lexical relations able to allow its interpretation. Thus, the use of this remitting form, in a given communicative situation, sets aside its character of vagueness and its meaning becomes discursively determined through synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy/ hypernym and meronymy/holonymy relations. Thus, we may say that replacing a noun with proper sense for the generic and vague word "coisa" does not always make its indeterminate information. The swapping of a word that has a special meaning for the word "coisa", which has a maximum generalization, requires an act of interpretation and can be used, for instance, to extend or to restrict some information already introduced or which will be projected in the speech. / Como estratégia de coesão, as palavras, enquanto elementos efetivos da constituição de um texto, falado ou escrito, têm seu significado alterado por meio de recursos específicos de elaboração textual, podendo se ligar a elementos que se encontram dentro (endofóricos) ou fora (exofóricos) do texto, através da substituição lexical. Nessa perspectiva, objetivamos, com este trabalho, descrever e analisar o uso da palavra “coisa”, comumente apreendida como de significação genérica e vaga, mostrando de que modo esse termo adquire sentido específico ao funcionar como elemento de coesão referencial no texto oral. Para tal, recortamos como corpus de nosso trabalho 18 (dezoito) ocorrências do uso de “coisa”, coletadas do corpus “O Linguajar do Sertão Paraibano”, observando tanto o processo de referenciação textual quanto as relações semânticas estabelecidas no processo de substituição lexical. Trata-se de uma investigação qualitativa, de cunho descritivo e interpretativista, que adota os princípios teórico-metodológicos da Semântica Lexical. Para as discussões teóricas a respeito da relação que as palavras mantêm entre si e na sua textualização, embasamo-nos em Antunes (2005, 2012), Henriques (2011), Ilari (2006, 2008), Koch (2004, 2012), Lyons (1981, 1979), Marcuschi (2004, 2008), Oliveira (2008) e Tamba-Mecz (2006). Ainda servem de embasamento teórico, Cavalcante (2003, 2013) e Mondada (2013). As análises revelam que, ao estabelecer referências exofóricas e endofóricas com o seu referente textual, a palavra “coisa” constrói relações semântico-lexicais capazes de permitir sua interpretação. Assim, o emprego dessa forma remissiva, numa dada situação comunicativa, deixa de lado seu caráter de vagueza e passa a ter seu sentido determinado discursivamente, por meio de relações de sinonímia, antonímia, hiponímia/hiperonímia e meronímia/holonímia. Com isso, podemos dizer que a substituição de um nome, com sentido próprio, pela palavra “coisa”, genérica e vaga, nem sempre torna indeterminada a sua informação. A troca de uma palavra que tem sentido particular pela palavra “coisa”, que possui generalização máxima, requer um ato de interpretação e pode ser empregada, por exemplo, para estender ou para restringir uma informação já introduzida ou que ainda será projetada no discurso.

Dans cette thèse, nous abordons du point de vue linguistique la question de l'évaluation des bases lexicales extraites par analyse distributionnelle automatique (ADA). Les méthodes d'évaluation de ces ressources qui sont actuellement mises en œuvre (comparaison à des lexiques de référence, évaluation par la tâche, test du TOEFL...) relèvent en effet d'une approche quantitative des données qui ne laisse que peu de place à l'interprétation des rapprochements générés. De ce fait, les conditions qui font que certains couples de mots sont extraits alors que d'autres ne le sont pas restent mal connues. Notre travail vise une meilleure compréhension des fonctionnements en corpus qui régissent les rapprochements distributionnels. Pour cela, nous avons dans un premier temps adopté une approche quantitative qui a consisté à comparer plusieurs ressources distributionnelles calculées sur des corpus différents à des lexiques de références (le Dictionnaire électronique des synonymes du CRISCO et le réseau lexical JeuxDeMots). Cette étape nous a permis, premièrement, d'avoir une estimation globale du contenu de nos ressources, et, deuxièmement, de sélectionner des échantillons de couples de mots à étudier d'un point de vue qualitatif. Cette deuxième étape constitue le cœur de la thèse. Nous avons choisi de nous focaliser sur les relations lexico-sémantiques que sont la synonymie, l'antonymie, l'hyperonymie et la méronymie, que nous abordons en mettant en place quatre protocoles différents. En nous appuyant sur les relations contenues dans les lexiques de référence, nous avons comparé les propriétés distributionnelles des couples de synonymes/antonymes/hyperonymes/méronymes qui ont été extraits par l'ADA avec celles des couples qui ne l'ont pas été. Nous mettons ainsi au jour plusieurs phénomènes qui favorisent ou bloquent la substituabilité des couples de mots (donc leur extraction par l'ADA). Ces phénomènes sont considérés au regard de paramètres comme la nature du corpus qui a permis de générer les bases distributionnelles étudiées (corpus encyclopédique, journalistique ou littéraire) ou les limites des lexiques de référence. Ainsi, en même temps qu'il questionne les méthodes d'évaluation des bases distributionnelles actuellement employées, ce travail de thèse illustre l'intérêt qu'il y a à considérer ces ressources comme des objets d'études linguistiques à part entière. Les bases distributionnelles sont en effet le résultat d'une mise en œuvre à grande échelle du principe de substituabilité, ce qui en fait un matériau de choix pour la description des relations lexico-sémantiques. / In this thesis, we address the question of the evaluation of distributional thesauri from a linguistic point of view. The most current ways to evaluate distributional methods rely on the comparison with gold standards like WordNet or semantic tasks like the TOEFL test. However, these evaluation methods are quantitative and thus restrict the possibility of performing a linguistic analysis of the distributional neighbours. Our work aims at a better understanding of the distributional behaviors of words in texts through the study of distributional thesauri. First, we take a quantitative approach based on a comparison of several distributional thesauri with gold standards (the DES - a dictionary of synonyms - and JeuxDeMots - a crowdsourced lexical network). This step allowed us to have an overview of the nature of the semantic relations extracted in our distributional thesauri. In a second step, we relied on this comparison to select samples of distributional neighbours for a qualitative study. We focused on "classical" semantic relations, e.g. synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy and meronymy. We considered several protocols to compare the properties of the couples of distributional neighbours which were found in the gold standards and the others. Thus, taking into account parameters like the nature of the corpora from which were generated our distributional thesauri, we explain why some synonyms, hypernyms, etc. can be substituted in texts while others cannot. The purpose of this work is twofold. First, it questions the traditional evaluation methods, then it shows how distributional thesauri can be used for the study of semantic relations.

The aim of this thesis is to study how words denoting age are used in newspaper texts. I have chosen mainly to study the following Swedish focus words for females and males of different ages (flicka, kvinna, tjej, dam; pojke, man, kille and herre) as they relate to age. Furthermore, age lexemes – different variations of Swedish expressions of age – are investigated and finally also a number of new Swedish expressions that are used to describe age – kids, förtis, grups, tweenie, mappie, senior and what I call “plus gradings” – e.g. 50 +. The study is particularly concerned with where and how age is referred to and how the chosen focus words relate in different ways to age and sex – and finally also with how these things have changed over time. I have examined newspaper corpora from three separate years – 1965, 1987 and 2000. My theoretical perspective is social constructivist, age being understood as something that is constructed and negotiated in language use. As for method, I adopt a corpus linguistic approach – large corpora and quantitative language patterns in frequencies and lexical content. Thus, my investigation is aimed at the focus words, the age lexemes and the terms in their linguistic contexts, primarily as regards adjective attributes, lexical relations and collocations. My conclusion is that the examined expressions occur in different contexts and are used in different ways, but are not always related to age or age differentiation. I have noticed a couple of tendencies; one relates to vagueness when it comes to age and one relates to a semantic division of labour. The focus words are both used as synonyms and as oppositions, and they refer to referents belonging to different age groups. At the same time there is a clear division of labour between them in that variation in many contexts relates more to subject and contextual pattern than to different chronological ages. Ihave also noticed that chronological age is generally used when something is unusual, deviant or when the context has to do with crime, sports, (change of or debut in) a profession, birthday announcements etc. / Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur ålder används språkligt i tidningstext. Utgångspunkten är hur ålder har förändrats. Framförallt är det fokusorden flicka, pojke, man, kvinna, kille, tjej, dam och herre som i relation till ålder undersöks i avhandlingen. Därutöver studeras ålderslexem - olika variationer av de språkliga uttrycken ålder och år och slutligen även ett antal nya begrepp som förekommer i relation till ålder – kids, förtis, grups, tweenie, mappie, senior och det jag kallar för plusgraderingar – t ex 50 +. Frågor jag ställer mig har med var och hur ålder förekommer och hur de utvalda fokusorden relateras på olika sätt till ålder och till kön – och slutligen hur detta har förändrats över tid. Jag har studerat tidningskorpusar från tre olika årtal – 1965, 1987 och 2000. Teoretiskt utgår jag från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv där ålder ses som någonting som konstrueras och förhandlas i språkanvändningen. Metodologiskt utgår jag från ett korpuslingvistiskt synsätt - stora textkorpusar och kvantitativa språkliga mönster i frekvenser och lexikalt innehåll. Jag studerar alltså fokusorden, ålderslexemen och de nya begreppen i sina språkliga kontexter, och då framförallt adjektivattribut, lexikala relationer och kollokationer. Jag kommer fram till att de olika språkliga uttrycken förekommer i olika typer av kontexter och på olika sätt, men att det långt ifrån alltid har med ålder eller med åldersdifferentiering att göra. Två olika tendenser är tydliga som har med åldersvaghet och arbetsfördelning att göra. De olika fokusorden både likställs och differentieras, och de används om referenter i olika ålderskategorier. Samtidigt är det en tydlig arbetsfördelning mellan dem där variationen i många sammanhang har mer med ämnen och innehållsliga mönster att göra, än med olika kronologiska åldrar. Jag har också kunnat konstatera att kronologisk ålder generellt används när någonting är ovanligt eller avvikande utifrån en åldersnorm eller när kontexterna har med idrott, debut eller byte av profession, födelse- och dödsannonser etc.

(in English): The aim of this paper is to examine the role of Slavic substantive borrowings in Romanian vocabulary. Selected substantive loans are divided into five semantic areas. Analysis of each of them contains a series of synonyms, functional and stylistic inclusion in the Romanian vocabulary, idioms of which is part given lexical unit, and its derivatives. The result is a semantic classification of lexems of Slavic origin in the Romanian vocabulary, their stylistic stratification and position within the synonymic series.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to study how words denoting age are used in newspaper texts. I have chosen mainly to study the following Swedish focus words for females and males of different ages (<em>flicka, kvinna, tjej, dam; pojke, man, kille</em> and <em>herre</em>) as they relate to age. Furthermore, age lexemes – different variations of Swedish expressions of age – are investigated and finally also a number of new Swedish expressions that are used to describe age – <em>kids, förtis, grups, tweenie, mappie, senior</em> and what I call “plus gradings” – e.g. 50 +.</p><p>The study is particularly concerned with where and how age is referred to and how the chosen focus words relate in different ways to age and sex – and finally also with how these things have changed over time. I have examined newspaper corpora from three separate years – 1965, 1987 and 2000. My theoretical perspective is social constructivist, age being understood as something that is constructed and negotiated in language use. As for method, I adopt a corpus linguistic approach – large corpora and quantitative language patterns in frequencies and lexical content. Thus, my investigation is aimed at the focus words, the age lexemes and the terms in their linguistic contexts, primarily as regards adjective attributes, lexical relations and collocations.</p><p>My conclusion is that the examined expressions occur in different contexts and are used in different ways, but are not always related to age or age differentiation. I have noticed a couple of tendencies; one relates to vagueness when it comes to age and one relates to a semantic division of labour. The focus words are both used as synonyms and as oppositions, and they refer to referents belonging to different age groups. At the same time there is a clear division of labour between them in that variation in many contexts relates more to subject and contextual pattern than to different chronological ages. Ihave also noticed that chronological age is generally used when something is unusual, deviant or when the context has to do with crime, sports, (change of or debut in) a profession, birthday announcements etc.</p> / <p>Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur ålder används språkligt i tidningstext. Utgångspunkten är hur ålder har förändrats. Framförallt är det fokusorden <em>flicka, pojke, man, kvinna, kille, tjej, dam</em> och <em>herre</em> som i relation till ålder undersöks i avhandlingen. Därutöver studeras ålderslexem - olika variationer av de språkliga uttrycken ålder och år och slutligen även ett antal nya begrepp som förekommer i relation till ålder – <em>kids, förtis, grups, tweenie, mappie, senior</em> och det jag kallar för plusgraderingar – t ex 50 +.</p><p>Frågor jag ställer mig har med var och hur ålder förekommer och hur de utvalda fokusorden relateras på olika sätt till ålder och till kön – och slutligen hur detta har förändrats över tid. Jag har studerat tidningskorpusar från tre olika årtal – 1965, 1987 och 2000. Teoretiskt utgår jag från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv där ålder ses som någonting som konstrueras och förhandlas i språkanvändningen. Metodologiskt utgår jag från ett korpuslingvistiskt synsätt - stora textkorpusar och kvantitativa språkliga mönster i frekvenser och lexikalt innehåll. Jag studerar alltså fokusorden, ålderslexemen och de nya begreppen i sina språkliga kontexter, och då framförallt adjektivattribut, lexikala relationer och kollokationer.</p><p>Jag kommer fram till att de olika språkliga uttrycken förekommer i olika typer av kontexter och på olika sätt, men att det långt ifrån alltid har med ålder eller med åldersdifferentiering att göra. Två olika tendenser är tydliga som har med åldersvaghet och arbetsfördelning att göra. De olika fokusorden både likställs och differentieras, och de används om referenter i olika ålderskategorier. Samtidigt är det en tydlig arbetsfördelning mellan dem där variationen i många sammanhang har mer med ämnen och innehållsliga mönster att göra, än med olika kronologiska åldrar. Jag har också kunnat konstatera att kronologisk ålder generellt används när någonting är ovanligt eller avvikande utifrån en åldersnorm eller när kontexterna har med idrott, debut eller byte av profession, födelse- och dödsannonser etc.</p>

El objetivo de esta tesis, es reunir información gramatical suficiente que permita determinar qué características deben reunir las bases verbales del español para ser capaces de originar un adjetivo deverbal de participio (ADP), y, basados en ello, poder describir cómo opera el proceso de activación de valor especializado en los términos N+ADP del dominio de la economía. Estas construcciones sintácticas mínimas son muy productivas en los discursos de ámbitos especializados, sin embargo la naturaleza híbrida de la forma participial acarrea muchos conflictos a la tarea de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural (PNL). Esta aproximación al análisis de los ADP es lingüística, está anclada teóricamente en la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT) e intenta ser el punto de contacto entre teoría y aplicación. / The goal of this thesis is to pinpoint the grammatical information that is necessary to determine which Spanish verb stems give rise to an adjectival participle (AP). This information will allow us to describe the linguistic indicators that, within the domain of economy, activate a specialized meaning in those terms that have the structure AP+noun. These syntactic minimal constructions are highly productive in specialized discourse. Nevertheless, the hybrid nature of the participial form invokes many conflicts in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. This descriptive approach to the adjectival participles is linguistic in nature, based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT), intends to be the point of contact between theory and application.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7) / Cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration d’un modèle de structuration des relations lexicales, fondé sur les fonctions lexicales de la Théorie Sens-Texte [Mel’cuk, 1997]. Les relations lexicales considérées sont les dérivations sémantiques et les collocations telles qu’elles sont définies dans le cadre de la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. En partant du constat que ces relations lexicales ne sont pas décrites ni présentées de façon satisfaisante dans les bases de données lexicales, nous posons la nécessité d’en créer un modèle de structuration. Nous justifions l’intérêt de créer un système de fonctions lexicales puis détaillons les quatre perspectives du système que nous avons mises au point : une perspective sémantique, une perspective axée sur la combinatoire des éléments d’une relation lexicale, une perspective centrée sur leurs parties du discours, ainsi qu’une perspective mettant en avant l’élément sur lequel se focalise la relation. Le système intègre l’ensemble des fonctions lexicales, y compris les fonctions lexicales non standard, dont nous proposons une normalisation de l’encodage. Le système a été implémenté dans la base de données lexicale du DiCo. Nous présentons trois applications dans lesquelles il peut être exploité. Premièrement, il est possible d’en dériver des interfaces de consultation pour les bases de données lexicales de type DiCo. Le système peut également être directement consulté en tant qu’assistant à l’encodage des relations lexicales. Enfin, il sert de référence pour effectuer un certain nombre de calculs sur les informations lexicographiques, qui pourront, par la suite, être implémentés pour automatiser la rédaction de certains champs de fiches lexicographiques. / This thesis proposes a model for structuring lexical relations, based on the concept of lexical functions (LFs) proposed in Meaning-Text Theory [Mel’cuk, 1997]. The lexical relations taken into account include semantic derivations and collocations as defined within this theoretical framework, known as Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. Considering the assumption that lexical relations are neither encoded nor made available in lexical databases in an entirely satisfactory manner, we assume the necessity of designing a new model for structuring them. First of all, we justify the relevance of devising a system of lexical functions rather than a simple classification. Next, we present the four perspectives developped in the system: a semantic perspective, a combinatorial one, another one targetting the parts of speech of the elements involved in a lexical relation, and, finally, a last one emphasizing which element of the relation is focused on. This system covers all LFs, even non-standard ones, for which we have proposed a normalization of the encoding. Our system has already been implemented into the DiCo relational database. We propose three further applications that can be developed from it. First, it can be used to build browsing interfaces for lexical databases such as the DiCo. It can also be directly consulted as a tool to assist lexicographers in encoding lexical relations by means of lexical functions. Finally, it constitutes a reference to compute lexicographic information which will, in future work, be implemented in order to automatically fill in some fields within the entries in lexical databases.

Cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration d’un modèle de structuration des relations lexicales, fondé sur les fonctions lexicales de la Théorie Sens-Texte [Mel’cuk, 1997]. Les relations lexicales considérées sont les dérivations sémantiques et les collocations telles qu’elles sont définies dans le cadre de la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. En partant du constat que ces relations lexicales ne sont pas décrites ni présentées de façon satisfaisante dans les bases de données lexicales, nous posons la nécessité d’en créer un modèle de structuration. Nous justifions l’intérêt de créer un système de fonctions lexicales puis détaillons les quatre perspectives du système que nous avons mises au point : une perspective sémantique, une perspective axée sur la combinatoire des éléments d’une relation lexicale, une perspective centrée sur leurs parties du discours, ainsi qu’une perspective mettant en avant l’élément sur lequel se focalise la relation. Le système intègre l’ensemble des fonctions lexicales, y compris les fonctions lexicales non standard, dont nous proposons une normalisation de l’encodage. Le système a été implémenté dans la base de données lexicale du DiCo. Nous présentons trois applications dans lesquelles il peut être exploité. Premièrement, il est possible d’en dériver des interfaces de consultation pour les bases de données lexicales de type DiCo. Le système peut également être directement consulté en tant qu’assistant à l’encodage des relations lexicales. Enfin, il sert de référence pour effectuer un certain nombre de calculs sur les informations lexicographiques, qui pourront, par la suite, être implémentés pour automatiser la rédaction de certains champs de fiches lexicographiques. / This thesis proposes a model for structuring lexical relations, based on the concept of lexical functions (LFs) proposed in Meaning-Text Theory [Mel’cuk, 1997]. The lexical relations taken into account include semantic derivations and collocations as defined within this theoretical framework, known as Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. Considering the assumption that lexical relations are neither encoded nor made available in lexical databases in an entirely satisfactory manner, we assume the necessity of designing a new model for structuring them. First of all, we justify the relevance of devising a system of lexical functions rather than a simple classification. Next, we present the four perspectives developped in the system: a semantic perspective, a combinatorial one, another one targetting the parts of speech of the elements involved in a lexical relation, and, finally, a last one emphasizing which element of the relation is focused on. This system covers all LFs, even non-standard ones, for which we have proposed a normalization of the encoding. Our system has already been implemented into the DiCo relational database. We propose three further applications that can be developed from it. First, it can be used to build browsing interfaces for lexical databases such as the DiCo. It can also be directly consulted as a tool to assist lexicographers in encoding lexical relations by means of lexical functions. Finally, it constitutes a reference to compute lexicographic information which will, in future work, be implemented in order to automatically fill in some fields within the entries in lexical databases. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7)