Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 orsi_v_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1516295 bytes, checksum: 66a0389794a4f3c192ed91f3ff975817 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A língua em uso numa sociedade é produto de uma cultura e reflete o pensamento de um povo. Desse modo, as unidades léxicas, por meio dos significados atribuídos por um grupo social, determinam um olhar específico do universo e um sistema de valores. Com esse embasamento, nosso trabalho centra sua atenção num tipo de item lexical específico: as unidades lexicais que nominam os órgãos referentes às zonas erógenas, dos quais destacamos o pênis, a vulva, as nádegas, o ânus, os testículos e os seios, em língua italiana e em língua portuguesa, variante brasileira, partindo da análise do corpus coletado. Intencionamos demonstrar que para a denominação dos órgãos sexuais do corpo humano tende-se a evitar a terminologia anatômica oficial – relegada a contextos de grande formalidade – e adotar outros itens lexicais em situações informais, que possam denominar as referidas partes do corpo com conotação sexual. Muitas das lexias recolhidas não são aceitas em todos os contextos, mas entre pessoas afeiçoadas, encontra-se um emprego mais intenso e que assinala intimidade. Por essa razão usam-se inúmeros sinônimos que servem para suavizar uma determinada unidade lexical, na tentativa de mascarar preconceitos sociais historicamente construídos. Principiamos nossa pesquisa examinando os referidos itens lexicais sob a luz da teoria da metáfora conceitual – pois muitos dos itens empregados têm base metafórica e, na maioria das vezes, eufemística. O produto de nossa pesquisa é a amostragem de um dicionário onomasiológico especial bilíngue, abrangendo o mencionado tipo de unidade lexical estudado. Apresentamos, ainda, dentro dos verbetes quais são os semas (unidades mínimas de significação) presentes nas principais metáforas relativas aos mencionados órgãos. O acréscimo destes se mostra uma inovação em meio ao argumento erótico-obsceno, praticamente... / The language in use in a society is product of a culture and reflects the way a community thinks. Therefore, the lexical units, through the meanings assigned by a social group, establish a specific look of the universe and a system of values. With this basement, our work centers its attention in a specific lexical type: the lexical units that nominates the organs from the erotic zone, that are the penis, the vulva, the buttocks, the anus, the testicles and the breast, in Italian and Portuguese language, Brazilian variety, by analysing our corpus. We intend to demonstrate that for the denomination of the sexual organs of the human body it usual to avoid the official anatomical terminology – relegated to the contexts of great formality – and to adopt other lexical items during informal situations. Many of the collected items are not accepted in all the contexts, but between known people, they may designate familiarity. Thus, innumerable synonymous are used to alleviate one lexical unit, trying to mask social prejudices historically constructed. We begin our research examinating the cited lexical items under the light of the theory of the conceptual metaphor – because many of the employed items have a metaphorical and also euphemistics basis. The product of our research is a special onomasiological bilingual dictionary, enclosing part of the mentioned studied of the lexical type. We introduce also in the entries of it semes (minimal meaning unit) present in the main metaphors related to these organs. The addition of these semes reveals an innovation in the study of the erotical-obscene argument, practically unexplored by the linguists. We intend, with this research, to be able to collaborate to demystify some prejudices related to the erotical-obscene lexicon, its use and its creation and to stimulate reflections of it, whose examination of the metaphors... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-12. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000863808.pdf: 2006729 bytes, checksum: 2e01fb9179140eb4598296c0d044b9c8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os movimentos migratórios ocorridos no passado motivaram o surgimento de designações injuriosas de um grupo étnico em relação a outro. Ao entrar em contato conflituoso com o outro, tais designações, sustentadas por visões estereotipadas e preconceituosas, passaram a verificar-se no léxico dessas línguas e, consequentemente, a figurarem nos seus dicionários. Tais sentidos depreciativos, por uma prática lexicográfica já consolidada, deveriam apresentar uma marca de uso avaliativa que indicasse ao consulente se tratar de um uso controverso. Entretanto, essa prática nem sempre é sistemática, e alguns desses sentidos recebem outras marcas, como aquelas de transição semântica que não indicam, claramente, tratar-se de um uso pejorativo. Assim, faz-se necessário observar essas marcas de usos, bem como investigar outras questões pertinentes à confecção de um dicionário, como a presença de uma ideologia dominante nesse tipo de obra, o papel descritivo em oposição ao prescritivo e a composição do corpus que serve de base para a elaboração do produto lexicográfico. Nesta pesquisa, foram analisados 87 alusões depreciativas a estrangeiros, denominadas etnofaulismos (ROBACK, 1944), observados em quatro dicionários monolíngues brasileiros (Aulete Digital, Aurélio, Houaiss e Michaelis), bem como 19 etiquetas diferentes, categorizadas em sete macrocategorias (de transição semântica, diatópicas, diafásicas, diastráticas, diacrônicas, diafrequentes e dia-avaliativas). A partir da apresentação de elementos da microestrutura que colaboram para que o consulente entenda estar diante de um item lexical que pode gerar polêmicas, pretende-se demonstrar que o dicionário tem se servido de meios que garantam o seu papel de descritor, não obstante haja ainda pouca sistematicidade na utilização de tais recursos. A problemática se estende para o estranhamento que causa a presença e ausência de determinados... / Throughout history, migratory movements have led to the emergence of derogatory meanings and terms used by one group to label another. Such phrases, built on stereotypical and prejudiced views, first occurred in the lexicon of the languages and later began appearing in dictionaries. A common lexicographical practice called labeling states that these derogatory meanings should present diaevaluative information (i.e. a usage feature relating to a particular attitude or evaluation), warning the dictionary user about their controversial nature. Nevertheless, this practice is not always methodical, and contemptuous meanings often receive other usage labels such as semantic transition that do not clearly indicate their offensive impact. Thus, we sought to investigate the usage labels in Brazilian monolingual dictionaries as well as other issues relevant to dictionary making, such as the presence of a dominant ideology, the descriptive versus prescriptive role of the dictionary, and the corpus composition that forms the base of the lexicographical product. In this study, we investigated four unabridged Brazilian monolingual dictionaries (Aulete Digital, Aurélio, Houaiss and Michaelis) and analyzed eighty-seven foreign disparaging allusions, herein called ethnophaulisms (ROBACK, 1944), featuring 19 different usage labels and divided in seven macro-categories (semantic transition, diatopic, diaphasic, diastratic, diachronic, diafrequent and diaevaluative). We analyzed microstructural elements, such as usage labels, that help dictionary users identify which lexical items generate controversy. Although these elements were included, the practice was not systemic or homogenous, invalidating the descriptive role of the dictionary. This lack of consistency is also reflected in the haphazard inclusion or exclusion of contemptuous meanings frequently present in unconventional corpora such as social networks (in this research the microblogging ...

As definições de cores encontradas nos dicionários semasiológicos do português estão passíveis a uma série de críticas. A análise dos verbetes de cores dos dicionários AuE (2004), HouE (2001), MiE (2001) e AnMS (1813) revelou que nenhuma destas obras apresentam verbetes de cores satisfatórios no que diz respeito à elucidação do significado de uma cor. Além disso, foi constatado que poucas foram as modificações sofridas nas definições de cores das obras do século XXI quando comparadas à obra do século XIX. O fato de os verbetes de cores dos dias atuais apresentarem falhas semelhantes às dos verbetes de cores de obras editadas há quase 200 anos parece indicar uma lacuna nos estudos lexicográficos que trate das cores nos dicionários. O presente trabalho se dispõe a discutir e tentar preencher esta lacuna. Para tanto, se procurou estabelecer uma relação entre os problemas encontrados nos verbetes de cores e a teoria lexicográfica, a fim de explicar o problema e, se possível, solucioná-lo. A partir dessa primeira análise, foi constatado que os verbetes de cores precisavam ser reestruturados. Para tanto, foi necessário estabelecer parâmetros que elencassem os segmentos informativos realmente necessários em um verbete de cor, para depois, se pensar em reelaborar estes segmentos. Os segmentos informativos reestruturados foram as paráfrases explanatórias e os exemplos, e esta reestruturação se deu com base nos postulados da Semântica Cognitiva. A visão prototípica de categorização, bem como a noção de corporeidade e de experiencialismo trazidas pela Semântica Cognitiva foram bastante proveitosas na discussão a respeito do fenômeno cromático no âmbito da Lexicografia. Através da relação entre teorias lexicográficas e a Semântica Cognitiva, chegou-se à conclusão de que as paráfrases de cores simples devem ser do tipo paráfrase explanatória analítica por metalinguagem do signo extensional e contarem com exemplares universais de cor no seu viés extensional para elucidar a cor. Em relação aos exemplos, eles devem estar alicerçados em padrões sintáticos curtos e frases de construções simples, além de contarem com exemplares prototípicos culturalmente situados das categorias de cor. Em complementação a isto, as cores simples devem contar com o mecanismo de substituição ostensiva, localizado nos textos externos do dicionário, que traga uma gravura da cor definida. A gravura oferecida pelo dicionário deve corresponder à elucidação de uma categoria inteira de cor, em conformidade com os postulados da Semântica Cognitiva sobre categorias prototípicas. Em relação às cores complexas, a Teoria da Mesclagem Conceitual aponta que este tipo de cor não necessita de uma definição, uma vez que seu significado é construído através da decodificação do próprio vocábulo. A proposta oferecida para as cores complexas é que o dicionário faça uma remissão para a cor simples da qual a cor complexa deriva e localize, dentro da categoria de cor simples, a zona correspondente à cor complexa. O desenvolvimento do presente estudo levou à conclusão de que o planejamento e reestruturação dos três segmentos informativos aqui elencados (paráfrase explanatória, exemplos e elementos iconográficos) permite a elaboração de definições mais satisfatórias para vocábulos de cores em dicionários semasiológicos. / Color definitions in Portuguese semasiological dictionaries are subject to much criticism. The analysis of color entries in AuE (2004), HouE (2001), MiE (2001), and AnMS (1813) revealed that none of these dictionaries have satisfactory entries when it comes to elucidating the meaning of colors. Moreover, it was observed that color definitions are quite similar when 21th century dictionaries and a 19th century dictionary are contrasted. Finding the same problems in color definitions of current and old dictionaries may indicate a gap in lexicographic studies concerning colors. This thesis aims to discuss and fill this gap. To do so, we tried to relate problems found in color entries to lexicographical theories, in order to explain these problems and, if possible, to solve them. This first analysis led us to conclude that color entries should be restructured. So it was necessary to set parameters, which could establish necessary informative segments to a color entry, and then restructure them. The restructured informative segments were explanatory paraphrases and examples. The restructuring was based on tenets of Cognitive Semantics. The Prototypical Theory and beliefs in Embodiment and Experientialism were very useful to the discussion about the chromatic phenomenon in lexicographical fields. From relating lexicographical theories to Cognitive Semantics, we concluded that simple color paraphrases should be explanatory, analytical paraphrases based on the metalanguage of the extensional sign, and they should rely on universal models of colors in their extensional part. Examples must be founded on short syntactic patterns and sentences with simple construction, relying on culturally situated, prototypical models of color categories. Besides this, simple colors must rely on ostensive replacement, situated in additional sections of the dictionary, which offer a picture of the related color. The picture has to represent/illustrate the entire category of that color, in accordance with the tenets of Cognitive Semantics about prototypical categories. Regarding complex colors, Conceptual Blending Theory shows that this kind of color does not require a definition, once its meaning is constructed by the decoding of the word itself. Our proposal concerning the lexicographical treatment of complex colors is to indicate them within the picture of simple colors. This study led us to conclude that, if one plans and restructures the three informative segments showed here (explanatory paraphrases, examples, and pictures), it is possible to provide more complete definitions of color words in semasiological dictionaries.

This master´s thesis collects vocabulary from the field of modern firearms and their accessories in English and Czech languages and forms it into a dictionary which compares the specialized translation with the translation that is provided by a technical dictionary. The theoretical part focuses on explaining the basic terminology from the field of lexicography, it introduces a brief look at the development and typology of dictionaries and the process of forming a dictionary. Detailed examination of technical and electronic dictionaries is provided and description of the specific aspects of firearm terminology. The practical part presents the specialized resources used in this work, the process of creating and layout of the dictionary which is the final product of this thesis. The conclusion summarizes the difference between the basic translation and the specialized translation and gives evidence of these differences by providing examples from the created dictionary.

Dans un premier temps, afin de définir et de créer une typologie des ouvrages dictionnairiques existants concernant le sport, plus de 400 disciplines sportives ont été identifiées et plus de 200 ont été définies (celles qui étaient les moins répandues dans le monde). Elles ont été ensuite classées dans 19 groupes thématiques, classement qui a été par la suite soumis à une analyse critique. L'ensemble de ces disciplines a permis de référencer près de 500 ouvrages dictionnairiques à partir desquels différents critères d'élaboration d'un dictionnaire de spécialité ont pu être établis. Ainsi, les critères les plus pertinents et les plus adaptés ont été choisis pour élaborer le "Dictionnaire du rugby – L'Ovalie dans tous ses sens".Dans un second temps, une approche concernant ce dictionnaire de spécialité a été présentée en précisant les choix concernant, d'une part, le sujet, et d'autre part, la philosophie d'un tel ouvrage. Cette réflexion a porté sur l'objectif d'un tel dictionnaire, sur le public visé, sur la façon dont il a été rédigé ainsi que sur sa structure. En outre, il a été pertinent d'analyser le traitement du terme rugby (et de son vocabulaire) dans une quinzaine d'ouvrages. Enfin, une étude a été entreprise pour proposer la méthodologie concernant l'élaboration du "Dictionnaire du rugby – L'Ovalie dans tous ses sens" en insistant notamment sur le protocole de rédaction, sur la création de la charte graphique, sur la présentation du paratexte, sur l'élaboration de la nomenclature, sur les différentes étapes de la rédaction et sur celles de la correction. / Firstly, in order to define and create a typology of existing dictionaries concerning sport, we identified more than 400 sports and among them we defined more than 200 sports (those which were the less common around the world). We then classified them into 19 thematic groups, which classification has been submitted to a technical review. All these sports have allowed us to reference near to 500 dictionaries from which we have been able to identify the various criteria which enable the writing of specialty dictionaries. We have chosen the most relevant and suitable criteria to write our "Dictionnaire du rugby – L'Ovalie dans tous ses sens".Secondly, we described our approach concerning this specialty dictionary by specifying our thought and choices related to, on the one hand, the subject and, on the other hand, the philosophy of a work of this kind. This reflection covered the objective of such a dictionary, the targeted public, the way it has been written and its structure. Furthermore, we considered the treatment of the term rugby (and of its vocabulary) in about fifteen books. Finally, we proposed our methodology for the writing of the "Dictionnaire du rugby – L'Ovalie dans tous ses sens" focusing in particular on the protocol of writing, the creation of a graphic chart, the presentation of the paratext, the conception of a nomenclature, and on the different steps of the writing and the rectifications.

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la lexicographie du lâri, qui est la troisième langue véhiculaire de la République du Congo, afin de proposer la création d'un dictionnaire bilingue lâri-français. Le premier chapitre permet de comprendre l'histoire du groupe ethnique Balâri et la situation géographique et démographique de la langue aujourd'hui. Le second chapitre est une analyse de la langue sur le plan phonétique, morphologique, grammatical et lexicographique. Le troisième chapitre est consacré aux propositions faites pour la rédaction du dictionnaire bilingue lâri-français. / This thesis is to study the lexicography of the lari, who is the third language of the Republic of the Congo, in order to propose the creation of a lari-french bilingual dictionary. The first chapter to understand the history of the ethnic group Balari and location and demographic of the language today. The second chapter is an analysis of the language on the morphological, phonetic, grammatical and lexicographical plan. The third chapter is dedicated to the proposals for the drafting of the lari-french bilingual dictionary.

As definições de cores encontradas nos dicionários semasiológicos do português estão passíveis a uma série de críticas. A análise dos verbetes de cores dos dicionários AuE (2004), HouE (2001), MiE (2001) e AnMS (1813) revelou que nenhuma destas obras apresentam verbetes de cores satisfatórios no que diz respeito à elucidação do significado de uma cor. Além disso, foi constatado que poucas foram as modificações sofridas nas definições de cores das obras do século XXI quando comparadas à obra do século XIX. O fato de os verbetes de cores dos dias atuais apresentarem falhas semelhantes às dos verbetes de cores de obras editadas há quase 200 anos parece indicar uma lacuna nos estudos lexicográficos que trate das cores nos dicionários. O presente trabalho se dispõe a discutir e tentar preencher esta lacuna. Para tanto, se procurou estabelecer uma relação entre os problemas encontrados nos verbetes de cores e a teoria lexicográfica, a fim de explicar o problema e, se possível, solucioná-lo. A partir dessa primeira análise, foi constatado que os verbetes de cores precisavam ser reestruturados. Para tanto, foi necessário estabelecer parâmetros que elencassem os segmentos informativos realmente necessários em um verbete de cor, para depois, se pensar em reelaborar estes segmentos. Os segmentos informativos reestruturados foram as paráfrases explanatórias e os exemplos, e esta reestruturação se deu com base nos postulados da Semântica Cognitiva. A visão prototípica de categorização, bem como a noção de corporeidade e de experiencialismo trazidas pela Semântica Cognitiva foram bastante proveitosas na discussão a respeito do fenômeno cromático no âmbito da Lexicografia. Através da relação entre teorias lexicográficas e a Semântica Cognitiva, chegou-se à conclusão de que as paráfrases de cores simples devem ser do tipo paráfrase explanatória analítica por metalinguagem do signo extensional e contarem com exemplares universais de cor no seu viés extensional para elucidar a cor. Em relação aos exemplos, eles devem estar alicerçados em padrões sintáticos curtos e frases de construções simples, além de contarem com exemplares prototípicos culturalmente situados das categorias de cor. Em complementação a isto, as cores simples devem contar com o mecanismo de substituição ostensiva, localizado nos textos externos do dicionário, que traga uma gravura da cor definida. A gravura oferecida pelo dicionário deve corresponder à elucidação de uma categoria inteira de cor, em conformidade com os postulados da Semântica Cognitiva sobre categorias prototípicas. Em relação às cores complexas, a Teoria da Mesclagem Conceitual aponta que este tipo de cor não necessita de uma definição, uma vez que seu significado é construído através da decodificação do próprio vocábulo. A proposta oferecida para as cores complexas é que o dicionário faça uma remissão para a cor simples da qual a cor complexa deriva e localize, dentro da categoria de cor simples, a zona correspondente à cor complexa. O desenvolvimento do presente estudo levou à conclusão de que o planejamento e reestruturação dos três segmentos informativos aqui elencados (paráfrase explanatória, exemplos e elementos iconográficos) permite a elaboração de definições mais satisfatórias para vocábulos de cores em dicionários semasiológicos. / Color definitions in Portuguese semasiological dictionaries are subject to much criticism. The analysis of color entries in AuE (2004), HouE (2001), MiE (2001), and AnMS (1813) revealed that none of these dictionaries have satisfactory entries when it comes to elucidating the meaning of colors. Moreover, it was observed that color definitions are quite similar when 21th century dictionaries and a 19th century dictionary are contrasted. Finding the same problems in color definitions of current and old dictionaries may indicate a gap in lexicographic studies concerning colors. This thesis aims to discuss and fill this gap. To do so, we tried to relate problems found in color entries to lexicographical theories, in order to explain these problems and, if possible, to solve them. This first analysis led us to conclude that color entries should be restructured. So it was necessary to set parameters, which could establish necessary informative segments to a color entry, and then restructure them. The restructured informative segments were explanatory paraphrases and examples. The restructuring was based on tenets of Cognitive Semantics. The Prototypical Theory and beliefs in Embodiment and Experientialism were very useful to the discussion about the chromatic phenomenon in lexicographical fields. From relating lexicographical theories to Cognitive Semantics, we concluded that simple color paraphrases should be explanatory, analytical paraphrases based on the metalanguage of the extensional sign, and they should rely on universal models of colors in their extensional part. Examples must be founded on short syntactic patterns and sentences with simple construction, relying on culturally situated, prototypical models of color categories. Besides this, simple colors must rely on ostensive replacement, situated in additional sections of the dictionary, which offer a picture of the related color. The picture has to represent/illustrate the entire category of that color, in accordance with the tenets of Cognitive Semantics about prototypical categories. Regarding complex colors, Conceptual Blending Theory shows that this kind of color does not require a definition, once its meaning is constructed by the decoding of the word itself. Our proposal concerning the lexicographical treatment of complex colors is to indicate them within the picture of simple colors. This study led us to conclude that, if one plans and restructures the three informative segments showed here (explanatory paraphrases, examples, and pictures), it is possible to provide more complete definitions of color words in semasiological dictionaries.

A inclusão dos dicionários escolares de língua portuguesa no Programa Nacional do Livro didático, no início dos anos 2000, alavancou consideravelmente o interesse por este tipo de obra no Brasil, tanto por parte de estudiosos da linguagem, como por parte de editoras e órgãos governamentais. No entanto, ainda que o aumento na demanda tenha impulsionado a produção dicionarística do mercado editorial brasileiro, pouco se tem refletido sobre como compilar dicionários voltados ao público escolar à luz de parâmetros teóricos e metodológicos. Como resultado, verifica-se a proliferação de obras elaboradas sob critérios demasiadamente impressionistas e que pouco atendem aos anseios de seus potenciais consulentes. Com o objetivo de preencher uma das tantas lacunas da pesquisa lexicográfica brasileira, a presente tese doutoral elabora uma metodologia que, fundamentada nos princípios da semântica cognitiva, almeja auxiliar a geração de paráfrases explanatórias voltadas a alunos do segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental. Para tanto, foi necessário reavaliar a atual proposta do PNLD Dicionários, com especial atenção ao primeiro e ao segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental, e reformular a classificação das obras lexicográficas escolares deste período. A partir desta reformulação, propôs-se a elaboração de um dicionário intermediário, voltado para o segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental, e especificaram-se as características essenciais da obra (enquadramento taxonômico, perfil do usuário e função). Fixadas estas informações, passou-se ao desenvolvimento da metodologia propriamente dita, cuja aplicação se restringiu ao grupo dos substantivos. A elaboração da metodologia pressupôs (a) o enquadramento das paráfrases em uma taxonomia de paráfrases explanatórias, (b) a formulação de padrões sintáticos tendo em vista as especificidades do tipo de substantivo a ser definido, e (c) a aplicação de princípios da semântica cognitiva na seleção das informações vinculadas pela paráfrase. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a elaboração de paráfrases ad hoc orientadas teórica e metodologicamente ao público ao qual se destinam. Ao final da tese, avaliou-se o nível de inteligibilidade das paráfrases por intermédio de uma ferramenta de processamento da linguagem natural. Os resultados da análise sugerem que, de maneira geral, as paráfrases elaboradas estão em consonância com a capacidade de interpretação de alunos do segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental, cumprindo, assim, os objetivos da tese e propiciando um avanço à lexicografia pedagógica brasileira. / The inclusion of school dictionaries in Programa Nacional do Livro Didático [Brazilian textbook national programme], in the early 2000s, has dramatically increased the interest of language experts as well as publishing companies and government entities in this kind of reference work. However, although the increase in demand has expanded dictionary production among Brazilian publishing houses, there has been very little thought on how to compile school dictionaries taking into account theoretical and methodological parameters. As a result, there is a proliferation of school dictionaries produced based on impressionistic criteria and which do not really help their potential users. To fulfill one of the many gaps of the Brazilian lexicographical research, this PhD dissertation proposes a methodology which, based on cognitive semantics principles, will contribute to the writing of lexicographical definitions for children aged 9 and 10. Therefore, the current lexicographical proposal by the Brazilian textbook national programme had to be re-evaluated and reformulated, with special attention to the first five years of primary school. After that, it was suggested an intermediate dictionary, which would be suitable for the 4th and 5th years of primary school, and the main features of this specific dictionary (taxonomic classification, user profile and function) were established. Bearing in mind all those items, the methodology itself could be developed, with its application restricted to the noun class, only. The methodology combined (a) the classification of the definitions into a taxonomy of lexicographical definitions, (b) the formulation of distinct syntactic patterns according to the different kinds of nouns, and (c) the use of cognitive semantic principles to select the information offered by the definition. The results allowed the creation of ad hoc definitions sustained by a theoretical and methodological framework which takes into account the target audience of the definition. At the end of the dissertation, the readability level of the definitions was evaluated using a natural language processing tool. The analysis results suggest that, in general, the definitions created using the methodology are in consonance with the interpretative capacity of students in the 4th and 5th years of primary school, hence reaching the dissertation goals and providing the Brazilian pedagogical lexicography with major improvements.

Le but de cette thèse en cotutelle entre l‘Université d‘Augsbourg et l‘Université de Lorraine (Nancy) est de démontrer comment Pierre Bayle, le philosophe de Rotterdam, profite des traits caractéristiques de son Dictionnaire historique et critique. Le dictionnaire, en tant que genre littéraire, permet à l’auteur de réaliser différents buts intellectuels et moraux. Bayle a ainsi l’occasion à la fois de propager son attitude de sceptique moderne et de poursuivre son travail d’historiographe fiable et polémique.Dans un premier temps, on problématise ce qu’est un dictionnaire à l’époque de Bayle, à savoir au 17e siècle. Afin de mieux apprécier la valeur du Dictionnaire historique et critique de Bayle parmi les ouvrages de la même époque, les brèves présentations des dictionnaires précédents et contemporains de l’auteur permettent de faire le panorama de ce genre littéraire. À ce travail préliminaire se joint la description systématique des particularités du Dictionnaire de Bayle. Cette démarche contribue à faire ressortir la boîte à outils dont il se sert au gré de ses besoins afin de donner une forme appropriée à sa pensée.Dans un deuxième temps, il s’agit de démontrer comment ces traits caractéristiques contribuent à mettre en scène la pensée sceptique de Pierre Bayle. Par le biais d’une brève description du pyrrhonisme qui date de l’Antiquité grecque, il est possible de montrer quels éléments du scepticisme pyrrhonien ont perduré au temps moderne, jusqu’à quel point Bayle s’insère dans cette tradition philosophique et à partir de quel moment il la transforme en une version moderne. L’analyse détaillée d’un choix d’articles du Dictionnaire historique et critique fait ensuite ressortir une structure sceptique de l’enchaînement des arguments. Il existe alors une corrélation entre la structure et le contenu, entre le fond et la forme. Le résultat en est que la composition de l’ouvrage en articles et en remarques permet à Bayle de reprendre les fils thématiques à plusieurs endroits sans qu’il doit nécessairement pousser les réflexions à des conclusions définitives. Il laisse ainsi de nombreuses discussions en suspens et force ainsi son lecteur à élaborer ses propres réflexions. De surcroît, Bayle s’engage pour la tolérance en relativisant différents points de vue afin de montrer l’égalité de leurs forces. Son but est de favoriser la diversification des opinions et l’ouverture d’esprit de ses lecteurs, en démontrant que certains sujets ne peuvent se réduire à une opinion définitive.Outre cette structure argumentative qui provoque l’ouverture, il y a une autre forme de structuration qui tend à réaliser l’effet inverse, à savoir la version définitive des choses, ce qui est étudié dans un troisième et dernier temps. Ce concept s’oppose nettement à l’idée de l’ouverture. Il est possible de démontrer que la même forme du Dictionnaire peut être utilisée dans une finalité bien opposée à ce qu’on a vu dans le chapitre précédent. En tant qu’historien, c’est l’exactitude et l’impartialité de la documentation des faits historiques auxquelles Bayle s’attache. Lors de cette démarche, il essaie de réconcilier les sources parfois contradictoires – relatives à un même événement historique – afin de parvenir à une seule version fiable de l’histoire. Sa méthode se donne pour but de travailler à une historiographie valable et impartiale à la base de l'examen critique des sources primaires. Le choix des citations, la façon de les enchaîner ainsi que les ruses rhétoriques produisent d'abord l’impression d’une historiographie neutre. Mais en analysant en détail le texte baylien, on découvre qu'il peint une image particulière de certains événements et personnages historiques. Certes, en réunissant de nombreux aspects concernant un sujet dans ce contexte, Bayle compare diverses sources, détecte des erreurs et des falsifications et en déduit à la fin la version nécessairement logique d’un événement historique / The objective of the research project, that has been lead in a binational PhD-Track between the University of Augsburg (Germany) and the Université de Lorraine in Nancy (France), is to show how Pierre Bayle, the “philosophe de Rotterdam”, profits from the particular characteristics of his Dictionnaire historique et critique. The literacy of the dictionary enables his author to realize his idea of a reliable, valid and at the same time polemic historiography albeit he is keeping his sceptic attitude.First of all, it is necessary to define the dictionary itself in the seventeenth century, the age of French classicism, and to give a panorama of the popular lexicographic works of that time. This preliminary step is of use for the contextualization of the Dictionnaire historique et critique in the intellectual climate which has had an important influence on its author, Pierre Bayle. Afterwards, a systematic description of the characteristics of the masterpiece is given so that we can generate a better understanding for the advantages the author is gaining from those characteristics.The results of this analysis will be applied in two steps in order to show the impact that the exterior form exerts on the inner structure and the content. On the one hand, the division of the text into articles offers Bayle the opportunity to pass his sceptic ideas which are inspired by the pyrrhonian scepticism of the ancient Greece. By collecting numerous aspects concerning one single subject in the large remarks, Bayle benefits from the occasion that he is able to view it from different perspectives. At the same time, he does not have to give a fix conclusion as he would have to do at the end of a philosophical treaty, for example. This open end forces the reader to make his own reflections. Bayle shows by leaving some aspects open-ended without final answer that there are subjects on which one must suspend his judgment because different solutions are possible. This observation leads to his call for tolerance. On the other hand, the very same structure of the Dictionnaire historique et critique allows Bayle to do his work as a critic even polemic historiographer of his own lifetime. With his method, he aims at realizing a reliable and impartial historiography which is based on the critic examination of primary sources. His choice of quotations, his way of combining them and his rhetoric shrewdness might produce at first sight the impression of a neutral historiography. But by analysing in detail Bayle’s text, you discover that he passes a particular, quite often protestant image of certain historical events and personalities. Of course, Bayle collects numerous aspects concerning a subject in this context and compares the different sources, detects errors and distortion and derives at the end a final, necessarily logic, version of a historical event. Nevertheless, there are also signs which indicate that he is not as impartial as one would expect and he is also pushed by his personal motivations so that his historiographical ambitions turn polemic.All these things considered, the result is that the exterior form of the Dictionnaire historique et critique as a literary work has an important influence on the inner structure and make it even possible, in the case of Bayle, to pursue two perfectly opposite objectives. On the one hand, modern scepticism makes clear that it is necessary to abstain from judgment and from apodictic conclusions in several cases; on the other hand, Bayle is looking for the consensus in historical sources and endeavours to work on reliable historiography which has nevertheless numerous sparks of polemic partiality

Le travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de la lexicographie historique et consiste en la conception et la rédaction du lexique du corpus de textes de l’École poétique sicilienne, sur la base de l’édition complète, critique et commentée « I Poeti della Scuola siciliana », publiée en 2008 pour la série « I Meridiani » de la maison d’édition Mondadori, sous le patronage du « Centro di Studi filologici e linguistici siciliani », édité par Roberto Antonelli, pour ce qui est du premier volume (entièrement consacré a Giacomo da Lentini), Costanzo Di Girolamo, pour le deuxième (qui comprend les textes des poètes de la cour de Frédéric II) e Rosario Coluccia pour le troisième (ce qui contient les poèmes des Siculo-toscani).Compte tenu de l’importance extraordinaire de la tradition de la poésie sicilienne pour le développement de la littérature et de la langue poétique italiennes, le Lexique de l’Ecole poétique sicilienne considère toutes les couches stratigraphiques de cette tradition à plusieurs manuscrits, en récupérant et organisant le lexique qui résulte du texte et les leçons écartées par les éditeurs modernes et enregistrées dans les apparats ; il prend en considération aussi la très riche tradition éditoriale moderne de ces textes, en laissant la place aux interprétations proposées par différents éditeurs / The research consists on editing the glossary of the Sicilian School texts, with reference to the most recent edition: I Poeti della Scuola siciliana, published in 2008, in the series «I Meridiani» of Mondadori publishing company, edited by Roberto Antonelli (Giacomo da Lentini), Costanzo di Girolamo (Poeti della Corte di Federico II) and Rosario Coluccia (Poeti siculo-toscani).Given the extraordinary importance of the manuscript tradition of Sicilian poetry for the development of Italian literature and poetic language, the Glossary of the Sicilian School considers the stratigraphy of this tradition, by recovering and organizing the lexicon that results from the critical text and the variants rejected by modern editors and recorded in the critical apparatus; it also takes into consideration the very rich modern editorial tradition of these texts, reporting interpretations proposed by different editor