Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-11T18:28:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscaOliveira.pdf: 836629 bytes, checksum: 3791a195f1d03f18ea3fa4912495d79e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T18:28:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscaOliveira.pdf: 836629 bytes, checksum: 3791a195f1d03f18ea3fa4912495d79e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / The main aim of this work is investigate Portuguese phonological units in contact with the Guajajára (Tupi-Guarani), native language of the Cachoeira village indigenous community, with the purpose of contributing to the description of the phraseological units that are spoken in Portuguese by non-native speakers Native speakers of that language. In addition to this general objective, in our research we present other more specific ones: a) To initiate the constitution of a database of Portuguese spoken as a second language; B) Identify phraseological units in Portuguese in the guajajára language; C) To carry out a survey, in phraseological dictionaries and in works on Portuguese speaking words, with the purpose of verifying the dictionalization of the phraseological units collected in the indigenous speech; D) To contribute to the cultural preservation and documentation of the use of Portuguese phraseological units, in the speaking of the guajajáras. To do so, we perform three stages of field research. The research site was the city of Barra do Corda (MA), in the Cana Brava indigenous land, with Indians living in the village Cachoeira. Data were collected locally, through the collection of personal oral narratives, obtained from a sample of 10 informants. The work is justified by the lack of scientific research on Portuguese phraseological units in contact with the indigenous language and the importance of investigating the phraseologies present in the lexicon of Portuguese as a second language. We call ourselves a theoretical-methodological support in Labov (2008); Tarallo (2001) and Calvet (2002); Biderman (2001); Vilela (1979); Rodrigues (1986); Montoro del Arco (2006), Corpas Pastor (1996) and Salah Mejri (2012). With the realization of the research, we believe that we have achieved the objectives we have proposed and will contribute to the description of Portuguese spoken in indigenous areas. / Neste trabalho temos como objetivo geral investigar unidades fraseológicas do português em contato com o falar Guajajára (Tupí-Guaraní), língua materna da comunidade indígena aldeia Cachoeira, com o intuito de contribuir para a descrição das unidades fraseológicas que são proferidas em português por falantes não nativos dessa língua. Além desse objetivo geral, em nossa pesquisa apresentamos outros mais específicos: a) dar início à constituição de um banco de dados do português falado como segunda língua; b) identificar unidades fraseológicas em português no falar guajajára; c) realizar um levantamento, em dicionários fraseológicos e em obras sobre falares da língua portuguesa, com o intuito de verificar a dicionarização das unidades fraseológicas coletadas na fala indígena; d) contribuir para a preservação cultural e para a documentação do uso das unidades fraseológicas do português, no falar dos guajajáras. Para tanto, realizamos três etapas de pesquisa de campo. O local da pesquisa foi a cidade de Barra do Corda (MA), na terra indígena Cana Brava, com índios residentes na aldeia Cachoeira. A coleta de dados foi realizada in loco, por meio de coleta de narrativas orais pessoais, obtidas de uma amostra de 10 informantes. O trabalho se justifica pela insuficiência de pesquisas científicas sobre unidades fraseológicas do português em contato com a língua indígena e pela importância de se investigar as fraseologias presentes no léxico da língua portuguesa, como segunda língua. Pautamo-nos como suporte teórico-metodológico em Labov (2008); Tarallo (2001) e Calvet (2002); Biderman (2001); Vilela (1979); Rodrigues (1986); Montoro del Arco (2006), Corpas Pastor (1996) e Salah Mejri (2012). Com a realização da pesquisa, alcançamos os objetivos que propusemos, pois identificamos 51 unidades fraseológicas e verificamos o registro de 6 dessas expressões no levantamento realizado em obras especializadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marisa dourado.pdf: 1196035 bytes, checksum: 40d47e45df301c0ce30476dde3a08fc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-21 / Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da Educação / Research performed in the linguistics area analyses two TV news: at 08:00 p.m., Jornal Nacional from Rede Globo, and at 08:30 p.m. Jornal da Record , from Rede Record. Our objective is then, to analyze how it is organized the speech utilized in the tv news from both broadcasters. We have followed the French theoretical line of the Speech Analysis, from authors like Bakhtin, Ducrot, and Orlandi that served as theoretical basis of this dissertation. In order to reach the intended objective, we have registered the news in media recordings, transcribing them according to the NURC/SP rules and analyzing them according to the Speech Analysis and the Camlong parametric method. The parametric tables have helped us very much in the thematic verification of the news from the vocabulary analyzed. / Pesquisa elaborada na área de Letras analisa dois telejornais: das 20 horas, da Rede Globo - Jornal Nacional - e 20h30, da Rede Record - Jornal da Record. Nosso objetivo específico é, então, analisar como se organiza o discurso utilizado nos telejornais de ambas as emissoras. Seguimos a linha teórica da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa em autores como Bakhtin, Ducrot, Orlandi, que serviram de fundamento teórico desta dissertação. Para alcançarmos o objetivo pretendido, registramos as notícias em gravações midiáticas, transcrevemo-las de acordo com as normas do NURC/SP e as analisamos de acordo com a Análise do Discurso e com o método paramétrico Camlong. As tabelas paramétricas nos ajudaram bastante na verificação da temática das notícias a partir do vocabulário analisado.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral estudar o vocabulário de uma modalidade de samba paulista conhecida como samba de bumbo, ou, seguindo clássico ensaio de Mário de Andrade (1937), samba rural paulista. O corpus objeto de trabalho é fundamentalmente constituído por dois tipos de entrevistas (livres e controladas), produções lítero-musicais e bibliografia encontrada sobre o tema. Com base nesse corpus, definimos o vocabulário para a elaboração do questionário, aplicado com praticantes e não praticantes do samba, e para o desenvolvimento do estudo semântico-lexical. Esse estudo subdivide-se em duas análises: (i) análise diacrônica das unidades lexicais coletadas junto aos praticantes do samba, comparando suas acepções, dentro do universo da manifestação, às encontradas em dicionários dos séculos XX e XXI; e (ii) análise discursiva pontual de alguns vocábulos/textos. O objetivo específico deste estudo é, portanto, registrar as unidades lexicais de uso popular da referida expressão cultural, suscitando uma discussão sobre a tendência à manutenção e tendência ao desuso em curso dos elementos que compõem seu vocabulário, de modo a averiguar se a população das localidades onde o samba de bumbo continua sendo praticado já não mais reconhece e utiliza, frequentemente, os vocábulos relacionados à manifestação. Para realizar esta tarefa, apoiamo-nos na sociolinguística, na dialetologia, na lexicologia e na análise do discurso de linha francesa (AD). Os resultados alcançados demonstram que o samba de bumbo passa por um processo de apagamento refletido no léxico das localidades investigadas, principalmente em meio aos não praticantes, mas também indicam o recente movimento de restruturação dos grupos, que resistem e se articulam em busca de fortalecer a manifestação. De outra parte, ao evidenciarem os processos opacos que contribuíram para o enfraquecimento do samba, tais resultados ainda permitem demarcar o local de enfrentamento das práticas de resistência hoje promovidas pelos grupos tradicionais e não tradicionais de samba de bumbo. / The present paper has as a general objective to study the vocabulary of a form of samba paulista (the samba from São Paulo) known as samba de bumbo, or, as suggested by Mário de Andrade\'s classic essay (1937), samba rural paulista (paulista rural samba). The corpus of the paper constitutes of two types of interviews (free and controlled), literary and musical productions as well as bibliography on the subject. The vocabulary to elaborate the questionnaire was defined with foundation on the corpus, which was also used to develop the semantic-lexical study. The questionnaire was applied both to practitioners and nonpractitioners of samba. The study subdivides itself in two analysis: (i) a diachronic analysis of the lexical units collected amongst the practitioners of samba, comparing the acceptation, inside the universe of manifestation, to the ones found in dictionaries of the 20th and 21st Centuries; and (ii) a discursive analysis of specific vocabulary/texts. The specific objective of this paper is, therefore, to register lexical units of popular use of the aforementioned cultural expression, giving rise to a discussion about the tendency to maintain and the tendency to disuse in course of the elements that constitute its vocabulary, as a way to examine if the population of the places where the samba de bumbo is still practiced no longer recognize or use the vocabulary related to the manifestation. To carry out this task, sociolinguistic, dialectology, lexicology and the French school of discourse analysis were used. The results that were reached demonstrate that the samba de bumbo is suffering a process of being erased which is reflected on the lexicon of the investigated places, especially amongst the non-practitioners, but they also indicate a recent movement to restore the groups that resist and articulate as a means to strengthen the manifestation. On the other hand, as they make clear the opaque processes that contributed to the weakening of samba, these results still permit us to mark the places of confrontation of the resistance practices nowadays promoted by traditional and non-traditional groups of samba de bumbo.

A tese em apreço tem como objetivos específicos realizar a edição e o estudo filológico do Primeiro livro das Reconciliações e Confissões (LRC), elaborado por ocasião da primeira visitação do Tribunal do Santo Ofício ao Brasil, na capitania da Baía de Todos os Santos (1591-1592). A pesquisa parte de uma perspectiva filológica, por meio da qual procura identificar e definir as principais coordenadas sincrônicas e diacrônicas, linguísticas e situacionais1 que condicionaram a produção do LRC. Procedeu-se à contextualização histórica dos fatores que influenciaram a primeira visitação. Identificou-se e descreveu-se o rol de crimes que constam no LRC. Fez-se a análise da escrita do códice, assim como da estrutura formal das confissões. A edição semidiplomática apresenta 173 fólios e é de interesse para historiadores e linguístas, haja vista a escassez de estudos sobre documentação manuscrita no século XVI, sob a luz do rigor filológico. A terminologia utilizada no LRC permitiu esboçar um estudo léxico-semântico dividido em três macrocampos, segundo alguns dos crimes em análise: o judaísmo, a sodomia e a blasfêmia. A elaboração de 121 fichas catalográficas permitiu apresentar as principais informações sobre cada confissão. A descrição paleográfica, diplomática e codicológica obtevida descrever o códice, sob o viés das ciências afins à Filologia. Esta tese propõe, portanto, uma abordagem multidisciplinar do corpus, perspectiva que se entende como característica fundamental do trabalho filológico. / This thesis has as its specific objectives to perform the edition and philological study of the Primeiro livro das Reconciliações e Confissões (LRC), elaborated during the first visit of the Holy Office Court to Brazil in the captaincy of the Baía de Todos os Santos (1591-1592). The research starts from a philological perspective, through which seeks to identify and define the main synchronic and diachronic, linguistic and situational coordinates which conditioned the production of LRC. The work proceeded to the historical context of the factors that influenced the first visitation. It identified and described the list of crimes contained in the LRC. The analysis of the writing of the codex was made, as well as for the formal structure of the confessions. The semi-diplomatic edition features 173 folios and it is of interest to historians and linguists, given the lack of studies on manuscript documentation in the sixteenth century, in the light of philological rigor. Through the terminology used in the LRC it was possible to sketch a lexical-semantic study divided into three macro-fields, according to some of the crimes in question: judaism, sodomy and blasphemy. The preparation of 121 catalog records allowed to present the main information about each confession. The paleographic, diplomatic and codicological description obtained describe the codex, under the bias of the sciences related to Philology. This thesis therefore proposes a multidisciplinary approach of the corpus. And this perspective is understood as a fundamental feature of philological work.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral estudar o vocabulário do Cururu na cidade de Piracicaba, propondo uma discussão das influências e contribuições do léxico dessa manifestação folclórica dentro do universo sociocultural caipira da região do Médio Tietê, Para elaboração dessa pesquisa são utilizados material oral, dicionários de língua portuguesa e bibliografia relacionada. Com base no referencial teórico metodológico da sociolinguística laboviana, fez-se a pesquisa de campo para coleta de conversas informais; e, da geolinguística, para elaboração e aplicação do questionário do campo semântico-lexical do Cururu, com trinta sujeitos-entrevistados, subdivididos em cururueiros e não cururueiros, considerando as faixas etárias 18 a 30 e 50 em diante- e os diferentes sexos. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo são: i) definir um glossário a partir do vocabulário Cururu, selecionado por meio de bibliografia e pesquisa de campo; e, ii) desenvolver uma análise diacrônica do conteúdo desse glossário, comparando as acepções das lexias listadas às encontradas em dicionários dos séculos XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI. O exame desses dados é feito à luz de estudos dialetológicos, lexicográficos, lexicológicos e sociolinguísticos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa além de permitir a análise do grau de reconhecimento e uso dos 48 itens lexicais, também expõem uma mostra da tradição atual do Cururu em Piracicaba, região que tem em seu vocabulário um reflexo da ação natural e dinâmica da própria língua, sendo possível suscitar uma discussão sobre o grau de manutenção, variação e mudança em curso dos elementos que compõem esse vocabulário. / This dissertation aims to study the Cururu vocabulary in Piracicaba, offering a discussion of the influences and contributions of this lexicon within the sociocultural universe of the caipira paulista. To elaborate this study, we used oral material, Portuguese dictionary and literature related. Based on the theoretical framework of Labovian sociolinguistics, we did field research to collect informal conversations, and based on geolinguistics, we elaborated and applied the questionnaire of lexical-semantic field of Cururu, with thirty respondents, subdivided in cururueiros and not cururueiros, considering the age groups 18 up to 30 and 50 on- and the different sexes. The specific objectives of this study are: i) defining a glossary of Cururu vocabulary, selected through literature and field research, ii) developing a diachronic analysis of the contents of this glossary, comparing the meanings of lexias listed to those found in dictionaries of the eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth centuries. The examination of these data is done based on dialectological, lexicographical, lexicological and sociolinguistic studies. The results of this research besides permitting the analysis of the degree of recognition and use of forty eight lexicon items, provides a glimpse of the current tradition of Cururu in Piracicaba, region that has in its vocabulary a reflection of natural action and dynamics of language itself, enabling prompt a discussion about the level of maintenance, variation in progress and change of the elements that compose this vocabulary.

Desde a segunda metade do último século, as teorias cognitivas têm trazido algumas visões interessantes em relação ao aprendizado de linguagem. A aplicação destas teorias em modelos computacionais tem duplo benefício: por um lado, implementações computacionais podem ser usaas como uma forma de validação destas teorias; por outro lado, modelos computacionais podem alcançar uma performance melhorada a partir da adoção de estratégias de aprendizado cognitivamente plausíveis. Estruturas sintáticas são ditas fornecer uma pista importante para a aquisição do significado de verbos. Ainda, para um subconjunto particular de verbos muito frequentes e gerais - os assim-chamados light verbs - há uma forte ligação entre as estruturas sintáticas nas quais eles aparecem e seus significados. Neste trabalho, empregamos um modelo computacional para investigar estas propostas, em particular, considerando a tarefa de aquisição como um mapeamento entre um verbo desconhecido e referentes prototípicos para eventos verbais, com base na estrutura sintática na qual o verbo aparece. Os experimentos conduzidos ressaltaram alguns requerimentos para um aprendizado bem-sucedido, em termos de níveis de informação disponível para o aprendiz e da estratégia de aprendizado adotada. / Cognitive theories have been, since the second half of the last century, bringing some interesting views about language learning. The application of these theories on computational models has double benefits: in the one hand, computational implementations can be used as a form of validation of these theories; on the other hand, computational models can earn an improved performance from adopting some cognitively plausible learning strategies. Syntactic structures are said to provide an important cue for the acquisition of verb meaning. Yet, for a particular subset of very frequent and general verbs – the so-called light verbs – there is a strong link between the syntactic structures in which they appear and their meanings. In this work, we used a computational model, to further investigate these proposals, in particular looking at the acquisition task as a mapping between an unknown verb and prototypical referents for verbal events, on the basis of the syntactic structure in which the verb appears. The experiments conducted have highlighted some requirements for a successful learning, both in terms of the levels of information available to the learner and the learning strategies adopted.

This study investigates the acquisition of conventional metaphorical expressions by Chinese learners of English. A conventional metaphorical expression, following the definition of cognitive semantics, refers to the use of a conventionalised non-literal meaning of a lexical item in a multi-word phrase. For example, the word 'attack' in the phrase 'attack one's idea', which should be interpreted as 'to criticise somebody or something severely', clearly departs from the literal meaning 'to use violence to try to hurt or kill somebody', and thus should be seen as a metaphorically used word. Consequently, the phrase 'attack one's idea' is a conventional metaphorical expression. This study explores learners' behaviour towards and acquisition of metaphorical expressions from two major perspectives: (1) possible cross-linguistic influence in the process of acquisition and factors that could affect cross-linguistic influence; and (2) the organisation of learners' bilingual lexicon and the status of metaphorical expressions in a bilingual lexicon. These two perspectives are considered to be the main factors that can influence learners' acquisition of metaphorical expressions: in order to acquire a metaphorical expression, learners should be able to integrate it into the bilingual lexicon, while the process of integration can be impacted by cross-linguistic influence. Previous research has mainly been conducted on the acquisition of certain figurative expressions in a second language, predominantly idioms; however, a combination of the two perspectives and a joint analysis on the acquisition of figurative language has yet to be accomplished. This study presents a first attempt of such analysis on the acquisition of a specific type of figurative language. The results of the experiments reported in this dissertation show that learners react differently to metaphorical expressions with different cross-linguistic availabilities (shared between Chinese and English or exclusively available in Chinese or English) but in general they encounter difficulty to achieve native-like performance when reading metaphorical expressions available in their second language. Persistent cross-linguistic influence is observed in two aspects, even among highly proficient learners: (1) learners encounter obstacles when acquiring the metaphorical expressions that are only available in their second language; and (2) learners seem to still activate the metaphorical meanings that are only available in their first language even when they read in their second language. These results altogether reflect that metaphorical expressions, regardless of cross-linguistic availability, are more difficult to acquire than literal expressions in a second language.

Flavor lexicons are used in sensory evaluation to determine the flavor profile of a food product. The objective of this study was to develop a flavor lexicon for cooked beef, which can then be used in various projects relating to beef quality such as studies investigating animal diet, marinating, ageing, or other enhancements. A descriptive panel of 10 people was used to develop a flavor lexicon of 18 attributes, including astringent, barny, bloody, brothy, browned, gamey, grassy, juicy, fatty, livery, metallic, oxidized, roast beef, and the five basic tastes (bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami). In contrast to other studies on beef, this lexicon was developed to include both positive and negative attributes. The lexicon was able to show that rib eye steaks from the Longissimus dorsi muscle in grass-fed animals were significantly (p<0.05) higher in barny, bitter, gamey, and grassy flavors, and lower in juicy and umami flavors. The steaks were also rated by consumers, who showed a preference for grain-fed beef over grass-fed beef. The ratings of the descriptive panel were related to the consumer panel scores to equate the lexicon terms with a positive or negative consumer degree of liking score. Those terms that were considered positive in this study due to their positive correlation with consumer liking include brothy, umami, roast beef, juicy, browned, fatty, and salty. The terms that were inversely associated with consumer liking were barny, bitter, gamey and grassy, among others. A separate descriptive panel was conducted on the Spinalis dorsi (or “cap” muscle) of the rib eye steak, with similar results. Additionally, descriptive and consumer evaluations found no difference between two types of grass diets, namely alfalfa and sainfoin. Different mixtures of beef and chicken were also evaluated to determine flavor differences between the two meats. Chicken was found to be more closely correlated to brothy, juicy, sweet, and umami, among others, while beef was found to be more closely correlated to terms such as gamey, bloody, oxidized, metallic, roast beef, and astringent. Throughout these tests, the newly developed lexicon was shown to be an effective tool for profiling fresh meat samples.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as nominalizações no que tange ao seu aspecto polissêmico e multifuncional no Português do Brasil. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a nominalização constitui uma associação paradigmática entre nomes e verbos, podendo apresentar tanto uma interpretação verbal quanto uma interpretação nominal, dependendo do contexto de ocorrência. A partir deste pres-suposto, procede-se à análise de nominalizações com a finalidade de determinar se há uma prevalência da função predicadora sobre a função designadora. Os resul-tados da análise, baseada num corpus de língua escrita jornalística contemporâ-nea, revelam que a maioria das nominalizações analisadas apresenta função predi-cadora, enquanto a função designadora apresenta-se em menor proporção. Este resultado corrobora as expectativas iniciais de que, por se tratar de um corpus com linguagem escrita jornalística, este fator favoreceria a função predicadora sobre a função designadora. / [en] This paper analyzes nominalizations in what concerns their polysemic and/or multifunctional value is Brazilian Portuguese. It assumes that nominaliza-tion is a paradigmatic association between nouns and verbs, and that deverbal nouns can have either a verbal or a nominal interpretation, depending on the con-text of occurrence. Under this assumption, the work analyzes occurrences of de-verbal nouns with the purpose of determining whether there is a prevalence of the predicative (verbal) function over the denotative (nominal) function. The results of the analysis, based upon a corpus of contemporary journalistic written lan-guage, show that the use of deverbal nouns in predicative function is more fre-quent than that of deverbal nouns in denotative function. These results corroborate the expectation that journalistic written language would favor the use of deverbal nouns for predication, so that the denotative function would be less required.

In this masters’ thesis report we present a graph theoretical method used for automatic bilingual lexicon acquisition with parallel texts. We analyze the concept of graph similarity and give an interpretation, of the parallel texts, connected to the vector space model. We represent the parallel texts by a directed, tripartite graph and from here use the corresponding adjacency matrix, A, to compute the similarity of the graph. By solving the eigenvalue problem ρS = ASAT + ATSA we obtain the self-similarity matrix S and the Perron root ρ. A rank k approximation of the self-similarity matrix is computed by implementations of the singular value decomposition and the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm GD-CLS. We construct an algorithm in order to extract the bilingual lexicon from the self-similarity matrix and apply a statistical model to estimate the precision, the correctness, of the translations in the bilingual lexicon. The best result is achieved with an application of the vector space model with a precision of about 80 %. This is a good result and can be compared with the precision of about 60 % found in the literature.