Esta pesquisa objetiva verificar de que maneira os processos de derivação prefixal e sufixal são abordados por materiais didáticos utilizados atualmente no Ensino Funda-mental II e propor atividades que desenvolvem a competência lexical e a competência comunicativa do aluno aprendiz. Primeiramente, analisamos e descrevemos como os processos de formação de palavras são abordados em três materiais didáticos - Por-tuguês: linguagens, 6º ao 9º ano; Projeto Teláris: português: ensino fundamental, 6º ao 9º ano; Para viver juntos: português, 6º ao 9º ano -, obras sugeridas pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) 2016, destinadas ao Ensino Fundamental II. Além disso, questionamos tanto as razões desse conteúdo estar presente majoritariamente no 9º ano, quanto o porquê de não explorarem satisfatoriamente a expressividade das criações lexicais. Percebemos que para se trabalhar com expressividade e com as-pectos semânticos, é necessário repensar as aulas de Língua Portuguesa, principal-mente no que diz respeito ao Ensino do Léxico, uma vez que esse estudo ainda parece estar marginalizado na sala de aula. A fim de mostrar ao professor a importância das discussões sobre processos de formação de palavras, em especial da prefixação e da sufixação, propusemos algumas atividades, por meio da análise de poemas de Ma-noel de Barros, que mostram que os elementos presentes na construção de unidades lexicais vão além das meras descrições normativas encontradas em livros didáticos e em gramáticas. O estudo dos afixos em neologismos presentes na poesia permite que se notem as questões de expressividade na formação de novas palavras. Na busca para se comprovar a importância desse aspecto dos estudos do Léxico, elaboramos e aplicamos exercícios para turmas do 6º ano, visto que consideramos indispensável abordar essa temática logo na série inicial do Ensino Fundamental II. O objetivo das atividades foi o de estimular a reflexão a respeito da importância e do significado das palavras formadas por prefixação e sufixação. Para tanto, voltamos nosso olhar para as construções inesperadas presentes na poética de Manoel de Barros, poeta que une prefixos e sufixos a bases de forma inesperada. Os alunos foram convidados a analisar o sentido desses prefixos e desses sufixos, bem como o significado da nova palavra para que pudessem constatar a questão da expressividade e perceber que as criações lexicais surgem tanto por necessidade quanto por questões estilísticas. Dessa forma, levando a poesia para a sala de aula, pretendemos mostrar aos alunos a importância de se compreender como as palavras são formadas e quais os signifi-cados das criações lexicais poéticas no contexto em que se inserem. / This research aims to verify how the prefixal and suffixal derivation processes are addressed by teaching materials currently used in junior high school and propose activities that develop lexical competence and communicative competence of the student. First, we analyze and describe how the word formation processes are addressed in three teaching materials - Portuguese: languages, 6th to 9th grade; Teláris project: Portuguese: high school, 6th to 9th grade; To live together: Portuguese, 6th to 9th grade - works suggested by the National Textbook Program (PNLD) in 2016, aimed at junior high school. Moreover, we question both the reasons why this content is present mainly in the 9th grade, and why not explore satisfactorily the expressiveness of lexical creations. We realize that to work with expressiveness and semantic aspects, it is necessary to rethink the Portuguese classes, especially with regard to the Lexicon of Education, since this study still seems to be marginalized in the classroom. In order to show the teacher the importance of discussions on formation processes of words, especially prefixing and suffixing, we proposed some activities through the analysis of Manoel de Barros poems, which show that the elements present in the construction of lexical units go beyond mere normative descriptions found in textbooks and grammars. The study of affixes in neologisms present in poetry allows one to notice the expression issues in the formation of new words. In the quest to prove the importance of this aspect of the Lexicon studies, we elaborated and applied exercises for classes of 6th year, as we consider necessary to address this issue at an early grade of high school. The aim of the activities was to encourage reflection about the importance and meaning of words formed by prefixing and suffixing. For that, we turn our gaze to the unexpected constructions in the poetics of Manoel de Barros, a poet who joins prefixes and suffixes to bases unexpectedly. The students were asked to analyze the meaning of these prefixes and suffixes, as well as the meaning of the new word so they could find the question of expressiveness and realize that the lexical creations arise both by necessity and stylistic issues. Thus, taking poetry to the classroom, we aim to show students the importance of understanding how words are formed and the meanings of lexical poetic creations in the context in which they operate.

Esta tese tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo interdisciplinar da obra Historia da prouincia Sãcta Cruz a que vulgarmete chamamos Brasil, de Pero de Magalhães de Gândavo, publicada em 1576, e os manuscritos que a antecederam: Tractado da prouinçia do Brasil, Tractado da terra do Brasil e Historia da prouincia Sancta Cruz, a que vulgarmente chamamos Brasil. A referida obra trata de aspectos diversos da nova província: fauna, flora, capitanias, riquezas naturais, habitantes, entre outros, sendo selecionados como recorte para amostragem analítica, os capítulos comuns relacionados aos nativos. Sob os fundamentos da Filologia, estudamos a tradição textual, analisamos as dedicatórias e editamos semidiplomaticamente o recorte. Para a discussão da tradição textual, consultamos, além de bibliografia específica, as versões tomadas como corpus, algumas edições das versões e contatamos bibliotecas do Brasil (edição príncipe) e da Europa (versões manuscritas). Fundamentados nos estudos do léxico, elaboramos um Índice de frequência e ocorrência dos substantivos empregados no recorte e categorizamos setenta e uma lexias em seis campos léxicos, de modo a compreender o processo de nomeação do nativo, implementado pelo não nativo. Inventariamos as lexias utilizando o programa de estatística textual Léxico 3; e analisamos os semas das lexias utilizando obras lexicográficas coetâneas e não coetâneas de Gândavo. Tomando conceitos da análise de discurso, analisamos a cena enunciativa do corpus e comparamos o emprego das lexias de um dos campos léxicos nas quatro versões. Entre os resultados atingidos, destacamos: houve diversidade lexical junto ao tratamento sobre o nativo; os campos léxicos indicaram a construção de imagens descaracterizadoras do nativo; o locutor autoapresenta seu texto como História, mas mostra as cenografias de tratados e narração oral de casos; o processo de nomeação não se restringe ao âmbito linguístico, mas também ao discursivo; as dedicatórias e a frequência de lexias em campo léxico puderam indicar marcas autorais. / This thesis aims to present an interdisciplinary study of the work Historia da prouincia Sãcta Cruz a que vulgarmete chamamos Brazil, by Pero de Magalhães de Gândavo, published in 1576, and the manuscripts that came before it: Tractado da prouinçia do Brasil, Tractado da terra do Brasil and Historia da prouincia Sancta Cruz, a que vulgarmente chamamos Brasil. This work deals with various aspects of the new province: fauna, flora, captaincies, natural resources, inhabitants, among others, being selected for analytical sampling, the common chapters about the natives. Under the fundamentals of Philology, we studied the textual tradition, analyzed the dedications and edited semidiplomatically the selected parts. To discuss the textual tradition, we consulted, in addition to the specific bibliography, the versions taken as corpus, some editions of the versions and contacted libraries in Brazil (prince edition) and Europe (manuscript versions). Based on studies of the lexicon, we developed an index of frequency and occurrence of nouns employed in the selected parts and categorized seventy-one lexias in six lexical fields, in order to understand the process of naming the native implemented by the non-native. We inventoried the lexias using the textual statistical program \"Lexicon 3\"; and analyzed the semes of the lexias using Gândavos coeval and not coeval lexicographical works. Based on discourse analysis concepts, we analyzed the enunciative scene of the corpus and compared the use of lexias of one of the lexical fields in the four versions. Among the results achieved, we include the following: there was a lexical diversity on the treatment of the native; the lexical fields indicated the construction of natives mischaracterizing images; the enunciator presents his text as History, but \"shows\" the scenographies as treaties and oral narration of stories; the nomination process is not restricted to linguistic, but also to discursive scope; the dedications and the frequency of lexias in lexical field could indicate authorship marks.

A necessidade de identificar e registrar as variedades da língua portuguesa, na sua variante brasileira, tem levado pesquisadores a se dedicarem à coleta lexical em diferentes pontos do país, na tentativa de evidenciar, a partir da fala dos brasileiros/informantes, variedades existentes na língua portuguesa e apontar, a partir de então, os aspectos fonético-fonológicos, morfológicos, sintáticos, semânticos e lexicais que caracterizam esta variante brasileira. Prova disso, são os inúmeros Atlas Lingüísticos que surgiram a partir do Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos publicado por Nelson Rossi, em 1963, bem como, o trabalho que vem sendo desenvolvido para publicar o primeiro Atlas Lingüístico do Brasil com amostras dialetais das cinco regiões brasileiras. Nesta perspectiva nos engajamos e inserimos o presente trabalho que tem como corpus o falar dos moradores do Distrito da Guia, Mato Grosso. Para o empreendimento de tal tarefa, foi necessário o cumprimento de diferentes etapas que levaram ao objetivo maior deste trabalho: a análise das lexias verbalizadas pelos informantes idosos e a amostra de contra-prova obtida entre os informantes mais jovens na busca por elementos que identifiquem no corpus a manutenção, variação ou mudança semântico-lexical. / The need to identify and register the varieties of the Portuguese Language, particularly its Brazilian type, has made researchers to devote themselves to the lexical collection of these varieties in different regions of the country. The goal of the present paper is to highlight -from the oral speech of Brazilian/informants - the existing varieties of the Portuguese Language, as well as point out the phonological, phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic and lexical aspects that characterize that Brazilian Portuguese variety. The innumerous Linguistic Atlases that have been put out after the \"Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos\" published by Nelson Rossi in 1963 attest to the need of such identification of the Brazilian Portuguese varieties. Moreover, the work that has been developed by Brazilian linguistics to publish the first Linguistic Atlas of Brazil with dialectical samples from the five Brazilian regions is a similar effort that attests to this need. The present work has its relevance in that it has gathered a corpus of the oral speech of the villagers of the \"Distrito da Guia\" in Mato Grosso, Brazil. To do so, many steps have been taken: the analysis of the lexias verbalized by the elderly informants compared with their counter-parts (the younger informants) leading to elements in the corpus that would show the maintenance, variation or the lexical-semantic change of the lexias studied.

Nos últimos anos, a gastronomia italiana presente em São Paulo sofreu grandes transformações. Chefs com experiência internacional assumiram cozinhas típicas da cidade e passaram a propor uma culinária mais vinculada às regiões italianas. Com o objetivo de pesquisar as escolhas lexicais que definem a linguagem da gastronomia italiana em seus vários segmentos, optamos por dar voz aos profissionais do setor. Para tanto, entrevistamos chefs de cozinha, proprietários de restaurantes e um representante da Accademia Italiana della Cucina, entidade que tem o compromisso de certificar os restaurantes que se dedicam à tradicional cozinha da Itália na cidade. Nesse processo, foram ouvidos dezessete personagens em 35 horas de entrevistas, com o intuito de verificar se a autenticidade ou adaptação de pratos e ingredientes se reflete nas escolhas lexicais. Por meio desses relatos, que envolveram trajetórias de vida e experiências à mesa, também registramos uma parte da história da gastronomia italiana em São Paulo ponto de apoio para compreender melhor o atual cardápio dessa culinária na capital paulista. A partir do corpus reunido, oito personagens, representantes dos segmentos cantinas e restaurantes italianos, tiveram seus perfis analisados para este trabalho. Os resultados evidenciam uma cozinha pautada, inicialmente, nos sabores do Sul da Itália, com um léxico adaptado e distorcido em decorrência da falta de uma correspondência entre produtos e cultura alimentar dos dois países. Podemos citar como exemplo o filé à parmegiana, receita sem paralelo na Itália. Mais recentemente, observa-se o empenho de vários profissionais no sentido de imprimir um pouco mais de rigor no tratamento do léxico presente nos cardápios, com respeito à língua italiana e à cultura regional gastronômica daquele país. / In recent years, Italian cuisine served in São Paulo has undergone major changes. Internationally experienced chefs took over typical restaurants in the city and began to propose a cuisine which is rooted in Italian regions. By giving voice to professionals in the area, the aim of this research is to investigate Italian cuisine lexicon in different areas. We then interviewed chefs, restaurant owners and a delegate of Accademia Italiana della Cucina, an academy which has the task of certifying the restaurants dedicated to traditional Italian cuisine in São Paulo. Seventeen interviews, totalizing 35 hours of recording, were carried so that we could verify if authenticity or adaptation of dishes and ingredients is reflected in lexical choices. Through these reports, involving life stories and experiences at the table, we also registered a part of the history of Italian cuisine in São Paulo foothold to better understand the current menu of this cuisine in the state capital. From the corpus, eight members, representing cantinas and Italian restaurants, had their profiles analyzed for this work. Results show a cuisine in line with southern flavors of Italy, with an adapted and distorted lexicon due to the lack of correspondence between products and food culture in both countries. As an example, we mention filé à parmegiana [steak parmigiana], a recipe which is unknown in Italy. More recently, many professionals are committed to giving more attention to the lexicon on menus, aiming to respect Italian language and gastronomic regional culture.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral estudar o vocabulário de uma modalidade de samba paulista conhecida como samba de bumbo, ou, seguindo clássico ensaio de Mário de Andrade (1937), samba rural paulista. O corpus objeto de trabalho é fundamentalmente constituído por dois tipos de entrevistas (livres e controladas), produções lítero-musicais e bibliografia encontrada sobre o tema. Com base nesse corpus, definimos o vocabulário para a elaboração do questionário, aplicado com praticantes e não praticantes do samba, e para o desenvolvimento do estudo semântico-lexical. Esse estudo subdivide-se em duas análises: (i) análise diacrônica das unidades lexicais coletadas junto aos praticantes do samba, comparando suas acepções, dentro do universo da manifestação, às encontradas em dicionários dos séculos XX e XXI; e (ii) análise discursiva pontual de alguns vocábulos/textos. O objetivo específico deste estudo é, portanto, registrar as unidades lexicais de uso popular da referida expressão cultural, suscitando uma discussão sobre a tendência à manutenção e tendência ao desuso em curso dos elementos que compõem seu vocabulário, de modo a averiguar se a população das localidades onde o samba de bumbo continua sendo praticado já não mais reconhece e utiliza, frequentemente, os vocábulos relacionados à manifestação. Para realizar esta tarefa, apoiamo-nos na sociolinguística, na dialetologia, na lexicologia e na análise do discurso de linha francesa (AD). Os resultados alcançados demonstram que o samba de bumbo passa por um processo de apagamento refletido no léxico das localidades investigadas, principalmente em meio aos não praticantes, mas também indicam o recente movimento de restruturação dos grupos, que resistem e se articulam em busca de fortalecer a manifestação. De outra parte, ao evidenciarem os processos opacos que contribuíram para o enfraquecimento do samba, tais resultados ainda permitem demarcar o local de enfrentamento das práticas de resistência hoje promovidas pelos grupos tradicionais e não tradicionais de samba de bumbo. / The present paper has as a general objective to study the vocabulary of a form of samba paulista (the samba from São Paulo) known as samba de bumbo, or, as suggested by Mário de Andrade\'s classic essay (1937), samba rural paulista (paulista rural samba). The corpus of the paper constitutes of two types of interviews (free and controlled), literary and musical productions as well as bibliography on the subject. The vocabulary to elaborate the questionnaire was defined with foundation on the corpus, which was also used to develop the semantic-lexical study. The questionnaire was applied both to practitioners and nonpractitioners of samba. The study subdivides itself in two analysis: (i) a diachronic analysis of the lexical units collected amongst the practitioners of samba, comparing the acceptation, inside the universe of manifestation, to the ones found in dictionaries of the 20th and 21st Centuries; and (ii) a discursive analysis of specific vocabulary/texts. The specific objective of this paper is, therefore, to register lexical units of popular use of the aforementioned cultural expression, giving rise to a discussion about the tendency to maintain and the tendency to disuse in course of the elements that constitute its vocabulary, as a way to examine if the population of the places where the samba de bumbo is still practiced no longer recognize or use the vocabulary related to the manifestation. To carry out this task, sociolinguistic, dialectology, lexicology and the French school of discourse analysis were used. The results that were reached demonstrate that the samba de bumbo is suffering a process of being erased which is reflected on the lexicon of the investigated places, especially amongst the non-practitioners, but they also indicate a recent movement to restore the groups that resist and articulate as a means to strengthen the manifestation. On the other hand, as they make clear the opaque processes that contributed to the weakening of samba, these results still permit us to mark the places of confrontation of the resistance practices nowadays promoted by traditional and non-traditional groups of samba de bumbo.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF BELAN M. KHALIL, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Plant Biology, presented July 11, 2018, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: ANALYSIS OF THE CIS-REGULATORY ELEMENT LEXICON IN UPSTREAM GENE PROMOTERS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA AND ORYZA SATIVA. MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr Matt Geisler Gene expression in plants is partly regulated through an interaction of trans-acting factors with the promoter regions of the gene. Trans-acting factor binding sites consist of short nucleotide sequences most often present in the upstream promoter region. These binding sites, the cis-regulatory elements (CREs), vary in structure, complexity and function. In binding to trans-acting factors, CREs connect genes to signalling and regulatory pathways that affect plant growth, development, and response to the environment. As words in a language, CREs and thus promoters can be analyzed by looking for spelling (patterns of nucleotides) associated with meaning (functions). Considering CREs as words in a language, this kind of analysis provides a great opportunity for comprehensive understanding of promoter language. Identification and characterization of CREs are challenging either experimentally or bioinformatically, and has previously been accomplished by discovering degenerate words, with ambiguous nucleotides. This kind of result implicitly makes a hypothesis that binding of a specific trans-acting factor is somewhat promiscuous (or sloppy) and that all words represented by a degenerate pattern are equally good at binding. In this study, we unpack the “degeneracy hypothesis” by systematically considering each combination of letters independently for CRE function. Our results demonstrate that not all degenerate combinations of published CREs have the same effect on gene expression. A systematic search and comparison of all 65,536 possible 8 bp CRE words were searched in the 500 bp and 1000 bp upstream promoters of all genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The function of each CRE was evaluated by statistically comparing the presence or absence of the element in the promoter with that genes response (induction or suppression) to stimuli in 1691 public availability transcriptomes of differential gene expression data. Arabidopsis, a model dicot plant had a much larger number of such data sets, than rice, however rice was chosen as a comparison as it had the largest number of datasets for a monocot, the most distantly related plant group with sufficient data available. A comprehensive list of 8 bp words associated with differential gene expression, linguistically known as lexicon, was retrieved for both species by establishing that the presence of a CRE significantly increased the likelihood for differential expression by at least one stimulus. The lexicons were composed of 641 and 856 CREs respectively in Arabidopsis and rice, and there were only 78 shared CREs between the two lexicons. The CRE lexicon was then characterized for their strength and breadth of response, occurrence frequency, sequence complexity, and sequence conservation between two species. In Arabidopsis, evening element (EE) showed the strongest response to a cold stress transcriptome (p-value 10-99). In rice, the element AAACCCTA showed strongest response to a tissue specific transcriptome (p-value 10-79). The breadth of response varied between the two species due to number of transcriptomes used in the study. The element AAACCCTA and GCGGCGGA significantly correlated to 197 and 58 transcriptomes in both Arabidopsis and rice, respectively. On the other side of the breadth scale there were also many CREs with very restricted response. There were 291 and 258 CREs in Arabidopsis and rice, respectively, significantly correlated to a single stimulus. Occurrence frequency revealed that the most abundant CREs in Arabidopsis and rice genes were TATA box and TATA box like CREs. The structure of the CREs in the lexicon was also varied. CREs were distributed on seven levels of complexity. Level one comprised CREs having 8 copies of the same nucleotide, level seven comprised CREs having two copies of the same nucleotide. In Arabidopsis, out of 641 CREs, 314 were of level 6 complexity, which means having 3 copies of the same nucleotide. In rice, the majority of the lexicon, 263 CREs were of level 5 complexity, which means having 4 copies of the same nucleotide. Each CRE of the lexicon was correlated to at least one experimental condition in the differential gene expression data, but many were correlated to multiple and often related conditions such as drought, temperature and salinity. Therefore, each CRE was assigned a “meaning”, i.e. the associated stimuli, thus providing a sort of CRE function dictionary in addition to the lexicon itself. Many CREs possessed different meanings (termed homographs in language), and in many cases the meanings of different CREs overlapped like language synonyms. Sharing meanings (synonyms) was often among CREs with strong sequence similarity (homonyms or homophones), however, not in all cases. Analyzed as a linguistic aspect, CRE homonymity and synonymity was applied to explore the hypothesis “all CRE synonyms are also homonyms and all CRE homonyms are also synonyms.” To the end a single CRE was compared to all possible CREs with only one letter mismatch in their sequences are considered as homonyms. The CREs meaning was converted to a matrix of stimuli to generate clusters of synonyms that were analyzed for similarity of spelling (sequence). This analysis showed that not all homonyms are synonyms, however most synonyms are homonyms. Furthermore, despite a search of all one letter mismatches among homonyms, many of the functional homonyms shared smaller 4-5bp core sequence and only varied at the flanks. Synonyms being homonyms in the language of promoters raises a question, how did this evolve? Duplication of transcription factors in the genome generated transcription factor families where each family member shares the same core domain, usually a DNA recognition site. We here propose that CREs also duplicate during gene duplication process building CRE families in parallel. Members of CRE families may show different connectivity and affinity to individual members of transcription factors in a transcription factor family. In environmental sensors and developmental decision panel, this association of two families of interaction factors is called dense overlapping region (or DOR) and is a highly overrepresented network topology in biological systems. This also explains the degeneracy of initially discovered CREs. The fact is only a portion of nucleotide combinations implied by a degenerate CRE is bioactive, it represents an overlap of different members of a CRE family which is part of the process of family expansion and diversification and done as compensatory mutations as the family of transcription factors expanded and diversified. We also extensively studied CREs involved abiotic stress and identifies shared elements among abiotic stresses as well as abiotic stress specific CREs. Furthermore, CREs follow a time-sensitive response rule, which means some CREs participates in gene expression regulation only at a certain period during the course of exposure to the abiotic stress.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O cenário geral da filosofia da ciência no século XX foi principalmente desenhado pelos traços epistemológicos do Positivismo Lógico e seu verificacionismo, pelo falsificacionismo popperiano, pelos programas de pesquisa lakatianos, pelo anarquismo epistemológico de Paul Feyerabend e pela filosofia da ciência de Thomas Kuhn. A partir desse cenário geral, esta dissertação analisa os aspectos principais da filosofia da ciência de Thomas Kuhn, o espectro das críticas que recebeu, as respostas que ofereceu e as mudanças que se seguiram na epistemologia kuhniana. Kuhn envolveu-se em um frutífero debate com alguns dos mais proeminentes filósofos da ciência do século XX, sobre suas idéias de revolução científica, ciência normal e incomensurabilidade. Esse debate, discutido nesta dissertação, contribuiu para as mudanças que Kuhn fez em sua proposta original tal como exposta em seu mais famoso trabalho, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Essas modificações e sua abrangência são o tema principal do presente estudo / The general scenario of the philosophy of science in the 20th century was mainly determined by the epistemological traits of Logical Positivism and its verificationism, Popperian falsificationism, the Lakatian research programs, Paul Feyrebend’s epistemological anarchism, and Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science. Starting from this general scenario, this dissertation analyzes the main aspects of Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science, the spectrum of its critique by other thinkers, Kuhn’s response to that critique and the subsequent changes in Kuhn’s epistemology. Kuhn was involved in a fruitful debate on his ideas about scientific revolutions, normal science, paradigms, and incommensurability with some of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. This debate, which is discussed in the dissertation, prompted Kuhn to make changes in his original proposal as expounded in his most famous work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. These modifications and their scope are the main topic of the present

Um dos mais clássicos testes para avaliar vocabulário auditivo é o Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, normatizado por Capovilla para crianças a partir de de 30 meses de idade. Para preencher a lacuna no Brasil, esta tese apresenta o Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo por Figuras USP (TVAud33), validado e normatizado com 1.279 crianças paulistas de 12 escolas (públicas e particulares) a partir de 1 ano e 6 meses até 6 anos de idade. Vocabulário expressivo costuma ser avaliado indiretamente por meio de inventários (como o Language Development Survey, normatizado por Capovilla para crianças com 2-6 anos de idade), cuja validade e precisão são relativas, dada a mediação de terceiros. Para minorar este problema, esta tese apresenta o Teste de Vocabulário Expressivo USP (TVExpr100), validado e normatizado para 1.279 crianças de 18 meses a 6 anos de idade. O propósito é reduzir a carência de instrumentos brasileiros devidamente normatizados e validados para avaliar precocemente vocabulários receptivo e expressivo em crianças de 18 meses a 6 anos de idade. Esta tese é parte do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Instrumentos de Avaliação e Intervenção do Laboratório de Neuropsicolinguística Experimental da USP coordenado por Capovilla. O programa objetiva gerar, validar, e normatizar testes genuinamente brasileiros para a população brasileira, e disponibilizá-los sem custos de royalties aos profissionais. A Parte 1 apresenta três instrumentos validados e normatizados em versão original, sendo um teste de nomeação oral de figuras: o Teste de Vocabulário Expressivo, versão original, com 100 itens (TVExp-100o), e um teste de compreensão de palavras ouvidas por escolha de figuras (Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo) nas Formas A e B (TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o), com 33 itens cada uma (ambas derivadas por análise de itens, do Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo Usp com 107 itens nas Formas A e B: TVAud-A107o e B TVAud-B107o). A Parte 2 apresenta os três instrumentos com itens reordernados por grau de dificuldade crescente (TVExp-100r, o TVAud- A33r e o TVAud-B33r) a partir da análise de itens, e fornece dados normativos de 1 a 6 anos e de validade desenvolvimental e cruzada esses instrumentos. Resultados mostraram que a incidência de nomeação das 100 figuras por 1.279 crianças de 1 a 6 anos foi função positiva de características (como a univocidade dessas figuras e a familiaridade dos nomes correspondentes) documentadas no software Pictografia Evocadora da Fala, de Capovilla e colaboradores. Para crianças de 6 anos, observoue que, quanto maior a habilidade de compreender nomes de figuras faladas (TVAud- B33r), e de nomear figuras por fala (TVExp-100r), maior a habilidade de nomear figuras por escrito (TNF-Escrita). O presente estudo estabeleceu a validade dos instrumentos desenvolvidos no Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Laboratório de Neuropsicolinguística Experimental da USP (do qual derivam todas as figuras e respectivos dados de iconicidade e univocidade e familiaridade para compor os testes), e ofereceu tabelas de dados normativos que permitem acompanhar o desenvolvimento da linguagem receptiva auditiva e expressiva oral de nossas crianças, de modo a identificar precocemente as crianças que necessitam de intervenção preventiva e remediativa / One of the most classic instruments to assess auditory vocabulary is the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, which has veen standardized in Brazil by Capovilla to evaluate children from 2y6m on. In order to circumvent problems due to the low commercial availability of PPVT in Brazil, this dissertation presents the USP Auditory Vocabulary Test (TVAud33), which has been validated and standardized with 1,279 children from 1y6m until 6y of age. Expressive vocabulary is usually assessed indirectly by means of inventories (such as Rescorla\'s Language Development Survey, which has been validated and standardized in Brazil by Capovilla for children from 2 to 6 years of age), whose validity and precision are compromised by biases of informants. In order to control for that, this dissertation presents the USP Picture Vocabulary Test (TVExpr100) which has been validated and standardized with 1,279 children from 18 months to 6 years of age. The purpose is to circumvent the lack of Brazilian instruments fully validated and standardized for early assessment of receptive and expressive vocabularies of children from 18 months to 6 years of age. The present dissertation is part of the Language Assessment and Intervention Research & Development Program of the Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory at the University of Sao Paulo headed by Capovilla. Such a program aims at making freely available standardized tests for language assessment and intervention. Part 1 presents three standardized tests: a picture naming test: The Expressive Vocabulary Test (TVExp-100o), and an auditory picture vocabulary test in two forms (TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o), with 33 items each. Part 2 presents three tests with items ranked by difficulty (TVExp-100r, o TVAud-A33r e o TVAud-B33r) after item analyses. It provides stardardization data for children from 1-6 years of age, as well as validation data based on other tests. Results showed that the naming incidence of the 100 pictures by the 1,279 children from 1-6 years of age was a positive function of characteristics (such as picture naming agreement scores as well as word familiarity) which may be found in Capovilla\'s Speech-Invoking Pictography. For 6 year old children, it was found that the greater the ability to understand picture spoken names (TVAud-B33r), and the greater the ability to name pictures by speech (TVExp-100r), the greater the ability to name pictures by writing (TNF-Escrita). The present study has established the validity of three instruments which have been developed by the Language Assessment and Intervention Research & Development Program of the Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory at the University of Sao Paulo (which has produced all pictures and respective iconicity, univocity and familiarity built in the tests). It has offered standardization data tables that permit early assessment and intervention upon the development of both receptive and expressive speech competencies of Brazilian children

Emotions play a key role in effective and successful human communication. Text is popularly used on the internet and social media websites to express and share emotions, feelings and sentiments. However useful applications and services built to understand emotions from text are limited in effectiveness due to reliance on general purpose emotion lexicons that have static vocabulary and sentiment lexicons that can only interpret emotions coarsely. Thus emotion detection from text calls for methods and knowledge resources that can deal with challenges such as dynamic and informal vocabulary, domain-level variations in emotional expressions and other linguistic nuances. In this thesis we demonstrate how labelled (e.g. blogs, news headlines) and weakly-labelled (e.g. tweets) emotional documents can be harnessed to learn word-emotion lexicons that can account for dynamic and domain-specific emotional vocabulary. We model the characteristics of realworld emotional documents to propose a generative mixture model, which iteratively estimates the language models that best describe the emotional documents using expectation maximization (EM). The proposed mixture model has the ability to model both emotionally charged words and emotion-neutral words. We then generate a word-emotion lexicon using the mixture model to quantify word-emotion associations in the form of a probability vectors. Secondly we introduce novel feature extraction methods to utilize the emotion rich knowledge being captured by our word-emotion lexicon. The extracted features are used to classify text into emotion classes using machine learning. Further we also propose hybrid text representations for emotion classification that use the knowledge of lexicon based features in conjunction with other representations such as n-grams, part-of-speech and sentiment information. Thirdly we propose two different methods which jointly use an emotion-labelled corpus of tweets and emotion-sentiment mapping proposed in psychology to learn word-level numerical quantification of sentiment strengths over a positive to negative spectrum. Finally we evaluate all the proposed methods in this thesis through a variety of emotion detection and sentiment analysis tasks on benchmark data sets covering domains from blogs to news articles to tweets and incident reports.

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-06-03T19:42:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação - Sandra Maria Godinho Gonçalves.pdf: 3560192 bytes, checksum: f5e241a2ab732481e700c3fd1e2f7f6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-08T13:52:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação - Sandra Maria Godinho Gonçalves.pdf: 3560192 bytes, checksum: f5e241a2ab732481e700c3fd1e2f7f6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-08T14:08:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação - Sandra Maria Godinho Gonçalves.pdf: 3560192 bytes, checksum: f5e241a2ab732481e700c3fd1e2f7f6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-08T14:08:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação - Sandra Maria Godinho Gonçalves.pdf: 3560192 bytes, checksum: f5e241a2ab732481e700c3fd1e2f7f6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The contact between peoples and languages is currently favored by globalization, which promotes discussion on research study regarding intercultural encounters and its influence on the construction of linguistic and social identity of the individual. The language interface with the construction of social and linguistic identity of the subject undergoes a significant intensification in multicultural contexts in which various social, cultural and linguistic groups interact socially in the same geographical space. In Amazonas, the mestizo has seen its original identity change and has also lost its referentials because of the continuing cultural shocks that force him to leave the countryside in search of work and better living conditions, such as health care and access to education. This quantitative research seeks to examine the lexicon created by migrants from within the state of Amazonas, more precisely, Teffe, Itacoatiara and Manacapuru, living in Manaus for at least five years; to compare the lexicon obtained from the Linguistic Atlas of the Amazon, ALAM by Cruz (2004); to identify whether there was a change of the linguistic identity of migrants from within the state of Amazonas; to identify, in case of change, whether this would be in line with the desire of migrants to gain social mobility, which influence his identity, according to Castells (1996); and, finally, to analyze if it is happening a homogenization of the mestizo culture or not. This research bolsters on the fundamentals of the principles of dialectology and presents some considerations regarding the lexicon collected according Pottier (1978), some considerations on the ideological aspect of the lexicon, according to Santos and Cristianini (2012) presents some considerations on the etymological lexicon collected, according to Cunha (2010), Houaiss and Villar (2001) and Ferreira (2004). It was found the 58,94% of lexicon of the migrants who were living in the city of Manaus changes their way of speaking and about 40% of the migrants assimilated the lexicon of the Amazon capital. / A discussão sobre o contato entre os povos e a língua é favorecida atualmente pela globalização e fomenta o estudo de pesquisas a respeito dos encontros interculturais e de sua influência na construção da identidade linguística e social do indivíduo. A relação da língua com a construção da identidade social e linguística dos sujeitos sofre uma intensificação em contextos multiculturais, em que diversos grupos sociais, culturais e linguísticos interagem socialmente num mesmo espaço geográfico. No Amazonas, o caboclo tem visto sua identidade original mudar e tem visto, também, seu referencial de vida perder-se face aos constantes choques culturais que o obrigam a sair do interior do estado em busca de trabalho e melhores condições de vida, como atendimento à saúde e acesso à educação. Esta pesquisa de caráter quantitativo buscou examinar o léxico realizado por migrantes provenientes do interior do estado do Amazonas, mais precisamente, de Tefé, Itacoatiara e Manacapuru, que vivem em Manaus há pelo menos cinco anos; comparar os campos semântico-lexicais dos registros obtidos com o Atlas Linguístico do Amazonas, ALAM, de Cruz (2004) e com o livro Amazonês, de Souza (2011); identificar se houve uma mudança da identidade linguística dos migrantes interioranos do estado do Amazonas; comprovar se, em caso de mudança, esta estaria em consonância com o desejo do migrante a uma mobilidade social ascendente, o que influenciaria sua identidade, segundo Castells (1996); e, por fim, analisar se está acontecendo uma homogeneização ou não da cultura cabocla. Esta pesquisa ampara-se nos princípios da Dialetologia, e apresenta algumas considerações a respeito do léxico coletado, segundo Pottier (1978), algumas considerações sobre o aspecto ideológico do léxico, segundo Santos e Cristianini (2012) e uma análise de cunho etimológico sobre o léxico coletado, segundo Cunha (2010), Houaiss e Villar (2001) e Ferreira (2004). Constatou-se que 59% do léxico dos migrantes que passaram a viver na cidade de Manaus alteraram o seu modo de falar e cerca de 40% dos migrantes assimilaram o léxico da capital amazonense.