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Background          Schizophrenia has been negatively observed in today’s society due to several major violent crimes and violent actions committed by persons with the diagnosis. The general populations’ lack of knowledge increases the risk of a faulty attitude when meeting individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a psychosis which creates suffering for the effected. Common symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, apathy and difficulties with emotional relations. Nearly half of all schizophrenics attempts suicide, at some point.   Aim                        The aim of this study was to describe how people with schizophrenia experience their life-world.               Method                  This study is based on six autobiographies and is analyzed with qualitative content analyses.   Results                   The study resulted in six categories which are perception of their illness, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, suffering, experiences of health care and medication and strategies towards a brighter future. During psychotic periods the individuals often experienced their surrounding as frightening because of hallucinations. Some of them live their lives alone because they are afraid of being perceived as crazy and want to conceal their diagnosis. The result shows strategies that the persons were using for reducing their suffering.                                  Conclusion            Prejudices about the disease can generate that persons with schizophrenia is not getting the care they need. If the patient is treated based on a life-world perspective, he or she will feel like being seen as a person rather than a diagnosis.

Background: Nowadays people more often are surviving intensive care, which makes it important to increase the knowledge about the experiences. Illusions, nightmares and unreal experiences are common and often linger for quite some time. Aim: The aim of the study was to illuminate patients' experiences after intensive care. Method: A literature-based study of 16 qualitative studies was conducted Results: A lot of the patients have difficulties moving on, and are haunted by their experience. Memories from the hospital stay are often hazy, and evokes a sense of lacking a part of their life story. There is a need to understand in order to move on. Despite of this, some of the patients manage to find happiness. They find a new meaning in life, and learn to look at things from a brighter side. Conclusion: To process the experience, there seems to be a need of further support. Also, patients need to receive more information about what to expect after discharge.

En litteraturbaserad studie har gjorts med analys av nio kvalitativa studier från 2005-2016. Idag överlever fler patienter med medfött hjärtfel tack vare tidig diagnostisering och förbättrade behandlingsmöjligheter. För unga vuxna mellan 13-39 år finns skilda meningar om hur de upplever sitt medfödda hjärtfel. Ett medfött hjärtfel uppstår redan i fosterstadiet, då hjärtat utvecklas. Ungefär en procent av världens barn föds varje dag med ett medfött hjärtfel. En tredjedel av hjärtfelen är varken i behov av operation eller behandling. Hjärtfelet kan förändras över tid vilket gör att uppföljning under livets gång är viktig. Tidigare har det inte varit möjligt för unga vuxna med medfött hjärtfel att växa upp, vilket gör att vuxensjukvården fått en ny patientgrupp. Det gör att det saknas kunskap om vad som kommer vänta de unga vuxna i framtiden. Dessutom har allmänsjuksköterskan inte en traditionell utbildning inom området, trots det kan allmänsjuksköterskan möta den här patientgruppen i sjukvårdens alla vårdformer. För att kunna bemöta unga vuxna på bästa sätt krävs en ökad kunskap om medfödda hjärtfel. Sjuksköterskan bör sätta sig in i patientens livsvärld och på så sätt göra vården personcentrerad. Antalet vuxna med medfött hjärtfel har ökat, vilket gör att fundera kring yrkesval, förmåga att bilda familj och ärftlighet av sjukdomen uppstår. Studiens resultat grundar sig på artiklar från olika delar av världen, vilket gör att upplevelserna kan skilja sig åt beroende på land och sjukvårdssystem. Studiens resultat visar att unga vuxna upplever sitt hjärtfel på olika sätt. En del känner att de har kontroll över sin sjukdom och därmed upplever de sig friska. Hjärtfelet är en del av identiteten och de känner sig inte begränsade i sin vardag, medan andra unga vuxna upplever att det är hjärtfelet som styr och kontrollerar deras liv och de ser sig som inneboende i sin sjukdom. Det kan leda till upplevelser om att vilja ge upp och det kan ha en negativ påverkan på hälsotillståndet. Unga vuxna lever med oro och osäkerhet om sin framtid eftersom den upplevs som oviss. En vanlig upplevelse unga vuxna har är att de känner sig annorlunda. Det kan bero på fysiska begränsningar och operationsärret men den största anledningen är hur de upplever sig bli bemötta från sin omgivning. Studien är tänkt för att sjuksköterskan ska få en ökad förståelse för patientens livsvärld. / Background: Every day approximately one percent of the world's children are born with a congenital heart disease. Life span has increased for patients with congenital heart disease due to early diagnosis and development in recent decades in cardiac surgery. Living with a congenital heart disease got young adults to think about the disease itself, the ability to start a family, sexual activity, pregnancy, childbirth, choice of profession, physical activity and heredity. Today there are more adults than children with a congenital heart disease and the study highlights the experiences of the disease of young adults aged 13-39 years. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe young adults' experiences of living with a congenital heart disease. Method: A literature-based study has been made of qualitative studies retrieved from databases Cinahl and PubMed. The study is based on nine articles from different countries around the world. The articles have been analyzed by content analysis for qualitative studies. Results: The study's analysis resulted in three main themes; "feel different", "to be controlled by the disease," and "to take control of the disease." Conclusion: Living with a congenital heart disease was experienced in different ways, it was splitted opinions if the young adults felt they had control over their heart disease or not. The most common experience was to feel different. The young adults felt anxiety and uncertainty for the future because it could be experienced as uncertain.

Background: Being close to a person who suffers from a disease can mean a burden, as these tends to disregard own needs in favor of the person who is sick. Aphasia is a disorder that affects communication skills and is one of the most common complications due to brain damage. Aim: The main purpose of this literature study was to illuminate relatives experiences of living with a person with aphasia. Method: Nine scientific articles were analyzed with a qualitative manifest content analysis which resulted in three themes with subthemes: Emotional reactions: The impact on well-being, Changing social and emotional relationships; A changed everyday life: Obstacles in communication, Decreased social interaction, Being able to handle everyday; Increased need for support: To get information about the aphasia; Deterioration of the economy and the need for financial support. Result: It was revealed that relatives felt left aside in the care of their relative with aphasia, resulting in an increased need for information, support and relief. Conclusion: Therefore conclusion was that relatives should be asked by nurses of how much involved in the care of their sick relative they want to be or can be and how much support they need to be able to handle that.

The aim of this master thesis is to contribute to a deeper understanding of women’s experiences in regard to menstrually related suffering. These particular experiences are examined in relation to notions of normality and authenticity. The study designed for this purpose is based on the life world of women in order to explore these ideas. The visceral signs originating from within the body are generally understood to be undetectable when working properly. Such is not the case for many women who menstruate. The cyclical change in physical and mental states associated with the menstrual cycle provide an opportunity to study how going in and out of different ways of being in the world influence human experience. Thematic interviews were conducted asking ten women living in Sweden to share their experiences of suffering related to the menstrual cycle. A phenomenological approach with focus on the body was used to study how changing ways of being in the world contribute to the construction of illness and health. Beginning with discussions about their experiences of suffering revealed that women thought in terms of when they felt like themselves and when they did not. Organization of time was interrelated with how women understood their experiences. Emphasizing recurring negative experiences lead to contemplation about causes of suffering and comparison of different states of being. The lack of ‘one’s selfness’ due to what is commonly referred to as PMS represents the dilemma these women describe. The need to have control over the outward representation of one’s self is discussed in light of different medical technologies like SSRI antidepressant use and hormonal therapies which revealed that women saw the origins of their suffering to be a product of society but tightly connected to their identity as women and were not willing to be without a menstrual cycle. Phenomenological ideas about embodiment were used to understand how suffering was seen both as a sign of health and as a part of the self.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste formen av cancer hos kvinnor både i Sverige och internationellt. Kirurgi är en vanlig behandlingsmetod som innebär att man avlägsnar del av bröstet eller hela bröstet, så kallad mastektomi. Mastektomerade kvinnor rapporterar att de upplever ett sämre välbefinnande. Författarna vill uppmärksamma mastektomerade kvinnors upplevelser. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att vara mastektomerade. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på tio kvalitativa artiklar som var relevanta för syftet. Artiklarnas resultat granskades och likheter samt skillnader kunde urskiljas. Dessa analyserades och sammanställdes i teman. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra huvudteman och fem underteman. De fyra huvudtemana är: En förändrad kropp, Ett förändrat jag, Intima relationen med partnern och Acceptera den nya kroppen. Kvinnorna upplevde inte bara att kroppen förändrats men även de själva som personer. Kroppen upplevdes stympad och asymmetrisk. De var obekväma inför sin partner vilket medförde en negativ påverkan på sexlivet. De upplevde att människor tittade på dem vilket gjorde att de drog sig undan från det sociala livet. Vissa kvinnor upplevde skuldkänslor över att de inte var tacksamma över att ha överlevt utan istället fokuserade på hur fula de kände sig. Diskussion: I resultatdiskussionen användes livsvärldsteori som teoretisk utgångspunkt då syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att vara mastektomerade. Kroppen är livsvärldens mittpunkt och med vilken vi upplever allt med. När kroppen förändras så påverkas vår livsvärld. De anhöriga ingår i vår livsvärld och stödet från dem var viktigt för att hjälpa kvinnorna att acceptera sin förändrade livsvärld. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer for women both in Sweden and international. The most common treatment is surgery and in many cases it implies mastectomy which means that the whole breast/breasts is being removed. The mastectomized women experience a deteriorated well-being. The authors wanted to emphasize the experiences of mastectomized women. Aim: The aim was to describe women’s experiences of being mastectomized. Method: A literature review based on ten qualitative articles which were relevant for the aim. The result of the articles were viewed and similarities and differences could be distinguished. These were analyzed and compiled into themes. Results: The result is presented in four main themes and five sub themes. The four main themes are: A changed body, A changed self, Intimate relationship with the partner and Accepting the new body. The women did not only experience that the body had changed but also that they changed as a person. The body felt mutilated and asymmetrical. They felt uncomfortable with their partner which induced a negative impact on the sex life. They felt that people looked at them which made them withdraw from the social life. Some women experienced feelings of guilt because they were not thankful over the fact that they survived but instead focused on how ugly they felt. Discussion: Life-world theory was used as a theoretical framework in the discussion of the result because the aim was to describe women´s experiences of being mastectomized. The body is the center of the life-world and with which we experience everything. Our life-world is affected when the body changes. The relatives is a part of our life-world and the support from them is important in helping the women accept their changed life-world.

Abstrakt   Bakgrund: Demens är ett kroniskt tillstånd i hjärnan som kan försämras med tiden och sjukdomen påverkar främst de kognitiva förmågorna hos personer med demens. I Sverige insjuknar drygt 25 000 personer varje år i en demenssjukdom och antalet personer med demenssjukdom kommer att successivt öka i takt med befolkningen blir allt äldre.  I dagsläget saknas det läkemedel för de sjukdomsmekanismer som orsakar demenssjukdom. Syftet: Att beskriva hur musikterapi påverkar personer med demens. Metod: Metoden som författarna använde i studien var en systematisk litteraturstudie. 12 artiklar varav tio med kvantitativ ansats och två med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades i studien. Manifest innehållsanalys gjordes med stöd av Forsberg och Wengström (2013). Resultat: Resultatet består av tre kategorier och nio subkategorier. Kategorierna var emotionella förändringar, förändrad intellektuell och social förmåga och förändrade livssituationer. Resultatet visade att musikterapi har en påverkan hos personer med demens och de flesta visade sig vara positiva. Musikterapin gav minskad agitation, förbättrad kommunikation samt ökad välbefinnande. Slutsats: Av resultatet från författarnas systematiska litteraturstudie rekommenderas musikterapi som ett alternativ eller kompletterande omvårdnadsåtgärd för personer med demens. Det är viktigt som sjuksköterska att utgå från ett livsvärldsperspektiv vid omvårdnad av personer med demens, eftersom det är via livsvärlden som sjuksköterskan kan främja hälsa och genomföra personcentrerad vård.

Background: During the recent years a great amount of unaccompanied children have arrived to Sweden. They constitute a vulnerable group since they lack the protection of an adult. Previous research shows that they often have traumatic experiences and suffer from mental health problems. Nurses need to be aware of these issues to be able to provide good care for the asylum seeking children. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of unaccompanied children seeking asylum. Method: A literature review based on the content of six qualitative studies, four quantitative studies and two studies of mixed method. Results: The findings revealed four main themes; Being a survivor, Almost in safety, Mental vulnerability and Creating a new life. The results show that the children have survived war and persecution and have had to leave their families to search for safety. They have a great fear of being sent back and express a need for support and encouragement. It also appears that many of the children feel lonely and isolated and that a significant part suffer from mental health problems such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression and anxiety. The children strive to create a new network and to succeed. Conclusion: To be able to help unaccompanied children with traumatic experiences and consequences thereof, it is important for the nurse to build a relation based on trust. It is useful for nurses to engage a life-world perspective, since it includes a holistic view of the children and their lived reality.

Bakgrund: Hypotyreos är i första hand en autoimmun sjukdom, där kroppens försvar angriper sköldkörteln. Sjukdomen drabbar cirka en kvinna på 50 och en man på 300. Sjukdomen orsakar mycket lidande med olika symptom som exempelvis onormal trötthet och depression vilket begränsar och förhindrar sociala aktiviteter och möten. Syfte: Belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av att leva med hypotyreos i Sverige. Metod: Kvalitativ narrativ analys användes som metod. Data insamlades genom 15 bloggar. Resultat: Ur analysen framträdde fem kategorier såsom; Blir inte tagen på allvar, Symptomen styr vardagen, Kan inte lita på läkarna, Möter förståelse från omgivningen och Abnorm viktökning med tretton underkategorier. Slutsats.  Kvinnornas upplevda erfarenheter av att inte bli förstådd och tagna på allvar när de söker vård var tydlig. Sjukdomens symptom styr vardagen med smärta, bristande energin och koncentrationsförmåga. Brist på tillit till läkarnas kunskap och ansvar framkom. Bloggandet var för många kvinnor ett sätt att hålla kontakt med sin omgivning / Keywords:                          Blog, experience, hypothyreosis, life world, treatment Background: Hypothyroidism is primarily an autoimmune disease where the body's defenses attack the thyroid gland. The disease affects about one woman of 50 and one in 300 men. The disease causes much suffering with various symptoms such as unusual tiredness and depression which limits and prevents social activities and meetings. Aim: Highlight women’s experience of living with hypothyroidism in Sweden. Method: The data was analyzed through a qualitative narrative analysis. Data were collected from 15 blogs. Results: Five categories emerged from the analysis; Will not be taken seriously, symptoms control everyday life, Cannot trust doctors, Meets understanding from the environment and Abnormal weight gain and thirteen subcategories. Conclusion: The women perceived the experience of not being understood and taken seriously when they seek care was evident. Symptoms of the disease control everyday life with pain, lack of energy and concentration. Lack of trust in physicians' knowledge and responsibility emerged. Blogging was for many women a way to keep in touch with their surroundings.