There is a paucity of research examining the neurobiological functioning of new mothers who have experienced parental loss during development. The current study investigated the relationship between inconsistent (IC) versus consistent (CC) care and brain activity in regions that comprise a putative neurobiological model of mothering. Mothers were shown positive and negative pictures of their own and an unfamiliar infant. Through repeated measures ANOVAs, it was found that BOLD activity was greater for own infant in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and amygdala (AMY) and that positive pictures elicited greater BOLD response in the NAC, AMY and anterior cingulate cortex. Interestingly, IC mothers show an even greater response own infant in the NAC and left hypothalamus (HYPO). In the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, IC mothers showed greater BOLD response to other infant. Thus, functioning of the maternal circuit, which includes areas strongly implicated in reward, may be altered by early experiences.

Background: According to World Health Organization is palliative care a human right. The focus of palliative care is relieving suffering and having quality of life as the main goal. The nurse's role is to enable symptom control, to be a support for the patient and close relatives, as well as contributing to a good and worthy death. Although death is a part of life, strong feelings arise about death and the dying. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurse experiences of palliative care. Method: The method used was a literature study based on international qualitative research. Eleven articles were analyzed and resulted in four main themes and nine sub-themes. Results: The findings were four main themes; the profession, relationships, work environment and feelings as well as nine sub themes; experiences and knowledges, the patient, relatives, stress, support from colleagues, lack of support from colleagues, grief and impotency, satisfaction and mental strain. Conclusion: The nurse’s experience of palliative care is individual and varies depending on, experience, interaction with colleagues and self-perception regarding individual values and existential questions.

O trabalho é tema de interesse de muitos autores que convergem em sua centralidade na sociedade. Da mesma forma, diversos pesquisadores, especialmente da área da saúde, tem como foco a epidemia do HIV. A presente dissertação se propôs a unir ambos os objetos de estudo e avançar nas pesquisas partindo de um olhar do indivíduo com HIV e problematizar sua relação com o trabalho. O esforço de investigação justificou-se pela escassez de estudos que analisem essa questão pela ótica da administração e pelo impacto da epidemia no mundo do trabalho. A dissertação teve como objetivo geral identificar e analisar como o diagnóstico do HIV e suas implicações alteram a vida de uma pessoa em sua relação com o trabalho. Para subsidiá-la, além de um histórico do HIV e suas implicações no mundo do trabalho, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura sobre o trabalho frente a diferentes perspectivas: fisiológica, cultural, religiosa, espiritual, ideológica, econômica, política, legal, psicológica e social. A pesquisa teve uma abordagem qualitativa e como caminho metodológico a História de Vida por sua capacidade de compreender um fenômeno por múltiplas facetas e ser um meio de reflexão, intervenção e transformação social. Sendo assim, através de duas histórias de vida recolhidas entre os meses de março e agosto de 2016, a pesquisa concluiu que após o diagnóstico de HIV os indivíduos pesquisados passaram a se perceber e ser percebidos de maneira diferente afetando as diversas esferas da vida, incluindo a profissional. As formas de pensar e agir passaram a levar em consideração seu estado de saúde e o sigilo da soropositividade, por exemplo. No contexto das significativas alterações na vida após o diagnóstico de HIV foram relatadas diversas dificuldades enfrentadas por eles quanto ao trabalho e as alternativas engendradas frente às barreiras apresentadas no mundo do trabalho como a busca pela estabilidade no serviço público ou a informalidade como forma de minimizar o risco de exposição da soropositividade. Destaca-se o entendimento de que vida e trabalho cada vez menos são possíveis de serem compreendidos separadamente e que as relações estabelecidas entre HIV e trabalho são singulares a cada individuo. Por isso, não se buscou a generalização de resultados e sim a reflexão acerca deste tema ainda imbuído de elementos como preconceito, estigma e discriminação. Por fim, na perspectiva de que gerar reflexão é uma forma de intervenção social, o autor se posiciona no entendimento de que esses elementos podem ser minimizados, se não extinguidos, através da informação e o ato de “descortinar” assuntos como esses de tamanha importância acadêmica e social. / The labor is the subject of interest of many authors who converge in their centrality in society. Likewise, several researchers, especially in the health area, focus on the HIV epidemic. This dissertation aimed to unite both objects of study and advance the research starting with a look of individuals with HIV and discuss their relationship with work. The research effort was justified by the lack of studies to examine this issue from the perspective of management and the impact of the epidemic in the workplace. The dissertation aimed to identify and analyze how HIV diagnosis and its implications on life of a person and its relationship to work. It was added a history of HIV and its implications to the world of work and literature review on different perspectives: physiological, cultural, religious, spiritual, ideological, economic, political, legal, psychological and social. The research has a qualitative approach and as a methodological path the History of Life for their ability to understand a phenomenon of multiple facets and be a means of reflection, intervention and social transformation. This way, through two life stories that were collected between March and August 2016, the dissertation concluded that after diagnosis of HIV surveyed persons began to perceive themselves and be perceived differently, being affected in the different walks of life, including professional. The ways of thinking and acting started to take into consideration their health status and the confidentiality of HIV status. In the context, significant changes in life after diagnosis of HIV have been reported, including various difficulties faced by them about the work. Alternatives were engendered for facing the barriers presented in the working world as the search for stability in public service or informality in order to minimize the risk of seropositivity exposure. Noteworthy is the understanding that life and work are less and less possible to be understood separately and that the relations between HIV and work are unique to each individual. So not sought the generalization of results but the reflection on this subject still imbued of elements such as prejudice, stigma and discrimination. Finally, the perspective that generate reflection is a form of social intervention, the author stands on the understanding that these elements can be minimized, if not extinguished, through information and the act of "unveil" issues like as those of such academic and social importance.

O trabalho é tema de interesse de muitos autores que convergem em sua centralidade na sociedade. Da mesma forma, diversos pesquisadores, especialmente da área da saúde, tem como foco a epidemia do HIV. A presente dissertação se propôs a unir ambos os objetos de estudo e avançar nas pesquisas partindo de um olhar do indivíduo com HIV e problematizar sua relação com o trabalho. O esforço de investigação justificou-se pela escassez de estudos que analisem essa questão pela ótica da administração e pelo impacto da epidemia no mundo do trabalho. A dissertação teve como objetivo geral identificar e analisar como o diagnóstico do HIV e suas implicações alteram a vida de uma pessoa em sua relação com o trabalho. Para subsidiá-la, além de um histórico do HIV e suas implicações no mundo do trabalho, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura sobre o trabalho frente a diferentes perspectivas: fisiológica, cultural, religiosa, espiritual, ideológica, econômica, política, legal, psicológica e social. A pesquisa teve uma abordagem qualitativa e como caminho metodológico a História de Vida por sua capacidade de compreender um fenômeno por múltiplas facetas e ser um meio de reflexão, intervenção e transformação social. Sendo assim, através de duas histórias de vida recolhidas entre os meses de março e agosto de 2016, a pesquisa concluiu que após o diagnóstico de HIV os indivíduos pesquisados passaram a se perceber e ser percebidos de maneira diferente afetando as diversas esferas da vida, incluindo a profissional. As formas de pensar e agir passaram a levar em consideração seu estado de saúde e o sigilo da soropositividade, por exemplo. No contexto das significativas alterações na vida após o diagnóstico de HIV foram relatadas diversas dificuldades enfrentadas por eles quanto ao trabalho e as alternativas engendradas frente às barreiras apresentadas no mundo do trabalho como a busca pela estabilidade no serviço público ou a informalidade como forma de minimizar o risco de exposição da soropositividade. Destaca-se o entendimento de que vida e trabalho cada vez menos são possíveis de serem compreendidos separadamente e que as relações estabelecidas entre HIV e trabalho são singulares a cada individuo. Por isso, não se buscou a generalização de resultados e sim a reflexão acerca deste tema ainda imbuído de elementos como preconceito, estigma e discriminação. Por fim, na perspectiva de que gerar reflexão é uma forma de intervenção social, o autor se posiciona no entendimento de que esses elementos podem ser minimizados, se não extinguidos, através da informação e o ato de “descortinar” assuntos como esses de tamanha importância acadêmica e social. / The labor is the subject of interest of many authors who converge in their centrality in society. Likewise, several researchers, especially in the health area, focus on the HIV epidemic. This dissertation aimed to unite both objects of study and advance the research starting with a look of individuals with HIV and discuss their relationship with work. The research effort was justified by the lack of studies to examine this issue from the perspective of management and the impact of the epidemic in the workplace. The dissertation aimed to identify and analyze how HIV diagnosis and its implications on life of a person and its relationship to work. It was added a history of HIV and its implications to the world of work and literature review on different perspectives: physiological, cultural, religious, spiritual, ideological, economic, political, legal, psychological and social. The research has a qualitative approach and as a methodological path the History of Life for their ability to understand a phenomenon of multiple facets and be a means of reflection, intervention and social transformation. This way, through two life stories that were collected between March and August 2016, the dissertation concluded that after diagnosis of HIV surveyed persons began to perceive themselves and be perceived differently, being affected in the different walks of life, including professional. The ways of thinking and acting started to take into consideration their health status and the confidentiality of HIV status. In the context, significant changes in life after diagnosis of HIV have been reported, including various difficulties faced by them about the work. Alternatives were engendered for facing the barriers presented in the working world as the search for stability in public service or informality in order to minimize the risk of seropositivity exposure. Noteworthy is the understanding that life and work are less and less possible to be understood separately and that the relations between HIV and work are unique to each individual. So not sought the generalization of results but the reflection on this subject still imbued of elements such as prejudice, stigma and discrimination. Finally, the perspective that generate reflection is a form of social intervention, the author stands on the understanding that these elements can be minimized, if not extinguished, through information and the act of "unveil" issues like as those of such academic and social importance.

No description available.

Background From a global perspective, around 8.4 million individuals live with diabetes type 1, which is a chronic disease for which complex medical treatment. The disease can lead to complications and women with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of mental illness. Women with a medical disability also violate society's norms. Competence and understanding of the basic nurse can prevent ill health and alleviate suffering. Aim: The purpose of this literature review was to investigate women's experience of living with type 1 diabetes during reproductive age. Method: A literature study based on twelve articles of qualitative method were analyzed and a new result built up. Through analysis with the support of Friberg's five-step process, three main themes and ten subthemes emerged. Results: The result showed that the feeling of inadequacy in the form of physical, sexual and psychological limitations and lack of knowledge was described. The women also experienced a sense of sadness characterized by worry and fear for the future. To overcome this disease, support and motivation were important. Conclusion: The preventive work can prevent women with type 1 diabetes from risking exclusion, sexual ill health, necessary suffering and contracting mental illness. In order to promote women's health and help them reach acceptance, knowledge, support and confirmation from the health and medical services and relatives were required. By being able to make demands and question society's norms, work can be done for a more equal illness experience. / Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka kvinnors upplevelse av att leva med diabetes typ 1 under reproduktiv ålder. I resultatet framkom en del skillnad i upplevelser beroende på vart i livet under den reproduktiva perioden kvinnorna befann sig, men även många likheter identifierades. Resultatet visade att kvinnor bar känslor som oro och rädsla, otillräcklighet samt en känsla av att vara annorlunda. Sjukdomen innebar begränsningar i vardagen som beskrevs som betungande. Frustration och besvikelse uttrycktes hos kvinnorna kring sjukdomens komplexitet och de beskrev känslor som att inte kunna ta en paus från sjukdomen, att bli berövad av sin spontanitet och frihet samt att inte duga till trots väl valda strategier att kontrollera sjukdomen. Acceptans kring att sjukdomen var en del av kvinnornas personlighet förknippades med bättre egenvård och motivation till att kontrollera sjukdomen. Förståelse och acceptansen erhölls främst genom stöd och hopp från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal samt närstående. Även känslan av samhörighet och att inte vara ensam med sjukdomen var betydelsefull. Examensarbetet belyser två vårdvetenskapliga begrepp; människa och lidande. Denna litteraturstudie har en kvalitativ ansats då kvinnors upplevelser efterfrågas. Av tolv artiklar som analyserades framkom tre teman samt tio subteman som beskriver resultatet. Kompetens hos sjuksköterskor kring kvinnors upplevelse av att leva med diabetes typ 1 under reproduktiv ålder kan främja hälsa, identifiera ohälsa och lindra lidande. Diskussionen och slutsatsen i detta arbete lyfter normer kring att vara kvinna med en kronisk sjukdom samt konsekvenser som de upplevda känslorna kan leda till framför allt för de enskilda kvinnorna, men också ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv för samhället.

Bakgrund: Hjärtinfarkt är en av de vanligaste förekommande sjukdomarna som framför allt drabbar vuxna och är en av de främsta orsakerna till ökad dödlighet i Sverige och över hela världen. Att uppleva en hjärtinfarkt är en händelse som förändrar livet. Genom att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av hur deras liv påverkas efter en hjärtinfarkt och kan sjuksköterskor ge personcentrerad vård och hjälpa patienter återställa hälsa och välbefinnande. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevda livssituation efter att ha genomgått en hjärtinfarkt. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där 14 artiklar granskades och analyserades. Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens centrala fynd sammanställdes i följande kategorier. Begränsningar i vardagen, känslor av rädsla och osäkerhet, förlust av identitet, förändringar i relationer och det sexuella livet, och anpassning och acceptans till det nya livet. Sammanfattning: Litteraturöversikten visar att många kvinnor upplever förändringar i sin identitet och självbild till följd av sin hjärtinfarkt eftersom att de måste anpassa sig till de nya livssituationerna och inte längre kan leva som de brukade. Förändringar i relationer och sexliv förekommer också hos många kvinnor som konsekvens av den rädsla och begränsningar de upplever efter en hjärtinfarkten. Många kvinnor har också svårt att anpassa sig till sitt nya liv och hitta en balans på grund av alla dessa faktorer. / Background: Heart attack, or myocardial infarction, is one of the most common diseases that mainly affect adults and is one of the most common causes of mortality in both Sweden and globally. Experiencing a heart attack is a life-changing event. By exploring women’s experiences of how their lives are affected by heart attacks nurses can provide person-centered care and help patients restore their health and well-being. Aim: The aim was to describe women’s lived experiences of their life situations after a heart attack. Method: A literature review where 14 articles were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The central findings of this literature review were compiled in the following categories; limitations in the everyday life, emotions of fear and anxiety, loss of identity, changes in relationships and the sexual life, and adaptation and acceptance of the new life. Summary: This literature review indicates that many women experience changes in their identity and self-image as a result of their heart attack because they have to adapt to new life situation and cannot live as they used to. Changes in relationships and the sexual life are also common among women as consequences of the fear and limitations they experience following their heart attacks. Many women also find it difficult to adapt to a new life and find balance because of all these factors.

Background: The burden of breast cancer may contribute to elevated psychological distress. Conversely, distress may negatively impact the development, recurrence and diagnosis of cancer as it compromises the immune system and adherence to treatment, creating a vicious cycle. With the breast cancer fatality rate significantly higher in Sub-Saharan African women than in women living in higher income countries, further research is needed to limit the devastating impact of chronic diseases on this population. Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine if Ghanaian breast cancer patients were more susceptible to higher psychological distress and lower quality of life than healthy Ghanaian women and how their lived experiences affect their mental health. Method: Sixty-four breast cancer patients and 64 healthy participants were recruited to complete the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and World Health Organization Quality of life-BREF scale. The life experiences of women living with breast cancer were assessed through semi-structured interviews. Results: Breast cancer patients had higher psychological distress than the healthy women and also scored lower on the quality of life domains of physical health, psychological well-being and environment. The lived experiences of the breast cancer patients followed a similar journey from suspicion of ill-health to difficulty navigating the health system, feeling the effects of breast cancer and lastly, regaining confidence. Breast cancer had affected the women’s daily activities, health, female identity, roles and responsibilities. However, financial, emotional and social support, together with individual coping mechanisms such as religion and physical exercise, mitigated the impact of the breast disease. Conclusion: Patient centered care approaches could ease the psychological distress of breast cancer patients. Finally, future research should investigate methods of improving the women’s psychological well-being, physical health and environment as it may positively impact the prognosis of Ghanaian breast cancer patients. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Bakgrund: Omkring en tredjedel av personer med diabetessjukdom drabbas någon gång av hypoglykemi med medvetslöshet som följd. Upplevelsen av hypoglykemi var obehaglig och försökte undvikas vilket ofta resulterade i högre plasmaglukosvärden. Omvårdnaden kunde innebära att hjälpa personer att hantera obehagliga upplevelser av hypoglykemi i det dagliga livet. Syfte: Att beskriva vuxnas erfarenheter och upplevelser av hypoglykemi vid diabetes mellitus, samt vilka konsekvenser hypoglykemi leder till i det dagliga livet. Metod: Denna studie har genomförts med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Studien har genomförts som en sekundäranalys av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Antalet informanter var totalt 29 varav 15 med diabetes typ 1 och 14 med diabetes typ 2. Resultat: Temat som framkom var Hypoglykemi är ständigt närvarande och gestaltar sig olika med följande kategorier: Symtom av hypoglykemi kunde komma som en blixt från en klar himmel, Kunskapen kom genom livets erfarenheter, Träning och motion idag – konsekvenser i morgon, Egenvård kunde upplevas som att inte vara fri, Omgivningens stöd – en trygghet vid sjukdom. Konklusion: Förekomsten av hypoglykemi var vanligt och upplevdes som obehagligt och orsakade rädsla. Underbehandling sågs som en konsekvens. Bättre stöd, hjälp och information från specialistsjuksköterskor efterfrågades. Kunskap och information, även till anhöriga, ansågs viktigt för att minska rädsla och obehag av hypoglykemi. / Background: Approximately one third of people with diabetes suffer episodes of hypoglycaemia with a loss of consciousness as a result. The incidence of hypoglycaemia is unpleasant and patients attempt to avoid this event, which often results in higher plasmaglucose values. Dedicated nursing care involves helping people to cope with unpleasant experiences of hypoglycaemia in daily life. Aim: To describe adults' experiences of hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus, and the consequences hypoglycaemia leads to daily life. Method: This study was conducted with a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The study was conducted as a secondary analysis of semi-structured interwievs. The number of study participants were a total of 29 of which 15 with Type 1 diabetes and 14 with Type 2 diabetes. Results: The theme that emerged was: Hypoglycaemia is an ever present risk and is shaped differently with the following categories. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia could come as a bolt from the blue. Knowledge comes from life experiences. Training and exercise today - often have consequences tomorrow for patients. Self management could be perceived as a feeling of not being free. Family support – could mean security in illness. Conclusion: The incidence of hypoglycaemia is a common event and is perceived as unpleasant and unsafe event and causing fear in people suffering from diabetes. Undertreatment was seen as a consequence. Better support, help and information from the specialist nurses were needed. Knowledge and information, even to family members, was considered important to reduce the fear and discomfort of hypoglycaemia.