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Nas pesquisas com bovinos de corte, além do bom desempenho animal e da viabilidade econômica, busca-se agregar características qualitativas à carne produzida. O fornecimento de milho alto óleo a bovinos de corte em terminação aumenta o ganho de peso e a qualidade de carcaça, quando comparado ao milho comum. Buscou-se consolidar as informações quanto aos efeitos das dietas para novilhos Nelore em confinamento, sobre os parâmetros da produção animal, como ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, degradabilidade das dietas, efeitos sobre os protozoários ciliados e outras medidas ruminais, parâmetros físicos do Longissimus dorsi, composição centesimal da carcaça, composição do ganho e perfil de ácidos graxos nesse músculo. Foram utilizados 48 novilhos da raça Nelore, com peso vivo inicial médio de 435 kg, submetidos a um dos seis tratamentos, usando dois tipos de milho (comum e alto óleo) e três níveis de inclusão de milho no concentrado (25%, 40% e 55%). Os animais foram confinados por um período de 84 dias. Amostras do Longissimus dorsi foram coletadas para avaliação das características físicas da carne e análise do perfil de ácidos graxos na gordura intramuscular. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o ganho de peso, o consumo de alimentos, a conversão alimentar ou os parâmetros da carcaça. A qualidade física da carne também não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Para as dietas contendo milho alto óleo, houve alteração na população de protozoários no rúmen e na degradação da FDN. Dietas com milho alto óleo favoreceram o aumento no total dos ácidos graxos intermediários da biohidrogenação na gordura intramuscular. Houve diferenças significativas no ácido rumênico (CLA - C18:2_cis9_trans11), passando de 0,43% para 0,49%, representando um aumento médio de 12,7%, devido ao uso de dietas contendo milho alto óleo. / Beef cattle researchers, over than animal performance and economics are looking for nutritional characteristics of the products from ruminants. Inclusion of high oil corn (HOC) on diets increases weight gain and carcass quality compared to common corn grain. This study looks for data from animal performance on diets using high oil corn, evaluating live weight gain, carcass composition, diets digestibility, dry matter degradability, effects on ciliated protozoa number and quality, muscle quality characteristics, meat composition and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. Where used 48 Nellore steers, with initial average live weight of 435 kg in six treatments, using two corn grain varieties (common and high oil corn) and three levels of corn grain in concentrate diets (25%, 40% and 55%). Animals were in feedlot pens for 84 days, after an adaptation period to diets and installations. The Longissimus dorsi was used for evaluating meat characteristics and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. There was no effect of diets on daily gain, intake, conversion, or carcass parameters. Meat quality was not also affected by treatments. Diets with high oil corn altered protozoa population and ruminal degradation of NDF. The total biohidrogenated fatty acids in intramuscular fat were increased by treatment with high oil corn and also rumenic acid. Rumenic acid was the major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) detected in this tissue, with concentrations increasing from 0,43% to 0,49%, representing an average increase of 12,7% caused for HOC diets.

Introdução: Acne é uma dermatose que apresenta o padrão do sebo alterado, tanto quali, quanto quantitativamente. Objetivos: Estudar as possíveis alterações quali e quantitativas dos ácidos graxos encontrados no sebo de portadores de acne vulgar graus II ou III mediante ao uso diário de limeciclina e/ou suplemento oral a base de ácidos linoleico, gamalinolênico e oleico. Métodos: Quarenta e cinco sujeitos de pesquisa masculinos, de 12 a 40 anos de idade, portadores de acne vulgar graus II ou III, submeteram-se a 90 dias de uso de: Grupo A, 300mg/dia de limeciclina; Grupo B, 540mg de ácidos gamalinolênico, 1.200mg linoleico e 510mg oleico/dia; Grupo C: Grupos A+B. A cada 30 dias, eles tinham amostra de sebo da fronte coletada para análise cromatográfica dos ácidos graxos nele presentes. Resultados: Quarenta sujeitos de pesquisa (88,9%) concluíram o estudo, os quais ingeriram todas as doses dos produtos, sem apresentarem eventos adversos em qualquer dos Grupos. O número de comedões, pústulas e cistos reduziu com o tempo (p<0,001, para todos), nos três Grupos. Com relação ao número total de lesões, houve uma maior quantidade de lesões em pacientes do Grupo B, quando comparados aos do Grupo A (p=0,033) e aos do Grupo C (p=0,030). Sete ácidos graxos apresentaram mudanças de seu padrão durante o estudo. De um modo geral, as mudanças que se tornaram mais evidentes foram: 1) a concentração de esqualeno no SB não reduziu em qualquer Grupo de estudo; 2) C12:0, C14:0 e C16:1 tiveram suas respectivas concentrações aumentadas nos três Grupos com o tempo de terapêuticas; 3) há indicativo de aumento de C18:1n9c+C18:1n9t na associação das duas classes terapêuticas estudadas; 4) limeciclina e/ou ingestão de ácido linoleico não aumentaram a participação do ácido linoleico no sebo; 5) ácido -linolênico teve sua concentração aumentada e, depois diminuída com o uso de LM e/ou com sua própria suplementação oral. Conclusões: A administração diária de limeciclina e/ou ácidos gamalinolênico, linoleico e oleico pode alterar o comportamento de alguns dos ácidos graxos presentes no sebo de pacientes portadores de acne vulgar graus II ou III. Os ácidos gamalinolênico, linoleico e oleico, se no uso sistêmico, não são considerados agentes terapêuticos na abordagem da acne; mais estudos precisam ser realizados a fim de se inferir a existência de possível benefício clínico de seu uso isolado e/ou associado na abordagem desta dermatose / Introduction: Acne is a dermatosis that presents an altered sebum pattern, quantitatively and qualitatively. Objectives: To study the possible quantitative and qualitative changes of fatty acids found in the sebum of patients with acne vulgaris grade II or III, through the daily use of lymecycline and/or oral supplementation based on linoleic, gamma-linolenic, and oleic acids. Methods: Fortyfive male research subjects, ages 12 to 40, presenting acne vulgaris grade II or III, were submitted to a 90-day use of: Group 1, 300mg of lymecycline per day; Group 2, 540mg of gamma-linolenic acid, 1,200mg of linoleic acid, and e 510mg of oleic acid per day; Group 3: Groups A+B. Every 30 days, a sample of the sebum of their forehead was collected for chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids contained therein. Results: Forty research subjects (88.9%) concluded the study. They ingested all dosages of the products, without presenting side effects in any of the Groups. The number of comedones, pustules, and cysts reduced with time (p<0.001, for all), in all the 3 Groups. With respect to the total number of lesions, Group B´s patients presented a larger quantity of lesions, as compared to those of Group A (p=0.033) and Group C (p=0.030). Seven fatty acids presented pattern changes during the study. In general, the changes that became more evident were: 1) the squalene concentration in the sebum did not diminish in any Group under study; 2) C12:0, C14:0, and C16:1 had their respective concentrations increased in the 3 Groups over the time of the treatments; 3) there is an indication for increasing of C18:1n9t+C18:1n9c when both of therapies are associated; 4) lymecycline and/or the ingestion of linoleic acid did not increase the participation of linoleic acid in the sebum; and 5) gama-linolenic acid had its concentration increased during the first 60-day and diminished during the last 30-day therapies period using lymecycline and/or with its own oral supplementation. Conclusions: The daily administration of lymecycline and/or gamma-linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids may alter the behavior of some fatty acids present in the sebum of patients with acne vulgaris grade II or III. Gamma-linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids, under systemic use, are not considered therapeutic agents in the treatment of acne; more studies need to be carried out in order to infer the existence of a possible clinical benefit of their isolated use and/or association in the treatment of this dermatosis

<p>In the present thesis dietary markers for intake of milk fat, associations between intake of milk fat and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), and the effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to healthy humans are investigated.</p><p>The dietary fat quality is one of the main lifestyle factors affecting risk for CHD. When studying the associations between diet and health it is important to have accurate dietary information. Objective dietary markers increase the possibilities to interpret dietary surveys.</p><p>In a study of 62 men we demonstrated that the milk fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (15:0) measured in serum lipids can be used as marker for intake of fat from milk products. In the same study we observed inverse correlations between intake of milk fat and certain risk factors for CHD, especially anthropometric variables.</p><p>To further investigate these findings we supplemented humans with CLA, naturally present in milk. CLA has in animals and <i>in vitro</i> been ascribed positive effects on adiposity and glucose and lipid metabolism. When supplementing humans with CLA we observed a slight decrease in body fat, but no effects on other anthropometric variables or serum lipids. However, markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation increased. From a second supplementation study we concluded that CLA <i>trans </i>10, <i>cis </i>12 induced lipid peroxidation more than did a mixture of isomers.</p><p>We conclude that the inverse associations between milk fat intake and CHD risk factors, and the effects of CLA, are interesting and need further investigation. However, according to current knowledge, the general population is still advised to have a limited intake of total and saturated fat and to instead choose unsaturated fats. In addition, there is to date no medical reasons for humans to take CLA as supplements.</p>

There is growing public concern about the high proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk fat; however, feed intake, energy partitioning toward milk synthesis, and milk fat concentrations can decrease when cows are fed high concentrations of unsaturated lipids. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal rate for feeding OmegaBoostTM (a flaxseed supplement that was processed using a proprietary technique by Double Pass LLC, Tualatin, OR) to dairy cows. The central hypothesis was that supplementation with OmegaBoost will decrease the proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk fat in a dose dependent manner. Using a latin-square design, 10 Holstein cows in mid to late lactation were fed for two-week periods 0, 2, 4, or 6 lbs/d of OmegaBoost or 4lbs/d ground flax as top dressing to their total mixed ration. Feed intake, body weight, activity and resting time, milk production and milk composition were measured daily. At the end of each two-week period, milk and serum samples were taken and analyzed for fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. In addition, fresh Mozzarella cheese and butter was manufactured and tested to determine the fatty acid composition and the effects of flaxseed supplementation on texture. Feeding OmegaBoost at 2, 4, and 6 lbs/d linearly decreased the proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk by 6, 15, and 18%, respectively, and linearly increased the proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (14, 32, and 35%), poly-unsaturated fatty acids (16, 49, and 82%), and α-linolenic acid (26, 52, and 70%). Similar changes in fatty acid composition were observed in butter and cheese samples, resulting in butter that was less hard and adhesive at refrigeration temperature in response to feeding cows increasing concentrations of OmegaBoost. Feed intake, body weight, serum metabolite concentrations, milk production and composition, and butter and cheese yield were not significantly affected by feeding processed flaxseed. Therefore, feeding 4 or 6 lbs/d of OmegaBoost to dairy cows is effective in improving the nutritional and textural profile of dairy products without negatively affecting feed intake, milk production, or weight gain. / Graduation date: 2012

In the present thesis dietary markers for intake of milk fat, associations between intake of milk fat and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), and the effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to healthy humans are investigated. The dietary fat quality is one of the main lifestyle factors affecting risk for CHD. When studying the associations between diet and health it is important to have accurate dietary information. Objective dietary markers increase the possibilities to interpret dietary surveys. In a study of 62 men we demonstrated that the milk fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (15:0) measured in serum lipids can be used as marker for intake of fat from milk products. In the same study we observed inverse correlations between intake of milk fat and certain risk factors for CHD, especially anthropometric variables. To further investigate these findings we supplemented humans with CLA, naturally present in milk. CLA has in animals and in vitro been ascribed positive effects on adiposity and glucose and lipid metabolism. When supplementing humans with CLA we observed a slight decrease in body fat, but no effects on other anthropometric variables or serum lipids. However, markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation increased. From a second supplementation study we concluded that CLA trans 10, cis 12 induced lipid peroxidation more than did a mixture of isomers. We conclude that the inverse associations between milk fat intake and CHD risk factors, and the effects of CLA, are interesting and need further investigation. However, according to current knowledge, the general population is still advised to have a limited intake of total and saturated fat and to instead choose unsaturated fats. In addition, there is to date no medical reasons for humans to take CLA as supplements.

No description available.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) catalyzes the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the mammary gland of ruminant animals. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region, 5' and 3' untranslted regions (UTRs) of the SCD1 gene would influence the activity of SCD1 enzyme and consequently account for some within-breed variations in milk CLA and MUFA. Sequence analysis of the coding region of the SCD1 gene of Jerseys and Holsteins revealed c.702A&rarr;G, c.762T&rarr;C and c.878C&rarr;T SNPs in exon 5 in both breeds and c.435G&rarr;A in exon 3 in Holsteins. The SNPs resulted in: A (G435A702T 762C878), A1 (A435A702T 762C878), B (G435G702C 762T878) and B1 (A435G702C 762T878) coding variants in Holsteins and only variants A and B in Jerseys. Only SNP 878C&rarr;T resulted in a non-synonymous codon change resulting in p.293Ala and p.293Val protein variants or alleles at the SCD1 locus. Subsequent association studies found significantly higher C10 index, C12 index and C14 index and consequently higher concentrations of C10:1 and C12:1 in p.293AA cows compared to the p.293VV cows in both breeds. The SCD1 genotype had no influence on concentrations of C141, C16:1, C18:1 and CLA in both breeds. / Sequence analysis of the 5' and 3' UTRs revealed no SNPs in the 5'UTR and a total of 14 SNPs in the 3'UTR of both breeds. The SNPs were in complete linkage disequilibrium resulting in 3 haplotypes or regulatory variants: H1 (G1571G1644C1763C2053A2584 A3007C3107G3208 T3290G 3497G3682A4399C4533G4881), H2 (G1571G1644A1763C2053A 2584G3007 C3107G3208T3290G3497G 3682A4399C4533G4881) and H3 (T 1571C1644A1763 T2053G2584G3007T 3107A3208C3290A3497A3682T 4399T4533A4881) in Holsteins and only H1 and H3 variants in Jerseys. A subsequent association study involving 862 Holstein cows, found the H1 regulatory variant to be associated with higher C10 and C12 desaturase indices and consequently with higher concentrations of C10:1 and C12:1 compared with the H3 variant. The effects of the H2 variant were intermediate to those of H1 and H3. 3'UTR genotype had no influence on the concentrations of C14:1, C16:1, C18:1 and CLA. The concentrations of C10:1 and C12:1 in milk fat could therefore be due to effects of SNPs in the open reading frame and the 3'UTR regions of the SCD1 gene. These results indicate that SNPs in the coding and 3'UTR regions of the SCD1 gene could be used as markers for genetic selection for increased C10:1 and C12:1 contents of milk.