abstract: This dissertation is the first detailed and extensive study dedicated to the life and art of the master artist and scholar-official Chen Rong (active 13th century), and offers an expanded analysis of his most famous work, the Nine Dragons scroll (1244). It provides a reconstruction of Chen Rong's biography, character and political career, and discusses his significance and impact in the study of Chinese painting during the late Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279) and beyond, by highlighting the reception and interpretation of the Nine Dragons scroll in the past and in modern times. This is achieved by addressing writings such as eulogies, poems and commentary about Chen Rong by his contemporaries and later biographers, and also analysis of recent works by contemporary Chinese artists that reinterpret Chen Rong's Nine Dragons motif directly. In addition to offering an expanded reading and interpretation of Chen Rong's inscriptions on the Nine Dragons scroll and inscriptions by subsequent viewers of the scroll, this study sheds light on the artistic context, significance, and historical development of dragons and dragon painting in China. This dissertation also offers the first full English transcription and translation of Emperor Qianlong's inscription on the Nine Dragons scroll, and that of his eight officials. Furthermore, this dissertation includes two detailed appendices; one is a detailed appendix of all of Chen Rong's paintings documented to exist today, and the second is a list of paintings attributed to Chen Rong that have been mentioned in historical documents that no longer appear extant. This interdisciplinary study provides insight into the processes that influence how an artist's work is transformed beyond his time to that of legendary status. This clarification of Chen Rong's biography and artistic activity, particularly with respect to his most famous work the Nine Dragons scroll, contributes to modern scholarship by providing an expanded understanding of Chen Rong's life and art, which in turn, adjusts prevailing perceptions of his life and work. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Art History 2012

Farewell in the Garden is a Qing dynasty (1644-1911) copy of a parting gift painted by Wen Zhengming (1470-1559) for his student Wang Chong (1494-1533) to mark the occasion of Wang Chong’s visit before he left to write the civil service examination. In addition to this painting, three other versions bearing similar poetic inscriptions exist. These four paintings present an intriguing riddle and oppourtunity to consider copies as works worthy of scholarly attention. The compelling scene of farewell between teacher and student who both failed the examinations numerous times resonated with audiences who empathized with their disappointments. A longing to serve in the government is visible when these paintings are considered in relation to earlier literati art. The sketch-like traces of a ledge that is in all of the copies except Farewell in the Garden, hint to the visual possibility of this scene being situated on a shore. Wen Zhengming, through his subtle lines, alludes to this powerful site of parting which is frequently depicted in literati landscape painting and associated with scholar officials and men of merit. This thesis situates Farewell in the Garden and its copies within the wider tradition of literati painting through the theme of service. Government service, as a Confucian ideal, and as a recurring theme in literati painting, transforms in appearance over time, reflecting political, economic, and philosophical shifts. In the Ming dynasty, the ideal of service is manifest and demonstrated in the continued pursuit to serve in office, and the garden, reminiscent of the locations depicted in literati painting, becomes a suitable setting for this enactment. I argue that this parting scene of Wen Zhengming and Wang Chong came to implicitly represent the commitment to serve in government. The cogent Confucian ideal demonstrated by teacher and student is the unyielding determination to serve, and it is this very sentiment or quality in the copies of the farewell painting – the tenacious endeavour to be of service – that is at once consoling and persuasive. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

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本論文嘗試結合印刷媒體與世代這兩項過去在台灣文學研究中分別獨立的研究範疇，以印刷媒體世代的概念對應以往將日本統治時期的台灣知識社群區分為「傳統文人」或「知識份子」的研究傾向。一方面回頭檢視過去台灣文學研究對於世代概念的引用延伸概況，另一方面也透過卡爾‧曼海姆的世代理論，重新檢視日本統治時期的台灣人是如何透過現代印刷媒體的引進，促成一個文化世代的萌芽與成形。日治時期台灣地區在活字印刷媒體的影響下，形成了一個有別於過去的「文化重疊地域」，印刷品輸入的多源性特質創造了台灣文化的多向性特徵。自此以降，台灣文化菁英與印刷媒體刊物之間的關係愈形緊密，而過去所缺乏的「同時性」與「現實性」認知也越趨明顯，讓這些台灣人在共同參與印刷媒體刊物運作下而形成一個台灣歷史當中的特殊世代。本文在此將之定義為「印刷媒體世代」，進而以個案陳逢源來檢視上述論述的適切性，與未來後續研究運用上的可行性。 / This dissertation attempts to develop a new concept, the Taiwanese Print Media Generation, through integrating two separate research fields, the print media and the theory of generation. The aims of the new approach are twofold: first, to challenge a common conceptual usage of dividing the Taiwanese intelligentsia into “the traditional literati” and “the intellectuals;” second, to reexamine how did the colonial Taiwanese contribute to the origin and formation of a specific generation through introducing modern print media. This dissertation will argue that under the influence of modern print media, a “cross-cultural field” was formed in the colonial Taiwan. Various sources of publications have created diverse characters of Taiwanese culture. Since then, after recognizing the need for an instant system that transfers information of the reality, Taiwanese cultural elites and the print media developed into a tightened relationship. This relationship eventually created a special generation of, as this dissertation defines, the “Taiwanese Print Media Generation.” Finally, the author examines the argument mentioned above in terms of its validity and applicability.

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本論文以「南朝文學集團詩賦書寫策略之考察」為題，旨在於以「南朝文學集團」為考察的對象，以「詩賦」為考察的兩種主要文類，以「書寫策略」為考察的切入點，運用傳統的文本分析，結合新興的文學理論與視角，進行作品、作者、讀者、文學理論等全面性的考察。 「南朝文學」在文學史評價中呈現劇烈的起伏，一方面後代作家以其為模擬的對象，肯定美學價值，但也得到「餖飣」、「輕艷」或「流於光景」等負面評價；至於南朝的「文學集團」領袖與成員的「同題共作」、「應詔」、「贈酬」等作品，更常被視為千篇一律、了無新意。也因此，本文也特別重視這些於貴遊活動時的同題共作、或遊戲酬和的詩賦作品，希望藉由更細膩的閱讀與歸納，給予其新的意義與論述。 「詩」與「賦」可以說是中國古典文類中，最具文學色彩的兩種文類。曹丕《典論‧論文》說「詩賦欲麗」，很明確地將「詩賦」與其他文類區分開來。本文選擇「詩」與「賦」作為討論主軸，而以文序、書簡、銘箋等作為輔助，也正是考量文學性這個條件。如果更廣義來說，「詩」與「賦」不僅具有文類的意義，它們也表述文學態度、風格與傾向。「詩」表示了端莊雅正，「賦」指向了鋪排藻飾；「詩」代表「復古」，「賦」傾向「新變」。如果從這個角度來說，我認為中國文學史也就處於「詩化」與「賦化」的拉鋸。 「書寫策略」是一個較廣義的概念，它既用來指稱作者的創作心態與策略，也能拿來說一篇作品的修辭、語言策略。為了避免概念失焦，本文將書寫策略的討論聚焦於三個面向，分別是「內容設定」、「形式選擇」、「風格(論)生成」。創作者如何設定一篇作品的「內容」(題目、題材、典故、語言素材)？如何選擇適合承載的「形式」(詩、賦或是其他文類)？以及作品如何呈現「風格」、而「風格」與「風格論」又是如何被觀察、進而被建構？這背後都有所策略性的運用。從內容，我們發現這些同題材作品內在的差異；從形式，我們發現「詩」、「賦」這兩種文類的邊界、功能以及滑動、拉鋸的痕跡；從風格，我們發現「風格論」本身被建構、被想像的後設可能。 「文學集團」是研究南北朝時期文學的重要考察對象，只是過去從此概念著手的研究成果並不多；「書寫策略」是文學研究常被運用的概念，只是定義太過廣泛。本文一方面期望能將「書寫策略」作為實際的考察方法，二方面則希望給予「文學集團」這個特殊而被忽略的現象——更多的關注與論述。這就是本論文誕生的原因。