The live music performance industry is growing tremendously in South Africa, with more and more international artists performing on our shores year after year. Competition is growing and various companies are beginning to identify this as a business opportunity to make money. However, managing live music performances is a complex task which involves managing various aspects (critical success factors) of the event in order to ensure that it is a success. Apart from this, visitors attend these performances hoping that their expectations will be exceeded and the performance is something which can be treasured and is worth remembering once everything is over. This is referred to as a memorable experience. In order to ensure a memorable visitor experience, it is essential for managers to be aware of what the visitors regard as important critical success factors. These are aspects that management can control and improve. Thus, the critical success factors should be implemented effectively in order to ensure that the event is memorable for visitors attending the live music performance. While various critical success factors are familiar to event organisers, they differ from event to event. Thus, the critical success factors of one event cannot be implemented at another with the same expectation of success. This is due to the heterogeneous groups of people who attend these events and who cannot be regarded as being the same, as each individual will have different expectations of the same event. Therefore, it is also important for the managers of live music performances to determine how the visitors to the different genre events regard the various critical success factors that are vital for a memorable experience. This is significant, as various music genres attract different attendees who each have their own expectations of a music genre and which may differ from those of visitors to other music genres. For example, the expectations for a memorable experience of individuals attending a classical live music performance will differ from individuals attending a rock or pop live music performance. In addition, it is also important for management to compare those critical success factors identified by the visitors to their own ideas of what is important for a successful event in order to identify any shortcomings. Thus, it was expedient to seek answers to the questions of what visitors to live music performances regard as important critical success factors as well as what the managers consider to be important for a memorable experience. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the critical success factors for managing a memorable visitor experience at live music performances from both the demand and supply sides. The said factors were subsequently compared in order to establish whether any shortcomings exist. This thesis comprises three articles. Firstly, the research was conducted from a demand (visitors) side. Thus, the aim of Chapter 3 was to determine what attendees at live music performances regard as being critical success factors for different music genres so as to enhance memorable visitor experiences. Surveys were conducted at various genres of live music performances which included classical music (Il Divo), R&B (Usher), rock (Sting), blues (Michael Buble), pop (Roxette) and Afrikaans music (Steve Hofmeyr). A total of 4 110 questionnaires were administered and a general profile of the visitors in terms of the different genres was compiled. A factor analysis was subsequently performed in order to determine the critical success factors for all six genres. Thereafter, an Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied in order to compare the critical success factors of the various genres with one another. The results indicated significant statistical differences amongst the different music genres with regard to that which the visitors to the different live music performances regard as being important for a memorable visitor experience. Secondly, the research was conducted from a supply (managers) side and the objective of Chapter 4 was to determine what the managers consider to be important critical success factors in ensuring a memorable visitor experience at a live music performance. A qualitative research method, by means of interviews, was used to obtain the relevant information from the selected participants. All the data collected in the process were transcribed into text and presented in a narrative form. The six step method formulated by Cresswell (2009:185-189) for data analysis and interpretation was used to analyse the data. Four major themes emerged from the analysis where each theme was differentiated in terms of various categories and subcategories. This process contributed greatly towards gaining detailed information regarding the main purpose of organising a live music performance; identifying the aspects that managers consider to be important when organising a live music performance and those aspects that are important in pre-, during- and post-event planning phases as well as how managers define a memorable experience. Lastly, in Chapter 5 a comparison was performed between the demand and supply sides of live music performances in order to establish whether any differences exist amongst the aspects that management consider to be important compared to the critical success factors that the visitors regard as being important to achieve a memorable visitor experience. Both qualitative (supply side) and quantitative (demand side) research methods were implemented in this research. The results of the critical success factors drawn from the first and second articles were used to conduct this research. The results of both the demand and supply sides were subsequently compared with one another where significant differences had been identified. This was the first time that research was conducted from both the demand and supply sides within the live music performance environment. The results of this research contribute greatly to literature and to the music industry. In addition, this was also the first time that both a qualitative and a quantitative research method were applied in research conducted at live music performances and which were subsequently compared with one another. Determining the differences between the critical success factors identified contributes towards event specific education and information for current as well as future live music performance managers. Therefore, results of this research can be employed to educate and inform current and future managers in the live music performance industry regarding important aspects relating to the enhancement of the important critical success factors that contribute to a memorable experience when individuals attend a live music performance. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The emergence and development of mobile technology has changed traditional behavior during live music events and challenges concert etiquette. Artists have polarized reactions to the ubiquity of smartphones and companies have started realizing the potential to develop systems which allow the audience to interact more with both the performer and the light and sound show itself. Research has looked into how people traditionally behave and how consumer expectations have altered due to the digital revolution, but has not looked into differences between age groups, gender and concert genre to find out how different people express engagement. The research question is: How can interactive technology be used to enhance audience engagement? With the sub-questions: What engages individuals at concerts? How can engagement be measured? Findings within the study show that there are some differences between both age groups and between concert genres but engagement is expressed in similar ways regardless of gender. The differences that do exist between generations and genre preference are slight. People most commonly express engagement with a combination of voice and movement. Interactive technology designed for live music events settings needs to be based on existing patterns of behavior as people do not want too much focus to be on technology during concerts. The technology should enhance existing behavior and have a low learning curve as interactive technology risks becoming disengaging if it requires too much focus from the user. / Framväxten och utvecklingen av mobil teknik har förändrat traditionellt beteende under live musik konserter och lett till att konsertetikett utmanats. Artister har polariserade reaktioner gällande användningen av smartphones och företag har börjat realisera potentialen att utveckla system som gör det möjligt för publiken att interagera mer med både artisten samt ljus- och ljudspelet. Forskning har undersökt hur folk traditionellt sett beter sig och hur konsumenternas förväntningar har förändrats på grund av den digitala revolutionen, men har inte tittat på skillnader mellan åldersgrupper, kön och konsertgenrer för att ta reda på hur olika människor uttrycker engagemang. Forskningsfrågan är: Hur kan interaktiv teknik användas för att öka publikens engagemang? Med delfrågorna: Vad engagerar individer under konserter? Hur kan engagemang mätas? Resultatet i studien visar att det finns vissa skillnader mellan åldersgrupper och mellan konsertgenrer men att engagemang uttrycks på liknande sätt oavsett kön. Skillnaderna som finns mellan generationer och genrepreferenser är få och små. Folk uttrycker oftast engagemang genom en kombination av röst och rörelse. Interaktiv teknik som är designad för live musikevent måste baseras på befintliga beteendemönster eftersom människor inte vill att alltför stort fokus hamnar på teknik under konserter. Tekniken bör förbättra det befintliga beteendet och ha en låg inlärningskurva eftersom interaktiv teknik risker att blir oengagerande om det kräver för mycket fokus från användaren.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis, que se presenta por compendio de artículos, muestra el ciclo de problemas por los que pasa el músico independiente, que realiza sus performances en pequeños aforos y en entornos formales e informales. La investigación encontró que hay un orden especifico en los problemas estudiados: se pudo evidenciar que -tras la implementación de algunas normativas, propias de las industrias creativas- estos problemas tienden a seguir una secuencia, comparable a un "efecto dominó". Por consiguiente, los retos a los que se enfrenta la música en vivo de pequeño aforo pueden ser comprendidos como fases de un ciclo. Cabe resaltar que, aunque las variables de los países o las causas de los problemas sean diferentes, se pudo evidenciar que el proceso cíclico es similar en diferentes lugares del mundo. las fases son las siguientes: 1. Florecimiento: en ausencia de regulación, el mercado de la música en vivo crece, generando prosperidad para músicos y emprendedores. 2. Eventual Regulación de la música en vivo, dadas algunas controversias de convivencia vecinal y la necesidad de prevenir riesgos y desastres -incendios, desplome de estructuras, etc.-; esto lleva a que se eleven los gastos para realizar las manifestaciones artísticas en pequeños locales. 3. División entre las economías formal e informal, dependiendo de si se trabaja acatándose leyes y normativas (o si se consiguen los debidos permisos); esto puede generar una persecución al sector informal, justificada en la prevención de la competencia desleal. 4. Reducción de oportunidades laborales, para empresarios y profesionales de la música, e intensificación de la competencia: como criterios para poder acceder a las pocas plazas de trabajo disponibles, se considera: la popularidad de los músicos en redes sociales, la impecabilidad de sus interpretaciones y el manejo de redes de contactos, organizadas como si fueran una "mafia" 5. Vulnerabilidad física y mental de los músicos, al padecer ellos estrés y ansiedad en un ambiente marcado por la competencia y la precarización laboral. 6. Ejercicio de la multiactividad: los músicos tienen dos o más trabajos precarizados, migran de oficio o de país, en buscando mejores condiciones para la subsistencia. 7. Disminución de la circulación de las músicas autóctonas de cada país; lo cual impacta en la apreciación y en la divulgación de las diversas experiencias musicales, de carácter nacional y popular. 8. Como causa externa se suma el incremento de coste de vida, el cual reduce la circulación del público, hasta obligar a la economía formal a diversificarse, con tal de ser sostenible, y reemplazar la música en vivo por otras actividades como los juegos de azar. 9. Escalamiento de la violencia, como producto de la precarización de la economía, el incremento del costo de vida y la ausencia de una oferta cultural de acceso abierto (ausencia que es aprovechada por el tráfico de estupefacientes y la delincuencia organizada). 10. Intervención gubernamental: la administración persigue actividades relacionadas con dicha delincuencia organizada y pretende evitar su resurgimiento, por medio de programas culturales con enfoque preventivo. Tales programas pueden fomentar un nuevo florecimiento de la música en calles en locales comerciales y espacios públicos. Este florecimiento cierra, por lo tanto, el ciclo de retos a enfrentar por los músicos independientes. Además, para poder entender los artículos como elementos de un mismo conjunto, es necesario visualizar su contenido por medio de una estructura semejante al de un árbol. De esta manera, la investigación expone las raíces de los diversos problemas mencionados en los artículos, profundizando en la comprensión de las crisis a resolver; posteriormente, se identifica la evidencia de los problemas con las ramas y, finalmente, los aportes de la tesis serían los frutos, los cuáles pueden contribuir al entendimiento y a la evaluación de los diversos procesos reseñados en los artículos. / [CAT] La present tesis, que es presenta per compendi d'artículs, mostra el cicle de problemes pels que passa el músic independent, que realisa els seus concerts en menuts locals i en entorns formals i informals. L'investigació va trobar que hi ha un orde especifique en els problemes estudiats: es va poder evidenciar que -despuix de l'implementació d'algunes normatives, pròpies de les indústries creatives- estos problemes tendixen a seguir una seqüència, comparable a un "efecte joc domine". Per tant, els reptes als que s'enfronta la música en viu de menut aforament poden ser compresos com a fases d'un cicle. cal resaltar que, encara que les variables dels països o les causes dels problemes seguixen diferents, es va poder evidenciar que el procés ciclic és similar en diferents llocs del món. les fases són les següents: 1. Floriment : en absència de regulació, el mercat de la música en viu creix, generant prosperitat per a músics i mamprenedors. 2. Eventual Regulació de la música en viu, donades algunes controvèrsia de convivència veïnal i la necessitat de previndre riscs i desastres -incendis, desplome d'estructures, etc.-; açò du a que s'eleven les despeses per a realisar les manifestacions artístiques en menuts locals. 3. Divisió entre les economies formal i informal, depenent de si es treballa acatant-se lleis i normatives (o si es conseguixen els deguts permissos); açò pot generar una persecució al sector informal, justificada en la prevenció de la competència deslleal. 4. Reducció d'oportunitats laborals, per a empresaris i professionals de la música, i intensificació de la competència: com a criteris per a poder accedir a les poques places de treball disponibles, es considera: la popularitat dels músics en rets socials, la perfecció en l'interpretació i el maneig de rets de contactes, organisades com si anaren una "màfia" 5. Vulnerabilitat física i mental dels músics, en patir ells estrés i ansietat en un ambient marcat per la competència i la precarierat laboral. 6. Els músics tenen dos o més treballs precaritzat, canvien d'ofici o de país, en buscant millors condicions per a la subsistència. 7. Disminució de la circulació de les músiques autòctones de cada país; la qual cosa impacta en l'apreciació i en la divulgació de les diverses experiències musicals, de caràcter nacional i popular. 8. Com a causa externa se suma l'increment de cost de vida, el qual reduïx la circulació del públic, fins a obligar a l'economia formal a diversificarse, per ser sostenible, i reemplaçar la música en viu per atres activitats com els jocs d'encert. 9. Augment de la violència, com a producte de la precarització de l'economia, l'increment del cost de vida i l'absència d'una oferta cultural d'accés obert (absència que és aprofitada pel tràfic d'estupefaents i la delinqüència organisada). 10. Intervenció governamental: l'administració perseguix activitats relacionades en dita delinqüència organisada i pretén evitar el seu resorgiment, per mig de programes culturals en enfocament preventiu. Tals programes poden fomentar un nou floriment de la música en carrers en locals comercials i espais públics. Este floriment tanca, per lo tant, el cicle de reptes a enfrontar pels músics independents. Ademés, per a poder entendre els artículs com a elements d'un mateix conjunt, és necessari visualisar el seu contingut per mig d'una estructura semblant al d'un arbre. D'esta manera, l'investigació expon les raïls dels diversos problemes mencionats en els artículs, profundisant en la comprensió de les crisis a resoldre; posteriorment, s'identifica l'evidència dels problemes en les branques i, finalment, els aportes de la tesis serien els fruts, els quins poden contribuir a l'enteniment i a l'evaluació dels diversos processos resenyats en els artículs. / [EN] This thesis, which is presented as a compendium of articles, shows the cycle of problems faced by the independent musician, performing in small venues and in formal and informal settings. The research found that there is a specific order to the problems studied: it became clear that - following the implementation of some regulations, typical of creative industries - these problems tend to follow a sequence, to be compared to a "domino effect". Therefore, the challenges faced by small live music can be understood as phases of a cycle. It should be noted that although the variables of the countries or the causes of the problems are different, the cyclical process has been found to be similar in different parts of the world: 1. flourishing: in the absence of regulation, the live music market grows, generating prosperity for musicians and entrepreneurs. 2. Eventual regulation of live music, given some controversies of neighbourhood coexistence and the need to prevent risks and catastrophes - fires, collapsing structures, etc. -; which entails higher costs for performing arts events in small venues. 3. Division between the formal and informal economy, depending on whether they work in compliance with laws and regulations (or obtain the appropriate permits); this can lead to the persecution of the informal sector, justified in the prevention of unfair competition. 4. Reduction of employment opportunities for entrepreneurs and music professionals and intensification of competition: The criteria for access to the few jobs available are: the popularity of musicians on social networks, the impeccability of their performances and the management of networks of contacts, organized almost "corruptly" . 5. Physical and mental vulnerability of musicians, who suffer from stress and anxiety in an environment marked by competition and job insecurity. 6. Multi-activity: musicians have two or more precarious jobs, migrate from one profession or from one country to another, in search of better living conditions. 7. Decrease in the circulation of each country's indigenous music, which has repercussions on the appreciation and dissemination of diverse musical experiences of a national and popular nature. 8. As an external cause, in addition to the rise in the cost of living, which reduces the circulation of the public, to the point of forcing the formal economy to diversify in order to be sustainable, and to substitute live music for other activities such as gambling. 9. Escalation of violence, as a product of the precariousness of the economy, the rise in the cost of living and the absence of a freely accessible cultural offer (an absence that is exploited by drug traffickers and organized crime). 10. Government intervention: the administration pursues activities related to organized crime and aims to prevent its resurgence through preventive cultural programmes. These programmes can encourage a new flowering of street music in commercial venues and public spaces. This flourishing thus closes the cycle of challenges faced by independent musicians. Furthermore, in order to understand the articles as elements of a whole, it is necessary to visualize their content through a tree structure. In this way, the research exposes the roots of the various problems mentioned in the articles, deepening the understanding of the crises to be solved; subsequently, the evidences of the problems are identified with the branches and, finally, the contributions of the thesis would be the fruits, which can contribute to the understanding and evaluation of the various processes reviewed in the articles. / Ospina Gallego, C. (2023). Emprendimientos de la música en vivo en pequeños aforos: problemas que afronta el músico y posibles soluciones [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195954 / Compendio

Trots att musik främst är ämnat för örat verkar dagens liveframträdanden mer visuellt stimulerande än någonsin. Livekonserten har utvecklats till en show för publiken att se på likväl som lyssna till, vilket ställer höga krav på visuell framställning. För att undersöka vilken roll seendet spelar för uppfattning av livemusik fick en publik uppleva det omvända, en konsert bakom ögonbindel. Om det visuella tas bort; hur uppfattas liveframträdandet då?Den här studien använder kvalitativa intervjustudier med både artist och publik. Resultaten visar på hur ögonen tenderar att fungera som medium inte bara för att uppfatta musiken, utan också för att förstå sig själv och sin roll i den sociala institution som bildas under en konsert. När visuell uppfattning inte är möjlig tvingas deltagarna omförhandla hur de ser på sig själva som individer och som en del av ett kollektiv. / Although music is primarily intended for the ear, today's live performances seem more visually stimulating than ever. Live performance has evolved into a show for the audience to watch as well as listen to, increasing the demands on visual representation. To further todays understaning of the role vision plays in perception of live music, an audience got to experience the opposite; a live concert behind the blindfold. If visual perception is removed; what does the audience make of the performance? By conducting qualitative interviews with both performer and audience it is possible to distinguish tendencies that show how the eyes act as medium not only to perceive the live performance, but also to aid audience perception of self during the social activity that consitutes a live concert. When visual perception is not possible, the participants are forced to renegotiate how they see themselves as individuals and as part of a collective.

"Music in Czech Prison System" is an ethnomusicological study of the functioning of music in prison. The work focuses on the role of music in the everyday life of inmates and during the educational activities. It deals with the relationship of prisoners to music, musical activities in prison, and the approach of Czech Prison Service to musical activities. The aim of this master thesis is to present an image of the state of music and musical activities in the Czech prison system and to map out the forms in which the prison music appears, and to show what functions it has based on testimonies of convicts and prison staff. In prison, the environment of a so called total institution, people find themselves in extreme conditions that affect the wide range of their experiences. While imprisoned an inmate is faced with many changes that negatively affect the quality of his life. Research shows that music is a very important element for some prisoners, which can greatly influence their behavior and experience in prison and can compensate for their negative constraints. This master thesis attempts to capture whether and how convict's perceptions of music is different in an isolated environment as opposed to experiencing it outside the prison. What role does music play in the prison situation? And in what...