This work was created to review the evidence for lexical borrowing from the Tocharian languages to the Chinese languages. The used methodology relies on lexical lists, previous etymological findings, linguistic typology and anthropological input. For preparatory data manipulation, a set of semi- automatic scripts has been created. Presented is a qualitative research based on previous findings assisted by raw data. The outcome of this work should be testable findings which could be extracted to a computer processable form.

This study was an investigation into the aural and written receptive knowledge of the English semantics of English lexis that is loanwords in the Japanese language and the predictive strength of the variables of semantic distance, concreteness/abstractness, polysemy, phonological distance, number of syllables, number of phonemes, number of letters, part of speech (POS), English Frequency, and frequency in Japanese in relation to accurate semantic knowledge. The participants (N = 215) were first- and second-year, non-English majors at a large university in Western Japan. The participants were from 10 intact English classes focused on reading, writing, and communication skills. Data were collected using eight instruments: the Listening Vocabulary Levels Test, Aural Loanword Test, Aural Non-Loanword Test, New Vocabulary Levels Test, Written Loanword Test, Written Non-Loanword Test, and Japanese Loanword Frequency Rating Task. Additionally, data were collected from five Japanese L1 speakers highly proficient at English on the Semantic Distance Rating Task. The data were first analyzed using the Rasch dichotomous model to examine instrument reliability and validity as well as to transform the data into Rasch person ability estimates and Rasch item ability estimates. Pearson correlations were used to determine the strength of the relationship between loanwords and non-loanwords. Repeated-measures ANOVA—with follow up t-tests were used to determine the differences between the four semantic tests: the Aural Loanword Test, the Aural Non-Loanword Test, the Written Loanword Test, and the Written Non-Loanword Test. Four multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using the predictor variables semantic distance, concreteness/abstractness, phonological distance, number of syllables, number of phonemes, number of letters, part of speech, English Frequency, and frequency in Japanese. The results of the Pearson analyses showed strong correlations between the aural and written loanword and non-loanword measures. This finding indicated that the participants’ knowledge of loanwords was relatively equivalent to their knowledge of non-loanwords. The results of the comparison between aural and written loanword knowledge showed that written knowledge of loanwords was greater than aural knowledge of loanwords. Further comparisons between the loanword and non-loanword tests showed that receptive aural non-loanword knowledge was greater than aural loanword knowledge, and that written non-loanword knowledge was greater than written loanword knowledge. These comparisons showed that English semantic knowledge of loanwords was less accurate than that of non-loanwords, which implied that the accurate acquisition of English semantic knowledge of loanwords was impeded by Japanese L1 lexical knowledge. The results of the multiple regressions indicated that the only substantial predictor of lexical acquisition for both loanwords and non-loanwords in both modalities (aural and written) was English Frequency. Although the effect size of English frequency was substantial, it was less so on the aural and written loanword measures. This finding implied that English linguistic gains of repeated exposure were most likely muted by entrenched L1 semantic knowledge. Overall, the results showed that loanwords are generally acquired with greater difficulty than non-loanwords and that they should not always be considered a form of receptive knowledge of English lexis. / Applied Linguistics

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes towards anglicisms among Spanish speakers living in and having lived in Sweden for a minimum of five years. To participate in the study the informants had to have Spanish as their mother tongue as well as being relatively fluent in English. A total of 71 people, of which 54 were women and 17 were men, participated in the study. They were also divided into the age groups of 18-29, 30-54 and 55+. The direct method was used and the informants answered a questionnaire anonymously. In the first part of the questionnaire the informants were asked to choose, according to their preference, between anglicisms and their Spanish equivalents. In the second part the informants were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement towards three positive and three negative statements concerning the use of anglicisms. The result from our investigation shows that there is a higher inclination to use an anglicism within the lower age groups. Compared to its Spanish equivalence, there was no difference between the genders regarding the usage of anglicisms. When it comes to attitudes, the pattern followed the result in the first part, with the lower age groups showing more positive attitudes towards anglicisms compared to the older ones. There was a slight difference between the genders, with the men being neutral and the women being slightly negative towards anglicisms.

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The thesis concentrates on Latin influence on North Germanic languages, especially on Norwegian. First part deals with this topic from sociolinguistic point of view: relationship between Latin and domestic languages in Middle Ages, discerning contexts, where Latin was used, emphasizing the role of church, schools and literature. Second part concentrates on concrete examples of Latin influence, persisting to the modern times, especially loanwords, prefixes and suffixes, irregular declension, idioms. Original research concentrates on Norwegian letters from Middle Age, in Diplomatarium Norwegicum. Research about numbers of Latin letters and letters in domestic language, according to topic and time, in comparison with similar informations from Denmark and Sweden.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Biasutti Valadares.pdf: 1617949 bytes, checksum: 4c8cfdf73f96c6642ca1d492e953bb42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work deals with the use of foreign words in Brazilian Portuguese from the perspective of the Linguistic Variation and Change theory. The research problem is the occurrence of processes of language change, by varying, comparing to the use of foreign words. The scope is to analyze the processes of the language change implementation when using foreign words, observing the occurrence in the use of words that are not similar in Portuguese, and show how the use of such words unleashes the enlargement of the lexicon of Portuguese in Brazil, also leading to semantic expansion. It is based on the theoreticians of the Language Variation and Change area, such as William Labov, Marvin Herzog and Uriel Weinreich , and from lexicology, such as Ieda Maria Alves, Maria Tereza Camargo Carvalho Biderman and Nelly Carvalho. In its methodology, by collecting foreign terms presented in the magazines Época, Isto É e Veja, is discussed the data by grouping foreign words, with lower and higher occurrence, quoted in the dictionary, origin and grammatical class, semantic expansion and implementation stage of variation and change. Furthermore, this work argues on the linguistic changes and foreign words with high occurrence. Concludes that foreign words make up the lexicon of the Brazilian Portuguese in the final stage occurrence of the implementation of linguistic changes, others in early stage and also low occurrences that tend to disappear with time due to the restriction and adoption by the linguistic community / O trabalho trata do uso de estrangeirismos no Português Brasileiro sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística. Apresenta como problema de pesquisa a ocorrência de processos de mudança linguística, via variação, em relação ao uso de palavras estrangeiras; tem como objetivos analisar processos de implementação de mudança linguística por meio do uso de palavras estrangeiras, contemplando a ocorrência do uso das palavras que não apresentam similar em língua portuguesa, e expor como o uso desencadeia a ampliação do léxico do português no Brasil, por vezes, levando também à ampliação semântica. Baseia-se em teóricos da área de Variação e Mudança Linguística, como William Labov, Marvin Herzog e Uriel Weinreich, e da área de Lexicologia, como Ieda Maria Alves, Maria Tereza Camargo Biderman e Nelly Carvalho. Em sua metodologia, por meio de levantamento de termos estrangeiros presentes nas revistas Época, Isto É e Veja, discute os dados por agrupamento de palavras estrangeiras, com menor e com maior ocorrência, dicionarização, origem e classe gramatical, ampliação semântica e estágio de implementação de variação e mudança linguística; além disso, argumenta sobre a mudança linguística quanto às palavras estrangeiras com alta ocorrência. Conclui que as palavras estrangeiras compõem o léxico do Português do Brasil, em casos nos quais há ocorrências em fase final de implementação de mudança linguística, outros em fase inicial e, ainda, ocorrências baixas que tendem a desaparecer com o tempo devido à restrição de uso e adoção pela comunidade linguística

Στην παρούσα διατριβή ερευνώ τη μορφολογική προσαρμογή λεξικών δανείων από τα Βενετσιάνικα και τα Ιταλικά στα Επτανησιακά, μια σύγχρονη νεοελληνική διάλεκτο. Υποστηρίζω ότι η προσαρμογή των λεξικών δανείων στα Επτανησιακά δεν είναι ένα ενιαίο, στατικό φαινόμενο αλλά συνιστά μια δυναμική διαδικασία, που αποτελείται από βαθμούς προσαρμογής/ενσωμάτωσης, όπως έχουν υποστηρίξει πολλοί ερευνητές γενικότερα για το δανεισμό μεταξύ διαφορετικών γλωσσικών συστημάτων, ανάμεσά τους, οι Bloomfield (1933), Haugen (1950: 213), Mackey (1970: 10), Jeffers & Lehiste (1979: 149), Filipović (1980,1981,1995), Poplack & Sankoff (1984: 106), Hock (1991: 397), Hoffmann (1991:102), McMahon (1994: 209), Αναστασιάδη - Συμεωνίδη (1994),Sočanac (1995), Hafez (1996: 3),Gorup (2000), Winford (2003: 59), Καραντζόλα & Φλιάτουρα (2004: 184), Katamba (2005: 164), Johanson (2002: 297), Gallova (2009: 26), Więcławska-Szymańska (2009: 39), Kayigema (2010: 104), Seidel (2010: 51), Creed (2012: 32), Galstyan (2012: 152) και Bogomolets (2014: 14). Οι βαθμοί ενσωμάτωσης των λεξικών δανείων που προτείνω είναι οι ακόλουθοι: α) Στοιχειώδης ενσωμάτωση με απλή μεταφορά των δανείων στη γλώσσα-στόχο, με θετικό μαρκάρισμα ως προς τη τιμή του γένους και τη γραμματική κατηγορία, αλλά χωρίς ένταξη στο κλιτικό σύστημα της γλώσσας-στόχου, χωρίς χρήση κάποιου παραγωγικού προσφύματος ως στοιχείου ενσωμάτωσης και χωρίς συμμετοχή των δανείων σε παράγωγους/σύνθετους σχηματισμούς, π.χ. καντσόνε (το) [Κεφ.] ‘το τραγούδι’ < ven. canzon (la) /it.canzone (la) ‘το τραγούδι’, β) Μερική ενσωμάτωση με προσαρμογή των δανείων στο κλιτικό σύστημα των Επτανησιακών και συχνά με χρήση ενός παραγωγικού προσφύματος ως στοιχείου ενσωμάτωσης, π.χ. κατζέλλο (το) [Ιθ.] ‘το συρτάρι’ < ven. scancello (il)/it. cancello (il) ‘το συρτάρι’, ατζαρδοσύνη (η) [Κεφ.] ‘το ρίσκο’ < it./ven.azzardo (il) ‘το ρίσκο’ + -οσύνη και γ) Πλήρης ενσωμάτωση με αφομοίωση των δανείων στο κλιτικό σύστημα της γλώσσας - στόχου και συμμετοχή σε παράγωγους αλλά και σύνθετους σχηματισμούς, π.χ. τυφλοκάντουνο (το) [Κεφ.] ‘ το αδιέξοδο’ < τυφλ(ός) + -ο- + καντούν(ι) (το) ‘ η πάροδος’ < it. cantone (il)/ ven. canton (il) ‘η πάροδος’. Προς επιβεβαίωση της παραπάνω υπόθεσης παραθέτω γλωσσικά δεδομένα από τα Επτανησιακά. / In this MA thesis I examine the morphological accommodation of lexical Venetian/Italian loanwords to Heptanesian, a Modern Greek dialect. Folowing Bloomfield (1933), Casagrande (1954/1955), Haugen (1950: 213), Filipović (1980, 1981, 1985), Clyne (2003: 144-145), Romaine (2010: 30-31), Creed (2012: 32) -among others- I assume that the morphological integration of lexical loanwords to Heptanesian is not a homogenous, fixed phenomenon, but it is a gradual process with levels of morphological integration. The levels of integration that I postulate are the following: a) Primary integration with simple transfer of the loanwords to the recipient-language. In primary integration, loanwords display gender assignment and assignment to a specific grammatical category. However, in this level loanwords do not demonstrate assignment to the inflectional system of Heptanesian. In addition, in this level loanwords do not exhibit participation to the productive morphological processes (e.g. compounding) of the recipient-language. b) Partial integration with accommodation of the loanwords to the inflectional system of the target-language. In this level, there is a usual use of a derivational affix as an integrator of the loanwords to the recipient-language, but loanwords do not function as a base for derivation and compounds. c) Total integration with absorption of the loanwords to all the morphological processes of Heptanesian. More particularly, loanwords exhibit gender assignment and assignment to a specific grammatical category. Furthermore, in this level almost all loanwords manifest inflectional adaptation to the inflectional system of Heptanesian. In total integration, loanwords participate to the productive schemas of Heptanesian (e.g. compounding). In confirmation of the above claim, I present data from Heptanesian.

The aim of the study was to investigate the degree of usage of 15 English loanwords atthe Swedish broadsheets Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet’s websites, during2002-2008. Three different aspects were investigated; total usage during 2002-2008,what kind of articles the loanwords occurred in and lastly, the gender of the journalistswho had written the articles containing any of these 15 loanwords. The result did notindicate any major usage of the 15 English loanwords; the highest usage was found insections like Sport and Culture &amp; Entertainment and in the Economy section the usagewas very low. Some indications were found pointing at the idea that gender also plays apart in the frequency of usage of English loanwords with a greater use for men thanwomen.

This essay will discuss and research the width and frequency of Irish loanwords in contemporary English varieties. The meanings, uses, differences, similarities and collocations of selected words will be discussed and analyzed in order to find answers to the research questions asked. The methods used are quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative method will measure the frequency of the selected words in each of the selected varieties and the qualitative method will discuss the meanings and uses of the words in the different varieties. Each word has its own section which discuss meanings, developments and instances in which the words can be found in the different varieties. These sections are summarized at the end of the essay and the conclusion states that Irish loanwords in contemporary English varieties are not greatly widespread compared to the frequency of the same words in Irish English. A few of the words have been able to develop their meaning and use through time, but most instances of the words show the original meaning and use.

By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the present study aims to investigate what strategies may be used in the translation of a text on football from English to Swedish, with focus on terminology and the metaphor FOOTBALL IS WAR. Special attention is paid to the trait of football language as a special language. Dictionaries and parallel texts, as well as different sources on football language and translation theory, such as Bergh &amp; Ohlander (2012), Levin (2008) and Newmark (1988) were consulted in the translation and the subsequent analysis. As expected, the results show that borrowing is a very common strategy in the translation of football terminology. The loanwords were categorised as either direct (letter-for-letter or adjusted) or indirect (with the same or reversed order of inherent elements), and the most common kind was indirect loans (calques) with retained order of elements. Moreover, some terminology had to be translated by means of Vinay &amp; Darbelnet’s (1958) equivalence. With regard to terms based on the FOOTBALL IS WAR metaphor, many could be reproduced in the target text, while others were changed to another image, and yet others reduced to literal language, after careful consideration of their frequency and appropriateness in Swedish football language. One of the major conclusions drawn from the present study is that some knowledge about the topic of the source text, as well as extensive and proper use of parallel texts is necessary, considering the distinctiveness of football language as opposed to general language.