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Denna uppsats består av en översättning av Abe Kōbōs korta novell Den magiska kritan (魔法のチョーク) från japanska till svenska och en översättningskommentar som främst fokuserar på tre olika kategorier ord eller uttryck som kan vara problematiska vid översättning från japanska. Dessa kategorier är kulturspecifika referenser, onomatopoetiska ord och västerländska lånord. Eftersom Abe Kōbō är en prisbelönt och internationellt erkänd författare och de rådande översättningsnormerna stipulerar att sådana författare bör översättas källtroget har jag valt att försöka arbeta utifrån en adekvansinriktad (källtrogen) översättningsstrategi. Detta innebär bland annat att jag i möjligaste mån försökt överföra författarens stil och hålla mig så nära källtextens betydelse som möjligt utan att måltextens språkbruk blir onaturligt. / This essay consists of a translation from Japanese to Swedish of the short story The Magic Chalk (魔法のチョーク) by Abe Kōbō and an accompanying commentary focusing on three categories of words or expressions that might pose a problem to translators of Japanese. These categories are cultural specific concepts, onomatopoeia and western loanwords. Since Abe Kōbō is an award-winning, internationally acclaimed author and the norm when translating such authors is to be source text oriented, I have chosen to translate using a adequacy-oriented strategy. In other words, I have tried to keep the original author's style and stay true to the source text as much as possible without making the target text sound unnatural.

Den här magisteruppsatsen består av en partiell översättning från japanska till svenska av IMAMURA Natsukos bok Kvinnan i den lila kjolen samt en översättningskommentar med fokus på kulturspecifika kategorier uttryckt i det japanska språket som egocentriciteten och andra kulturspecifika element i den japanska texten, de beskrivande onomatope (onomatopoetiska och mimetiska uttryck), och de västerländska låneordens förskjutningar (shifts) i en översättning. Dessa kategorier kan upplevas som svåra att översätta mellan två språk som ligger långt ifrån varandra. De teoretiska ramarna för uppsatsen lägger tyngdpunkten på riktningsekvivalens (directional equivalence), ett begrepp myntat av Anthony Pym, med fokus på likhet (similarities) i översättningen (Chesterman 1996), tillsammans med den etiska utgångspunkten representationell rättvisa (representational justice), beskrivet av Liu Yameng (2007). De utgör basen för översättningsmetoden och blir ledljus i översättningsval för översättning mellan språk i periferin av varandra. / This essay consists of a partial translation of IMAMURA Natsuko’s book The Woman In The Purple Skirt from Japanese to Swedish, together with a translation commentary focusing on egocentricity and other culture-specific concepts in Japanese texts, the descriptive onomatope (onomatopoetic and mimetic expressions) and the shifts in loanwords from western languages when translated. These categories are prone to cause issues when translating between languages so far removed from each other. The theoretical framework in this essay concentrates on directional equivalence, an expression coined by Anthony Pym, focusing on similarities in translations (Chesterman 1996) together with the ethical starting point representational justice as described by Liu Yameng (2007). These form the base for the translation method and serve as guiding lights in the choices made when translating between languages peripheral to each other.

El presente estudio analiza por qué estudiantes de educación secundaria del colegio Hideyo Noguchi que no tienen ascendencia japonesa empezaron a utilizar los préstamos del japonés en el día a día, y si es resultado del proceso de aprendizaje del japonés. Para ello se exploró tanto los préstamos adaptados, que son aquellos que sufren cambios morfológicos, fonológicos y ortográficos, como los préstamos no adaptados, que son los que no sufren ningún cambio al integrarse a la otra lengua. Se exploró el uso de estos préstamos mediante grupos focales de jóvenes estudiantes que no tienen ascendencia japonesa de 4to y 5to de secundaria del colegio peruano-japonés Hideyo Noguchi en Lima Metropolitana. El enfoque cualitativo utilizado en este estudio permitió recolectar información sobre los motivos del uso de los préstamos léxicos. Además, nos permitió clasificar las situaciones comunicativas en las que se utilizaban y con esto se descubrió casos de mezcla y cambio de código. Con la información recopilada, se pudo concluir que la cantidad de años de aprendizaje del japonés como lengua extranjera no era el motivo principal del uso de los préstamos léxicos. / The current paper analyses why the Hideyo Noguchi School non-descendant students started to use Japanese loanwords, and if it is the result of the Japanese learning process of secondary school students. Therefore, we explored adapted loanwords, the ones that suffer morphological, phonological or orthographic changes; and non-adapted loanwords, the ones that do not suffer any change when settling into another language. We explored the usage of these loanwords through focus groups of young, non-descendant, 4th and 5th grade students of the Japanese-Peruvian secondary school Hideyo Noguchi in Metropolitan Lima. We were able to collect information about the students’ reasons for using Japanese loanwords by using a qualitative approach. Also, we classified the communicative situations of the use of loanwords. Due to this, we discovered cases of code-mixing and code-switching. With all this information, we concluded that the amount of years they had spent learning Japanese as a foreign language was not the main reason of the use of Japanese loanwords. / Tesis

Slavic loanwords, which were widely used in the Lithuanian language in the 18th century, are the target of this study. Researchers have continually faced the problem to distinguish which of Slavic languages – Ruthenian (Belarusian), Polish, or Old Russian – have had the biggest influence on Lithuanian. This study focusses on the Slavic loanwords in the poem “Metai” by Kristijonas Donelaitis, the first work of fiction in Lithuanian language written in Lithuania Minor. The research is done through the analysis of K. Donelaitis' lexica in the poem: the Slavic loanwords are first selected, then classified according to the Slavic language to which they belong, and then put into a topical field (professions, musical instruments, holidays, household domain, etc.). It was difficult to determine through which Slavic language the loanwords came into the Lithuanian language. However, it was identified that Belarusian, in most of the cases, seems to have had the biggest influence in K. Donelaitis' lexicon. / <p>The defense took place via ZOOM.</p>

This thesis addresses the problem of the lack of a systematic approach to the modernisation of the indigenous languages of South Africa, with particular reference to Venda. Thus, a systematic approach is proposed in this study for the development of modem terminology in Venda. This approach is based on the canonical model for language planning. In this model, terminology development should follow the following four steps: (1) analysis of the terminological needs of the situation, (2) preparation of a plan and strategies for research, (3) implementation of terminology in practice by means of suitable policies, and lastly, (4) evaluation and constant updating of terminology. Within the canonical model for language planning, different models or frameworks are proposed. First is the theoretical model, which follows the pragmatic approach rather than a purist approach and takes into consideration other extralinguistic factors such as the nature of the special subject field, the needs of the target users and the socio-cultural context. The pragmatic approach is divided into two phases, namely the borrowing phase and the indigenisation phase. In the borrowing phase the borrowed terms are incorporated into the language with immediate effect and these terms may be replaced by indigenous terms in the indigenisation phase where less specialised communication is used. In the indigenisation phase, different language internal term formation strategies were identified, namely semantic shift, derivation, compounding, paraphrasing, initialisms, acronyms, clipping and new word manufacture. It was established that the use of these term formation strategies in Venda requires linguistic expertise, technical expertise and cultural expertise. Accordingly, a sociolinguistic approach is recommended rather than a purely linguistic approach. Lastly, a model of practical terminology work and a model for cooperation and coordination are proposed for terminology work in this language. With regard to the former, various steps that should be followed in terminology work are outlined. In the latter model various language agencies, such as government departments, parastatals and non-governmental organisations that may be involved in the modernisation of this language are identified. A framework in which these agencies could cooperate and coordinate their terminology work is proposed. / Linguistics / D.Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

Swedish has a contrast between two so-called tonal word accents: accent 1 and accent 2. In central standard Swedish, for example, compound words generally have accent 2 and primary stress on the first element. In contrast, traditional Scanian dialects exhibit both a high occurrence of accent 1 in compounds and dialect geographic variation between accent 2 and second element stress. This dissertation argues in favour of four diachronically oriented hypotheses pertaining to the word accent distribution in compounds with monosyllabic first elements in these dialects: (1) compounds emanating from syntactic juxtapositions have accent 1; (2) compounds formed by way of compounding proper (stem compounds and comparable formations) have accent 2 or second-element stress; (3) compounds of either of these two types do, however, have accent 1 if the first element was originally disyllabic and has lost its posttonic syllable through syncope; (4) West Germanic loanwords have accent 1. This permits the generalisation that postlexical accent 2, which applies generally in compounds in central standard Swedish, for example, only applies in (non-syncopated) compounds proper in Scanian dialects, while in the other categories the word accent follows from the first element. The larger dialect geographical picture in Sweden is discussed, and it is concluded that the system found in Scanian and many other dialects represents the original state of affairs in Scandinavia as a whole, while the central standard Swedish system with general accent 2 in compounds is an innovation. The dissertation also gives a dialect geographical account of second-element stress, which, in agreement with previous research, is found to be primarily a south Scanian but to some degree also a north-west Scanian phenomenon. It is further proposed that Scanian second-element stress originated in an accent-2 curve with the floating prominence tone H (entailing the curve’s F0 maximum) timed with the posttonic syllable, by way of association of the prominence tone to the posttonic syllable. This curve is documented in south­-east Scania and is hypothesised to have earlier been spread throughout southern and western Scania.

This thesis addresses the problem of the lack of a systematic approach to the modernisation of the indigenous languages of South Africa, with particular reference to Venda. Thus, a systematic approach is proposed in this study for the development of modem terminology in Venda. This approach is based on the canonical model for language planning. In this model, terminology development should follow the following four steps: (1) analysis of the terminological needs of the situation, (2) preparation of a plan and strategies for research, (3) implementation of terminology in practice by means of suitable policies, and lastly, (4) evaluation and constant updating of terminology. Within the canonical model for language planning, different models or frameworks are proposed. First is the theoretical model, which follows the pragmatic approach rather than a purist approach and takes into consideration other extralinguistic factors such as the nature of the special subject field, the needs of the target users and the socio-cultural context. The pragmatic approach is divided into two phases, namely the borrowing phase and the indigenisation phase. In the borrowing phase the borrowed terms are incorporated into the language with immediate effect and these terms may be replaced by indigenous terms in the indigenisation phase where less specialised communication is used. In the indigenisation phase, different language internal term formation strategies were identified, namely semantic shift, derivation, compounding, paraphrasing, initialisms, acronyms, clipping and new word manufacture. It was established that the use of these term formation strategies in Venda requires linguistic expertise, technical expertise and cultural expertise. Accordingly, a sociolinguistic approach is recommended rather than a purely linguistic approach. Lastly, a model of practical terminology work and a model for cooperation and coordination are proposed for terminology work in this language. With regard to the former, various steps that should be followed in terminology work are outlined. In the latter model various language agencies, such as government departments, parastatals and non-governmental organisations that may be involved in the modernisation of this language are identified. A framework in which these agencies could cooperate and coordinate their terminology work is proposed. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

English profanities (i.e. potentially offensive words, including swear words) have been in use for decades in the Nordic languages – Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Finnish – and offer a multitude of opportunities for linguistic expression, along with the domestic, heritage profanities in each language. The Nordic countries present an interesting context for studying the impact of English on languages in remote-contact settings, where many, especially young people, are bilingual but English has no official status. While previous studies have mostly focused on the function of such words and investigated their appearance in each Nordic language in isolation, this study utilizes social media data from the Nordic Tweet Stream (Laitinen et al., 2018) to compare the forms and frequencies of the English profanities fuck, shit, ass, damn, bitch and hell across the Nordic languages, shedding light on the factors which are conducive to their use. Surprisingly, the English profanities were many times more frequent in the Icelandic material compared to the other languages, although Iceland has a strong tradition of linguistic purism and frequencies were expected to be lower than in the other languages. Contrastingly, the profanities were found to be morphologically and orthographically adapted to a higher degree in Icelandic, reflecting the purist tradition in other ways. Frequencies in the other four languages did not quite match the findings of previous studies on loanwords in the Nordic languages, while degrees of adaptation were more similar to previous results. Comparing the frequencies of the English profanities in this study with the frequencies of heritage profanities on Twitter found by Coats (2021) showed that, although especially fuck and shit are on par with and sometimes more frequent than the most frequent heritage profanities, they do not seem to be replacing domestic equivalents. Finally, through exploiting the geo-location tags that accompany each tweet in the Nordic Tweet Stream, the frequencies of English profanities were found to be higher among users tweeting primarily from large cities in Denmark, Sweden and Finland, while in the Norwegian data no significant difference was found. Nevertheless, this supports Vaattovaara &amp; Peterson’s (2019) claim that English borrowings carry social indices of globalism and urbanicity that promote their use among people in certain social groups. / Engelska fula ord (dvs. potentiellt stötande ord, inklusive svärord) har varit i bruk i årtionden i de nordiska språken – isländska, norska, danska, svenska och finska – och tillhandahåller en stor mängd språkliga uttrycksmöjligheter tillsammans med de inhemska fula orden i varje språk. De nordiska länderna utgör en intressant kontext för studier av engelskans inflytande över andra språk i distans-kontaktsituationer, där många, speciellt unga, är tvåspråkiga emedan engelska saknar officiell status. Då flertalet tidigare studier har fokuserat på denna typ av ords funktion, och undersökt deras förekomst i de nordiska språken var för sig, använder denna studie data från sociala medier, nämligen Nordic Tweet Stream (Laitinen et al., 2018) i en jämförelse av form och frekvens för de engelska fula orden fuck, shit, ass, damn, bitch och hell mellan de nordiska språken, för att därigenom synliggöra faktorer som gynnar deras bruk. Överraskande nog var de engelska fula orden långt mer frekventa i det isländska materialet jämfört med de övriga språken, trots att Island har en stark språkpuristisk tradition och frekvenserna därför förväntades vara lägre än i de andra språken. Däremot uppträdde de fula orden i högre grad i morfologiskt och ortografiskt anpassad form i isländska, vilket påvisar den puristiska traditionen på annat vis. Frekvenserna i de andra fyra språken skiljde sig något från resultaten av tidigare studier av lånord i de nordiska språken, medan anpassningsgraden var mer jämförbar med tidigare studier. En jämförelse av de engelska fula ordens frekvenser i denna studie med inhemska fula ords frekvenser på Twitter i en studie av Coats (2021) visade att medan fuck och shit mäter sig i frekvens med de vanligaste inhemska fula orden, och överträffar dem ibland, verkar de inte ersätta lokala motsvarigheter. Till sist påvisades, genom att utnyttja den geografiska platsdata som åtföljer varje tweet i Nordic Tweet Stream, att de engelska fula ordens frekvenser var högre bland användare som twittrar främst från stora städer i Danmark, Sverige och Finland, medan ingen signifikant skillnad kunde ses i den norska datan. Icke desto mindre styrker detta Vattovaara &amp; Petersons (2019) tes gällande att lån från engelska bär med sig globala och urbana sociala indikationer som främjar deras bruk bland vissa sociala grupper.