Esta dissertação buscou avaliar por quais caminhos fonológicos novas raízes são incorporadas ao esperanto. As palavras foram selecionadas a partir das revistas Kontakto, revista oficial da Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo (TEJO - Organização Mundial da Juventude Esperantista), lançada em 1963, enviada a assinantes em mais de 90 países, e Esperanto, revista oficial da Universala Esperanto-Asocio (UEA - Associação Universal de Esperanto), que teve sua primeira publicação em 1905, e é enviada a leitores em 115 países, além de uma lista terminológica sobre tecnologia (Nevelsteen, 2012), e, ainda, palavras listadas como não dicionarizadas no blog <http://vortaro-blogo.blogspot.com.br/2009/09/nepivaj-vortoj-i.html>. Foram coletadas palavras de 13 línguas diferentes: árabe, chinês, coreano, espanhol, francês, inglês, japonês, komi, português, russo, turco, sânscrito e suaíli. A base teórica que orientou a análise foi a Fonologia de Empréstimo (Loanword Phonology), principalmente os escritos de Calabrese &Wetzels (2009), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2006), Paradis (1988), Kang (2011), Friesner (2009), Menezes (2013), Chang (2008) e Kenstowicz & Suchato (2006), Roth (1980). Fizemos, também, um levantamento bibliográfico de trabalhos já realizados sobre a fonética e a fonologia do esperanto, e comentamos questões gerais sobre as línguas planejadas e a comunidade de fala que o esperanto possui. A análise do corpus evidenciou que as palavras podem ser adaptadas tanto por meio da forma fonética ou da forma ortográfica da raiz na língua de origem. Além disso, verificou-se que ataques complexos que não violam restrições fonológicas do esperanto foram mantidos; a rima sofre, necessariamente, influência da morfologia quando adaptada; vogais longas foram adaptadas, em sua maioria, como vogais simples; e que algumas palavras possuem duas formas em variação sincrônica na língua. / This masters dissertation tried to investigate by which phonological directions new roots are incorporated into Esperanto. Words were selected from the following magazines: Kontakto, official magazine of Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo (TEJO - World Esperanto Youth Organization), which was first published in 1963 and is sent to subscribers in over 90 countries, and Esperanto, official magazine from Universala Esperanto-Asocio (UEA Esperanto Universal Association), which had its first release in 1905 and is sent to readers in 115 countries, in addition to a terminology list about technology (Nevelsteen, 2012) and to words not quoted on dictionaries but published on a list in the blog <http://vortaroblogo. blogspot.com.br/2009/09/nepivajvortoj-i.html>. Words were collected from 13 different languages: arabic, chinese, corean, spanish, french, english, japanese, komi, portuguese, russian, turkish, sanskrit and swahili. The theory basis that guided this analysis was Loanword Phonology, mostly the works of Calabrese &Wetzels (2009), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2006), Paradis (1988), Kang (2011), Friesner (2009), Menezes (2013), Chang (2008) and Kenstowicz & Suchato (2006), Roth (1980). We also made a bibliographic search on previous works about Esperantos phonetics and phonology, and we discussed general matters about planned languages and Esperantos community of speakers. The corpuss analysis showed that words can be adapted by its phonetic form as well as by its roots orthographic form on the original language. Furthermore, we observed that complex onsets which do not violate phonological restrictions of Esperanto were sustained; rime, when is adapted, is necessarily influenced by morphology; long vowels were, for the most part, adapted as simple vowels; and some words present two forms in languages synchronic variation.

Esta dissertação buscou avaliar por quais caminhos fonológicos novas raízes são incorporadas ao esperanto. As palavras foram selecionadas a partir das revistas Kontakto, revista oficial da Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo (TEJO - Organização Mundial da Juventude Esperantista), lançada em 1963, enviada a assinantes em mais de 90 países, e Esperanto, revista oficial da Universala Esperanto-Asocio (UEA - Associação Universal de Esperanto), que teve sua primeira publicação em 1905, e é enviada a leitores em 115 países, além de uma lista terminológica sobre tecnologia (Nevelsteen, 2012), e, ainda, palavras listadas como não dicionarizadas no blog <http://vortaro-blogo.blogspot.com.br/2009/09/nepivaj-vortoj-i.html>. Foram coletadas palavras de 13 línguas diferentes: árabe, chinês, coreano, espanhol, francês, inglês, japonês, komi, português, russo, turco, sânscrito e suaíli. A base teórica que orientou a análise foi a Fonologia de Empréstimo (Loanword Phonology), principalmente os escritos de Calabrese &Wetzels (2009), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2006), Paradis (1988), Kang (2011), Friesner (2009), Menezes (2013), Chang (2008) e Kenstowicz & Suchato (2006), Roth (1980). Fizemos, também, um levantamento bibliográfico de trabalhos já realizados sobre a fonética e a fonologia do esperanto, e comentamos questões gerais sobre as línguas planejadas e a comunidade de fala que o esperanto possui. A análise do corpus evidenciou que as palavras podem ser adaptadas tanto por meio da forma fonética ou da forma ortográfica da raiz na língua de origem. Além disso, verificou-se que ataques complexos que não violam restrições fonológicas do esperanto foram mantidos; a rima sofre, necessariamente, influência da morfologia quando adaptada; vogais longas foram adaptadas, em sua maioria, como vogais simples; e que algumas palavras possuem duas formas em variação sincrônica na língua. / This masters dissertation tried to investigate by which phonological directions new roots are incorporated into Esperanto. Words were selected from the following magazines: Kontakto, official magazine of Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo (TEJO - World Esperanto Youth Organization), which was first published in 1963 and is sent to subscribers in over 90 countries, and Esperanto, official magazine from Universala Esperanto-Asocio (UEA Esperanto Universal Association), which had its first release in 1905 and is sent to readers in 115 countries, in addition to a terminology list about technology (Nevelsteen, 2012) and to words not quoted on dictionaries but published on a list in the blog <http://vortaroblogo. blogspot.com.br/2009/09/nepivajvortoj-i.html>. Words were collected from 13 different languages: arabic, chinese, corean, spanish, french, english, japanese, komi, portuguese, russian, turkish, sanskrit and swahili. The theory basis that guided this analysis was Loanword Phonology, mostly the works of Calabrese &Wetzels (2009), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2006), Paradis (1988), Kang (2011), Friesner (2009), Menezes (2013), Chang (2008) and Kenstowicz & Suchato (2006), Roth (1980). We also made a bibliographic search on previous works about Esperantos phonetics and phonology, and we discussed general matters about planned languages and Esperantos community of speakers. The corpuss analysis showed that words can be adapted by its phonetic form as well as by its roots orthographic form on the original language. Furthermore, we observed that complex onsets which do not violate phonological restrictions of Esperanto were sustained; rime, when is adapted, is necessarily influenced by morphology; long vowels were, for the most part, adapted as simple vowels; and some words present two forms in languages synchronic variation.

Tyrimo objektas – lietuvių kalbos leksikos italų kilmės žodžiai. Darbo tikslas – pateikti išsamų lietuvių kalbos italų kilmės skolinių aprašą. Medžiaga. Daugiausia naudojantis rašytiniais šaltiniais (visų pirma žodynais), sudaryta skolinių iš italų kalbos duomenų bazė (Lietuvių kalbos italizmų sąvadas – LKIS), į kurią įtraukti 936 semantiniai vienetai. Ginamieji teiginiai ir tyrimo rezultatai. Tradicinis lietuvių kalbotyros požiūris, esą lietuvių kalbos skoliniai skirstytini vien į slavizmus ir germanizmus (be dar keleto iš gretimų kalbų), faktiškai menkina italų ir lietuvių tautų santykių istoriją, perša izoliuotos lietuvių valstybės bei siauro jos gyventojų kultūrinio, socialinio bei politinio akiračio vaizdą. Faktas, kad į lietuvių kalbą skoliniai iš italų kalbos pateko dažniausiai per kalbas tarpininkes (tai įrodo adaptacijos procesų lemiami fonetiniai pakitimai) negali būti pagrindas paneigti jų italų kilmę. Nors iš visų LKIS italizmų tik nedidelė dalis įeina į pagrindinį lietuvių kalbos leksikos fondą (vos apie 7 proc. visų italizmų VDU tekstyne pavartota daugiau nei 1000 kartų), bet apribojus statistiškai apdorojamų italizmų sąrašą, t.y. išmetus italizmus, nesiekiančius tam tikro skaičiaus pavartojimo atvejų, išryškėja tikslesnis italizmų pasiskirstymo pagal semantines grupes vaizdas: 1) 45 proc. visų italizmų sudaro buitinės kalbos žodžiai (tokie kaip autostrada, loterija, moto, pedalas, rizika, sijonas); 2) muzikos terminai siekia beveik penktadalį visų italizmų (... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The PhD thesis deals with Italian loanwoards in Lithuanian.

The present study sought to contribute to the research on Chinese orthography and borrowing by testing native Chinese readers' understanding of different semantically and phonetically oriented borrowing paradigms in order to investigate the constraints the writing system has placed on the semantics and phonology of the language. Building on other pertinent qualitative studies which have established that Chinese orthography works as a "morphosyllabic" syllabary, this study identified both phonetic and semantic elements present in the writing system. A quantitative study was carried out using seven discrete orthographic borrowing strategies which tested both real and invented loanwords on native Chinese readers. In addition, the study asked native Chinese readers to borrow English words into Chinese orthography through any orthographic means. Analysis of this study revealed that a lack of congruity is present in Chinese borrowing, which in turn hampers understanding. Furthermore, many borrowing strategies are dependent on certain constraints. These constraints are examined in detail via a proposed borrowing continuum. Possible solutions and the direction the writing system may take are further discussed.

The aim of this study is to present how English borrowings (loanwords and phrases) are integrated into Swedish grammar and spelling rules. The hypothesis is that borrowings appearing in the unchanged form in Swedish occur much more frequently in internet forums than in press. The study is based on the analysis of a material consisting of around 70 English borrowings found in different entries from one of the largest Swedish online discussion forums, flashback.org. The whole corpus comprises of 661 randomly selected entries. Each of the 70 borrowings appears in every possible spelling variant and grammatical form. The statistics presenting the number of occurrences of a given borrowing come from 38 corpora available at Språkbanken. The material collected from online forums and from the newspapers and magazines, make it possible to compare the quantity of borrowings in these two types of media.  The study consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The former introduces the topic of borrowings while the latter is devoted to the analysis of the specific examples contained in the material.    The theoretical part begins with the presentation of the most popular classifications of borrowings appearing in the linguistic literature. Subsequently, there is a description of the three processes that each borrowed word must undergo before it appears in the recipient's language: the introduction, distribution, and establishment. At last is presented the way in which the grammatical type and the meaning of borrowings change when they enter the recipient's language.    The practical part focuses on the analysis of the examples. The borrowings are divided in nouns, adjectives, verbs and borrowed phrases. The study consists in a thorough investigation of all of the spelling variants and grammatical forms of individual words as well as in an observation of the number/frequency of their occurrence in both media. The study confirmed the hypothesis set out in the beginning, namely, that English borrowings that appear in Swedish in an unchanged form more frequently occur in the online discussion forums than in the press. It is also observed that nouns are the most numerous English borrowings encountered in Swedish, internet forums contain borrowings with a greater number of grammatical forms and spelling variants than the press and the phenomenon of borrowing complete English phrases occurs more often on the online forums than in the press.

This master's thesis deals with problematics of loanwords from French language in today's Czech media and it is divided in two parts: theoretical and practical part. First part, dedicated to theoretical explanation of the problematics on one hand, describes history of the development of the Czech language with regards to borrowing of foreign lexemes, especially focusing on French loanwords. On the other hand, it defines essential terms and provides linguistic basis for research that follows. Practical part first introduces detailed results of the research, which was lexical and semantic analysis of loanwords excerpted from three of this year's issues of Gurmet, a gastronomical magazine. Concerning methodology, a variety of lexicological and semantical publications or web tools were used to compose this thesis. Analysis attests that more than a half of given loanwords come from 19th century. Also, in the text material, there were found 17 borrowed lexical units with significant foreign traits and those were later lexicographically elaborated into a dictionary of neologisms. Furthermore, research and analysis that followed imply that from all of 207 excerpted lemmas only a small number of the examined Gallicisms adapted semantically into the system of Czech language, and on the opposite, all lexemes...

Kinyarwanda, like many other languages in contact, has adapted foreign words to meet the needs of its daily life vocabulary and activity. In addition to the lexical need filling, Kinyarwanda borrowed foreign words not only out of need for foreign words but also for prestige. This thesis is based on two hypotheses: Kinyarwanda has borrowed foreign words out of need in various areas; loanwords have been allocated to Kinyarwanda noun class system. This work has discussed and analysed how French and English loanwords have been allocated to key areas of influence and the nominal class system of Kinyarwanda. The data were collected from various sources, including publications, conversation, newspapers, Bible literature, school text books, commercial posters, hoardings. The study has analysed loanwords from French/English deceptive cognates in a bilingual context. This is a challenging task for other researchers who will have to deal with the complexity of deceptive cognate loanwords. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The work selected for this portfolio comprises two language-specific case studies (‘Russian and Soviet loanwords and calques in the Czech lexicon since the beginning of the twentieth century’ and ‘Češi a slovenština’ [The Czechs and the Slovak language]), two publications on the critical reception of foreign vocabulary in Czech (‘The legacy and limitations of Czech purism’ and Attitudes to lexical borrowing in the Czech Republic), and a detailed article on the implications of naming practices for perceptions of the self and others (‘The Czech-speaking lands, their peoples and contact communities: titles, names and ethnonyms’). Extensive use is made of original material, including two nationwide quantitative surveys conducted on my behalf by the Public Opinion Research Centre of the Institute of Sociology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CVVM), and two small-scale questionnaires carried out for me by Dr Miroslav Růžička of the Czech University of Life Sciences (Prague), as well as a range of other empirical data, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, electronic corpora, and additional sources of lexical and historical information. My commentary employs a thematic approach, which aims both to acquaint the reader with the main findings of each of my publications, and to indicate the broad direction of my output. Supplementary information is provided in the commentary, where required, to contextualize and synthesize my arguments, to shed light on recent scholarship in cognate fields, and to ensure narrative continuity. The ‘new’ knowledge thus complements and frames the discussion of my selected publications, thereby helping to guide the reader through the exposition of my writings. The principal unifying themes of the chosen pieces are their emphasis on (1) the role of language in the national consciousness and self-perception, (2) the influence of external forces on the shaping of the Czech lexicon, and people’s reactions to those forces, (3) public perceptions of lexical borrowing, and (4) changing attitudes to the notion of ‘foreign’, as reflected in the national idiom. The commentary is divided into eight chapters, as listed in the Table of Contents. My study begins with a general introduction to my academic background, and to the content and themes of this thesis, as summarized above. Chapter 2 is based principally on my article ‘The legacy and limitations of Czech purism’, and provides a combination of historical setting and statistical analysis. The next chapter presents a résumé of the overall impact of foreign languages and cultures on the historical development of Czech, with the aim of contextualizing the findings of subsequent chapters. Chapter 4, which draws mainly on ‘Russian and Soviet loanwords and calques in the Czech lexicon since the beginning of the twentieth century’, reevaluates the impact of Russian and ‘Soviet speak’ on the Czech lexicon. In chapter 5, I consider in detail the asymmetrical nature of Czech–Slovak language relations, with reference to the views of over 1,400 informants interviewed for ‘Češi a slovenština’ and Attitudes to lexical borrowing in the Czech Republic. Chapter 6 compares the results of my survey for the latter publication, referred to as ‘Perceptions’, with a series of other questionnaires, including Tejnor’s groundbreaking 1970 study of foreign words. ‘The Czech-speaking lands, their peoples and contact communities: titles, names and ethnonyms’ provides the substance of much of chapter 7, which focuses on the Czechs’ tendency to see themselves in terms of opposition to outsiders, and on the depiction of ‘foreignness’ in the Czech lexicon. The commentary concludes with a summary of my principal observations relating to aspects of language contact and lexical borrowing in Czech, and to their implications for the self and others. Taken collectively, the eight chapters provide a framework for the discussion of my published work and for the thematic and conceptual links that validate their consideration as a corpus of cognate research activity.

Many French EFL (English as a foreign language) learners may be aware of the origin of anglicisms (loanwords from English) and may thus attempt to use these words in English. However, changes in meaning, phonology, and syntax, etc., during the integration of a loanword into the borrowing language create the potential for error in such efforts. This report reviews relevant research and theory on language transfer, vocabulary knowledge, metacognition, and lexical borrowing as factors that bear light on this type of transfer. It then presents two studies, one with French EFL learners and one with EFL teachers in France. Results suggest that anglicisms do cause errors in the English of French learners, that learners are generally aware of anglicisms and of the possible difference in meaning between the French and the English words, and, finally, that this awareness does not necessarily lead to correct usage of such words. / text

The aim of this thesis is to examine the integration of anglicisms into French from a phonetic point of view. The theoretical part deals with the delimitation of the term 'anglicism', its place in the French lexis, a comparison of the phonological systems of both languages and the regularities in phonetic adaptation of anglicisms in the target language. The practical part includes an analysis of the pronunciation of chosen anglicisms. It records variation in lexicographical works as well as in real speech and determines the degree of variability, based on recordings of native speakers. The thesis proceeds from the assumption that anglicisms were, are and will continue to be a highly relevant issue. In spite of all the measures aimed against their integration into the French lexis, they have their place in it, often in several pronunciation variants - whether due to the different inventory of phonemes or to sociolinguistic factors. KEY WORDS: anglicism, French, pronunciation, phonetic adaptation of loanwords