A elaboração de metodologias de seleção de áreas para proteção em terras privadas é considerado importante arcabouço teórico para subsidiar os órgãos gestores na implantação desses espaços. A maioria das metodologias sugere grande aporte de dados primários o que encarece os custos. Nesse sentido, alguns autores (RANIERI, 2004; MOREIRA, 2011) têm trabalhado com a seleção de metodologias baseadas em dados físicos de relevo para geração de cenários e suas aplicabilidades na alocação de áreas para a conservação em propriedades privadas. Entretanto, em seus estudos a vegetação nativa foi considerada única, não avaliando as fitofisionomias que seriam ou não protegidas em cada metodologia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi preencher estas lacunas e avaliar a possibilidade da conservação equitativa das diferentes fitofisionomias presentes na área de estudo. Além disso, comparou-se este estudo aos propostos anteriormente a fim de subsidiar o tomador de decisão na escolha do melhor cenário de seleção de áreas prioritárias de conservação. Para tanto, manteve-se o município de São Carlos como espaço amostral. Os resultados obtidos foram elencados de acordo com potencialidades de ação e fragilidades ambientais, deixando para o tomador de decisão a escolha definitiva destas áreas. / The development of methods for selecting areas for protection on private lands is an important theoretical framework to support the management agencies in the implementation of these spaces. Most methodologies suggests a large input of primary data which adds to the cost. In this sense, some authors (RANIERI, 2004; SMITH, 2011) have worked with the selection of methodologies based on physical data relevant to generate scenarios and their applicability in the allocation of areas for conservation on private property. However, in their studies the native vegetation was considered unique, not evaluating the physiognomies or not that would be protected in each methodology. The objective of this study was to fill these gaps and assess the possibility of equitable conservation of different vegetation types present in the study area. In addition, this study compared to previously proposed in order to support the decision maker in choosing the best scenario for selection of priority areas for conservation. Therefore, it remained the city of São Carlos as sample space. The results were listed according to potential for environmental action and weaknesses, leaving the decision maker the final choice of these areas.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T17:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ademirantoniomoreirarocha.pdf: 4500948 bytes, checksum: c605b54b3f463d7b6a4c23ddd4b09bad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-25T10:41:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ademirantoniomoreirarocha.pdf: 4500948 bytes, checksum: c605b54b3f463d7b6a4c23ddd4b09bad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T10:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ademirantoniomoreirarocha.pdf: 4500948 bytes, checksum: c605b54b3f463d7b6a4c23ddd4b09bad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo principal deste trabalho é investigar a distribuição espacial presente e de longo prazo do setor logístico no Brasil. Para tanto, busca-se com este estudo dar respostas aos seguintes questionamentos: i) como está organizado espacialmente o setor logístico no Brasil? Ou melhor, há evidências de clusters logísticos? ii) qual a perspectiva de longo prazo dessa organização? Para responder a essas perguntas, este trabalho adota como núcleo teórico-metodológico as abordagens desenvolvidas em Fujita et al. (1999), Krugman (1991, 1998) e Krugman e Venables (1993, 1995), que tecem considerações sobre a localização e a formação de aglomerações das atividades econômicas, a ponto de inaugurarem uma linha de pesquisa denominada Nova Geografia Econômica (NGE). O Modelo de Potencial Logístico (MPLog27), inspirado no Modelo Centro-Periferia de Krugman (1991), servirá como ferramenta analítica para verificar a espacialização de longo prazo do setor logístico. Os resultados apontam uma alteração do padrão locacional do setor logístico-industrial no Brasil ao longo do período analisado (2015-2065). Os estados Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul (na região Sul), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás (na região Centro-Oeste), Pará e Tocantins (na região Norte), Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas e Sergipe (na região Nordeste) ganham destaque em relação aos demais. Tal fato pode estar indicando um processo de convergência espacial da prestação de serviços logísticos voltados à indústria. Em contraste, parece não haver uma convergência espacial de acesso aos serviços logísticos voltados à agricultura. Nesse caso, as forças atuam no sentido de conservação dos clusters já existentes nos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. / The main objective of this work is to investigate the present and long-term spatial distribution of the logistic sector in Brazil. In order to do so, this study seeks to answer the following questions: i) how is the logistics sector organized in Brazil? Or is there evidence of logistic clusters? ii) what is the long-term perspective of this organization? To answer these questions, this work adopts the approaches developed in Fujita et al. (1999), Krugman (1991, 1998) and Krugman and Venables (1993, 1995), who make considerations about the location and formation of agglomerations of economic activities, to the point of inaugurating a line of research called New Economic Geography (NGE). The Logistic Potential Model (MPLog27), inspired by Krugman's Center-Periphery Model (1991), will serve as an analytical tool to verify the long-term spatialization of the logistics sector. The results point to a change in the locational pattern of the logistic-industrial sector in Brazil over the period analyzed (2015-2065). The states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (in the South), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás (in the Midwest), Pará and Tocantins (in the North), Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe (in the Northeast) are highlighted in relation to the others. This may be indicating a process of spatial convergence of the provision of logistics services to the industry. In contrast, there appears to be no spatial convergence of access to logistical services for agriculture. In this case, the forces act in the sense of conservation of existing clusters in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo.

A definição da localização de um empreendimento é uma das principais decisões que determinará a magnitude e a importância de grande parte dos impactos ambientais negativos resultantes de sua instalação e operação. Porém, é visto que a dimensão ambiental normalmente não está presente nas análises de localização do projeto que ocorrem previamente ao licenciamento ambiental, levando-se em consideração apenas as dimensões técnicas e econômicas. Um dos motivos atribuídos a esta ausência é que normalmente não existem ou não estão disponíveis informações ambientais de natureza secundária que revelem restrições territoriais para a localização do empreendimento previamente ao processo de licenciamento ambiental, sendo normalmente produzidas posteriormente durante a elaboração do estudo ambiental dentro do processo de avaliação de impacto ambiental. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as possibilidades para o estabelecimento de uma base referencial de informações sobre potencialidades e restrições ambientais e territoriais como suporte ao estudo de alternativas de traçados rodoviários, previamente ao início do processo formal de avaliação de impacto ambiental e de licenciamento ambiental do projeto. Para isso, foram identificados quais são os principais fatores territoriais necessários à análise prévia de viabilidade ambiental de traçados rodoviários, utilizando-se como estudo de caso do trecho sul do Rodoanel Mário Covas, na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Foram aplicadas técnicas de geoprocessamento para trabalhar os dados encontrados e assim, foram produzidas três diretrizes de traçado a partir das restrições ambientais, as quais foram discutidas junto da potencialidade do território, identificando alterações que podiam ter sido feitas no traçado construído da rodovia. As discussões mostram que, ainda que existam certos limites (como a padronização dos dados trabalhados e a escala trabalhada), é possível compatibilizar potencialidades e restrições territoriais ambientais na concepção de alternativas de localização, previamente ao processo de licenciamento ambiental, para o caso de empreendimentos rodoviários. / Defining the location of an enterprise is one of the key decisions that determine the importance of the negative environmental impacts resulting from its installation and operation. But, the environmental dimension is not normally present in the analysis of location of the project that occur before the environmental licensing, considering only the technical and economic aspects. One reason for this is the fact that the environmental information of a secondary nature, which reveals territorial restrictions to the location of the project, is not available or are not systematized and available for this preliminary analysis, and it is usually produced later during the preparation of the environmental statement within the process of environmental impact assessment. In this sense, this work aims to analyze the possibilities for setting a reference base of information on environmental and territorial potential and restrictions, as a support for the study of alternative road designs, prior to the environmental impact assessment and environmental licensing of the project. For this, the main territorial factors, necessary for investigating the environmental analysis of road layouts viability were identified, using as a case study of the southern section of the Rodoanel Mario Covas in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo. Geoprocessing techniques were applied to work the found data, and then, three road designs guidelines were produced from the environmental restrictions, which were discussed with the territorial potential, identifying changes that could have been made in the constructed road layout. The discussions show that, although that are limits (as standardization of the discussed data and the worked scale), is possible to reconcile the territorial environmental potential and restrictions in the concept of road designs, prior to the licensing process for the case of road projects.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The study examines the participation of African immigrants in the South African labour force with the central question revolving around whether the immigrants create jobs through the establishment of their own businesses or take jobs from the locals. Analytical frame work used in this study includes descriptive statistics, chi-square test for association and standardized residuals, two-way analysis of variance and logistic regression. Demographic, locational and socio-economic characteristics were studied using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Two-factor analysis of variance was used to examine the differences on average in the African immigrants; participation in the labour force, while logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of some demographic characteristics on employment and work status. / South Africa

Keeping a contingency reserve in power systems is necessary to preserve the security of real-time operations. This work studies two different approaches to the optimal allocation of energy and reserves in the day-ahead generation scheduling process. Part I presents a stochastic security-constrained unit commitment model to co-optimize energy and the locational reserves required to respond to a set of uncertain generation contingencies, using a novel state-based formulation. The model is applied in an offer-based electricity market to allocate contingency reserves throughout the power grid, in order to comply with the N-1 security criterion under transmission congestion. The objective is to minimize expected dispatch and reserve costs, together with post contingency corrective redispatch costs, modeling the probability of generation failure and associated post contingency states. The characteristics of the scheduling problem are exploited to formulate a computationally efficient method, consistent with established operational practices. We simulated the distribution of locational contingency reserves on the IEEE RTS96 system and compared the results with the conventional deterministic method. We found that assigning locational spinning reserves can guarantee an N-1 secure dispatch accounting for transmission congestion at a reasonable extra cost. The simulations also showed little value of allocating downward reserves but sizable operating savings from co-optimizing locational nonspinning reserves. Overall, the results indicate the computational tractability of the proposed method. Part II presents a distributed generation scheduling model to optimally allocate energy and spinning reserves among competing generators in a day-ahead market. The model is based on the coordination between individual generators and a market entity. The proposed method uses forecasting, augmented pricing and locational signals to induce efficient commitment of generators based on firm posted prices. It is price-based but does not rely on multiple iterations, minimizes information exchange and simplifies the market clearing process. Simulations of the distributed method performed on a six-bus test system showed that, using an appropriate set of prices, it is possible to emulate the results of a conventional centralized solution, without need of providing make-whole payments to generators. Likewise, they showed that the distributed method can accommodate transactions with different products and complex security constraints.

Yes / In this paper, a stochastic method for active distribution networks planning within a distribution market environment considering multi-configuration of wind turbines is proposed. Multi-configuration multi-scenario market-based optimal power flow is used to maximize the social welfare considering uncertainties related to wind speed and load demand and different operational status of wind turbines (multiple-wind turbine configurations). Scenario-based approach is used to model the abovementioned uncertainties. The method evaluates the impact of multiple-wind turbine configurations and active network management schemes on the amount of wind power that can be injected into the grid, the distribution locational marginal prices throughout the network and on the social welfare. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with 16-bus UK generic distribution system. It was shown that multi-wind turbine configurations under active network management schemes, including coordinated voltage control and adaptive power factor control, can increase the amount of wind power that can be injected into the grid; therefore, the distribution locational marginal prices reduce throughout the network significantly.

No / This chapter proposes a novel method for the operation of active distribution networks within a distribution market environment taking into account multi-configuration of wind turbines. Multi-configuration multi-scenario market-based optimal power flow is used to maximise the social welfare considering uncertainties related to wind speed and load demand. Scenario based approach is used to model the uncertainties. The method assesses the impact of multiple-wind turbine configurations on the amount of wind power that can be injected into the grid and the distribution locational marginal prices throughout the network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with 16-bus UK generic distribution system.

Yes / In this paper, a novel deterministic approach for the planning of active distribution networks within a distribution market environment considering multi-configuration of wind turbines (WTs) and photovoltaic (PV) cells is proposed. Multi-configuration multi-period market-based optimal power flow is utilized for maximizing social welfare taking into account uncertainties associated with wind speed, solar irradiance and load demand as well as different operational status of WTs and PVs. Multi-period scenarios method is exploited to model the aforementioned uncertainties. The proposed approach assesses the effect of multiple-configuration of PVs and WTs on the amount of wind and solar power that can be produced, the distribution locational marginal prices all over the network and on the social welfare. The application of the proposed approach is examined on a 30-bus radial distribution network. / This work was supported in part by the Royal Academy of Engineering Distinguished Visiting Fellowship Grant DVF1617/6/45 and by the University of Bradford, UK under the CCIP grant 66052/000000.

Au-delà des représentations et des pratiques des alpinistes et trekkeurs, toujours plus nombreux, les conditions du développement et de la pérennisation du système touristique associées à la région népalaise de l’Everest – le Khumbu – semblent de plus en plus reposer sur la valorisation de ressources comme l’eau, l’électricité et l’emplacement foncier. Source de revenus considérables pour les populations locales, et plus particulièrement pour les hébergeurs touristiques, l’accès à ces différentes ressources ne va pourtant pas de soi. Tous les acteurs n’occupent pas les mêmes positions, ni ne possèdent les mêmes moyens pour les valoriser. Cet accès aux ressources, et par extension à de nouvelles positions socio-spatiales, donne lieu à de multiples stratégies fondées sur les capitaux, compétences et intérêts de chacun. Dans cette petite région, néanmoins hautement symbolique, ces stratégies d’accès aboutissent à une lutte des places entre d’une part les membres de la communauté sherpa – qui revendiquent une position d’insiders mais se déploient à l’extérieur du Khumbu par des modes d’habiter très polytopiques –, et d’autre part, de nouvelles populations originaires des basses vallées, en position d’outsiders, qui cherchent à s’y implanter. Dans le contexte d’un espace de plus en plus ouvert sur le monde, en pleine recomposition sociodémographique et culturelle, ce qu’incarne le « Yak Donald’s » – l’un des nombreux nouveaux pubs implantés dans la région –, se pose ainsi la question du partage et de la gouvernance des ressources et des revenus de ce haut-lieu du tourisme. Loin d’être passifs, mais plutôt à l’origine de ces nouvelles dynamiques, cette thèse montre comment les manipulateurs de symboles sherpas contrôlent encore largement le territoire et l’économie du tourisme. / Beyond the representations and practices of mountaineers and trekkers, conditions for the development and functioning of the touristic system linked to the Nepalese Mount Everest area (the Khumbu region) seem to be increasingly based upon resources such as water, electricity and property. With the rise of tourism, these various resources are source of considerable incomes for local populations, especially for lodge owners. However, sharing these resources is not simple. First, the different actors do not occupy the same positions in relation to them. Second, they don’t have the same capacities (i.e., capital and skills) to exploit them. Eventually, they do not have the same interests depending on their social status, so their cooperation is not always guaranteed. In this small but highly symbolic region, local access to resources leads to “locational struggles” (Lussault, 2009). This struggle opposes members of the Sherpa community - who claim to be deeply rooted inhabitants, but whose ways of life are very polytopic – and on the other hand, new populations from the lower valleys, who seek to establish themselves within the Khumbu region. In the context of intense interrelations with the rest of the world, as well as wide socio-demographic and cultural changes, which is embodied in one of the many new pubs established in the region; the "Yak Donald's", this questions the good resources governance of this tourist hub. Far from being passive, but rather very proactive, this thesis shows how the Sherpas still control the territory and its touristic economy.

O objetivo deste trabalho é introduzir um método para a avaliação da viabilidade das exportações focando no crescimento econômico em termos de PIB do resto do mundo. Para isso são utilizados modelos locacionais e modelos de regressão baseados em modelos gravitacionais de comércio, ambos em conjunto. Este trabalho também apresenta de forma matemática e microeconômica a relação existente entre ambos os modelos. O estudo também testa o método introduzido por meio de um exemplo utilizando as exportações do complexo soja brasileiro entre 1996 e 2010. Os resultados obtidos não descartam o uso da metodologia proposta como instrumento de análise da viabilidade das exportações. / The aim of this work is to introduce a method for assessing the viability of exports focusing on economic growth of the rest of the world in terms of GDP. For this purpose, location models and regression models based on gravity models of trade are used together. This research also presents a mathematical explanation and the microeconomic relationship between both models. Also this work uses the example of Brazilian soybean complex exports between 1996 and 2010 to test the introduced method. The results do not rule out the use of the proposed methodology as a tool for analyzing the viability of exports.