The aim of this thesis was to examine if the theoretical concept of spatial capital explains the distribution of the human capital and high incomes in an urban region using Stockholm county as an empirical example. The spatial capital theory suggests that geographical proximities can explain social and economic distributions in urban regions and is divided into two subcategories;position and situation capital where the former measures the geographical proximities to urban environments and cultural amenities and the latter measures to proximities to public transportation alternatives. The study was conducted using proximity analysis performed with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in QGIS, and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis performed in SPSS. Human capital and high incomes were chosen as dependent variables due to their relevance to sustainable development, especially in regards to urban economics becoming more knowledge-based. Spatial capital was operationalized into five variables of measuring geographical proximities; distance to central business district (CBD), distance to regional urban cores, distance to nearest amenity, distance to nearest railway, and distance to nearest bus stop. The human capital was operationalized as tertiary education and income was measured as taxable earned income. All results demonstrated statistically significant effects on the dependent variables. Proximity to central Stockholm was the strongest explanatory variable regarding the distribution of human capital and high incomes in Stockholm county. When excluding this variable, distance to railways was proven to have the strongest effect on the distributions. The conclusion was that the spatial capital theory explains that the distance to central Stockholm and distance railways are the strong predictors for how human capital and high incomes are distributed in the county. The robustness of analysis and the empirical findings’ meaning in the context of regional planning in Sweden wasthen presented and discussed.

Submitted by ELVIS CHRISTIAN MADUREIRA RAMOS null (solelvis@gmail.com) on 2017-06-16T13:14:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese.pdf: 98409024 bytes, checksum: fa7ca7e57ad2eb02da5507d7807e3dd0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-19T14:30:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ramos_ecm_dr_prud.pdf: 98409024 bytes, checksum: fa7ca7e57ad2eb02da5507d7807e3dd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-19T14:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ramos_ecm_dr_prud.pdf: 98409024 bytes, checksum: fa7ca7e57ad2eb02da5507d7807e3dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta tese buscou compreender as estratégias socioespaciais dos jovens moradores das periferias de Bauru e Marília no campo da diversão. Revela que estes jovens, apesar de submetidos a uma condição de segregação e estigmatização territorial, constroem, através de suas redes sociais no âmbito da diversão, formas de compor seus circuitos de lazer, além de transporem a própria periferia. São práticas socioespaciais estimuladas tanto pelas injunções de uma economia de lazer dirigido, como também, a partir de conteúdos culturais que aterrissam em seus bairros, e pela qual são redefinidos por suas redes sociais e que favorecem a formação de diversas microculturas juvenis. O trabalho etnogeográfico possibilitou, além da descoberta de uma diversidade cultural na periferia, também o contato com algumas microculturas juvenis, a partir do qual se descortinou uma diversidade de estratégias que os jovens das periferias pobres realizam para saltar as escalas na cidade, afim de compor suas práticas no campo da diversão. Este campo oferece, igualmente, condições para as suas dissimilações, ou seja, na diversão, os jovens buscam se tornar visíveis na cidade, sair da condição de invisibilizados, projetarem suas expressões, performances e preferências de gosto numa escala maior que a dos seus locais de moradia. Contudo, ao se tornarem visíveis e móveis na cidade, entram também num campo de disputa territorial, não apenas sofrem constrangimentos, intimidações e cerceamentos de seus movimentos, mas também a violência simbólica, como formas de estigmatização e julgamento do gosto. E são essas assimetrias que configuram uma geometria de poder na cidade, onde estes jovens lutam pelo espaço e pelo direito de viverem sua condição juvenil. A pesquisa também revela que o capital espacial se torna imprescindível para suas territorialidades, ou seja, no horizonte de suas possibilidades objetivas encontram e articulam, através de suas redes, meios para se tornarem móveis na cidade, e assim, efetivamente criarem estratégias para saltar as escalas na cidade, para viverem seus enturmamentos e festas. / This thesis aimed to understand the socio-spatial strategies of young residents from Bauru and Marilia periphery in the entertainment field. It reveals that these young, although submitted to a segregation condition and territorial stigmatization, build, through their social network in the entertainment field, ways to compose their leisure circles, besides transferring their own periphery. These are social-spatial practices stimulated as by the injunctions of a directed leisure economy, as also, by the cultural contents that lands in their neighborhoods, and which are redefined by their social networks and that favor the formation of diverse juveniles microculture. The ethnographic paper enabled, besides the discovery of a cultural diversity in the periphery, also the contact with some juvenile microcultural, in which was found a diversity of strategies that periphery’s young realized to jump the cities scales, in order to compose their practices in the entertainment field. This field offers, equally, conditions to their pretenses, in entertainment, young seek to become visible in the city, leave the condition of being invisible, project their expressions, performances and taste preferences in a bigger scale than of their living places. However, as they become visible and movable in the city, they also enter in a territorial dispute field, not only suffer embarrassments, intimidations and curtailment of their movements, but also symbolic violence, as a form of stigmatization and judgment of taste. And are these asymmetries that configure a geometry power in the city, where these young struggles for space and for the right of living their youth condition. The research also reveals that the spatial capital becomes indispensable to their territoriality, in other words, in the horizon of their objective possibilities meet and articulate, through their nets, ways to become mobile in the city, and thus, effectively create strategies to jump the city scales, to live their entertainment and parties. / FAPESP: 2013/25894-4

Au-delà des représentations et des pratiques des alpinistes et trekkeurs, toujours plus nombreux, les conditions du développement et de la pérennisation du système touristique associées à la région népalaise de l’Everest – le Khumbu – semblent de plus en plus reposer sur la valorisation de ressources comme l’eau, l’électricité et l’emplacement foncier. Source de revenus considérables pour les populations locales, et plus particulièrement pour les hébergeurs touristiques, l’accès à ces différentes ressources ne va pourtant pas de soi. Tous les acteurs n’occupent pas les mêmes positions, ni ne possèdent les mêmes moyens pour les valoriser. Cet accès aux ressources, et par extension à de nouvelles positions socio-spatiales, donne lieu à de multiples stratégies fondées sur les capitaux, compétences et intérêts de chacun. Dans cette petite région, néanmoins hautement symbolique, ces stratégies d’accès aboutissent à une lutte des places entre d’une part les membres de la communauté sherpa – qui revendiquent une position d’insiders mais se déploient à l’extérieur du Khumbu par des modes d’habiter très polytopiques –, et d’autre part, de nouvelles populations originaires des basses vallées, en position d’outsiders, qui cherchent à s’y implanter. Dans le contexte d’un espace de plus en plus ouvert sur le monde, en pleine recomposition sociodémographique et culturelle, ce qu’incarne le « Yak Donald’s » – l’un des nombreux nouveaux pubs implantés dans la région –, se pose ainsi la question du partage et de la gouvernance des ressources et des revenus de ce haut-lieu du tourisme. Loin d’être passifs, mais plutôt à l’origine de ces nouvelles dynamiques, cette thèse montre comment les manipulateurs de symboles sherpas contrôlent encore largement le territoire et l’économie du tourisme. / Beyond the representations and practices of mountaineers and trekkers, conditions for the development and functioning of the touristic system linked to the Nepalese Mount Everest area (the Khumbu region) seem to be increasingly based upon resources such as water, electricity and property. With the rise of tourism, these various resources are source of considerable incomes for local populations, especially for lodge owners. However, sharing these resources is not simple. First, the different actors do not occupy the same positions in relation to them. Second, they don’t have the same capacities (i.e., capital and skills) to exploit them. Eventually, they do not have the same interests depending on their social status, so their cooperation is not always guaranteed. In this small but highly symbolic region, local access to resources leads to “locational struggles” (Lussault, 2009). This struggle opposes members of the Sherpa community - who claim to be deeply rooted inhabitants, but whose ways of life are very polytopic – and on the other hand, new populations from the lower valleys, who seek to establish themselves within the Khumbu region. In the context of intense interrelations with the rest of the world, as well as wide socio-demographic and cultural changes, which is embodied in one of the many new pubs established in the region; the "Yak Donald's", this questions the good resources governance of this tourist hub. Far from being passive, but rather very proactive, this thesis shows how the Sherpas still control the territory and its touristic economy.

In the beginning of the 1990s the responsibility for the compulsory schools shifted from the government to the local authorities, a freedom of choice was introduced, and several municipalities brought in a school voucher system. With these changes, the educational system in Sweden went from being one of the world’s most government dominated and unified, to one with a high level of freedom of choice. The overall aim for this study is to explore the interplay between the school choice policy in the compulsory school and the process of integration and segregation on a school level. The aim is also specifically to study to what degree the pupils’ choice of school reflect the schools’ composition, with regards to ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds between 1992 and 2004.The thesis is based on three different kinds of materials; registry data from SCB (Statistics Sweden), the municipality’s data surrounding the school applications, and interviews with civil servants, politicians, and head teachers. In conclusion, the study shows that a divide has emerged between different schools, the make-up of pupils is becoming more homogenous, and the school as a meeting place between different ethnic groups is affected in a negative way. The study also shows that the school choices have an influence on this segregation between the schools. However, there are a small number of exceptions. In certain schools, the ethnic mix of pupils is relatively fair.

Cette recherche comparative – terrains français et polonais – a été menée à Lyon et à Cracovie. L’objet du travail concerne le tourisme social destiné aux enfants, et ce dans le cadre des classes de découvertes en France et écoles vertes en Pologne, ces voyages scolaires constituant à la fois un temps de vie collective et un temps d’éducation. Le cadre scolaire de la recherche concerne l’école primaire. Le travail s’inscrit dans la vaste problématique de l’acquisition de savoirs géographiques. Le sujet de la recherche mobilise le champ du tourisme dans la mesure où les pratiques qui en relèvent constituent des moyens et modalités d’appropriation de l’espace que les individus mettent en œuvre dans l’élaboration de leurs représentations spatiales. A travers ses expériences, l’individu construit un modèle intériorisé de son environnement. Cette recherche questionne les modalités de l’apprentissage spatial chez les jeunes enfants, questionnement dont l’objectif essentiel est de valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’expérience du voyage scolaire est susceptible de modifier leurs représentations spatiales. Pour vérifier si tous les enfants ont des chances égales pour se construire leur propre capital spatial, la recherche examine aussi l’influence sur leurs représentations de la mobilité spatiale antérieure. Afin d’approcher les représentations spatiales des écoliers, sont mobilisés à la fois les données discursives (questionnaires) et graphiques (cartes mentales). L’enquête, menée auprès de 192 élèves de Lyon et de Cracovie, explore donc finalement l’interface entre deux champs scientifiques, ceux de la géographie et ceux de la psychologie, en s’appuyant sur le postulat de représentations spatiales intrinsèques au paradigme qui conçoit l’espace comme un construit. Le travail s’inscrit dans l’approche d’une géographie mettant l’espace vécu au centre de ses préoccupations. / This comparative research - in France and Poland - was conducted in Lyon and Cracow. The purpose of the work is social tourism for children, more specifically the “discovery classes” in France and the “green schools” in Poland, the school trips constituting both a life experience and a time of collective education. The object of the research is primary schools.The work is part of a broader problem of the acquisition of geographical knowledge. The subject of the research mobilizes the field of tourism since the practices that stem from it are ways and means of appropriation of space that individuals implement in the construction of representations of space. Through experience, the individual constructs an interior model of his or her environment. This research project studies the modalities of spatial learning. The objective is to understand if the experience of school trips modifies children’s spatial representations. To ensure that all children have an equal opportunity to build their own spatial capital, research also examines the influence on their representations of previous spatial mobility. In order to examine the children’s spatial representations, both discursive (questionnaires) and graphics data (mental maps) are mobilized. The research, carried out with 192 pupils in Lyon and Cracow, is related to two disciplines, geography and psychology. It is supported by the postulate of spatial representations within the framework of the paradigm of spatial production. The work is part of an approach to geography, in which the “espace vécu” is the central preoccupation.