<p>Razvijene su TiAlN/TiSiN i CrAlN/TiSiN nanoslojne prevlake u kojima je napravljen spoj nanoslojnog i nanokompozitnog dizajna. Akcenat je stavljen na proizvodnju prevlaka visoke tvrdoće i visoke otpornosti na lom. Proučavane su i jednoslojne TiAlN, nanokompozitne TiSiN i višeslojne TiAlN/TiSiN prevlake kako bi se utvrdilo kako dizajn utiče na osobine prevlaka. Sve prevlake pripremane su sa jednim, dva i tri stepena rotacije. Pokazano je da dizajn i vid rotacije značajno utiču na mikrostrukturu i teksturu prevlaka, a time na njihove mehaničke osobine, otpornost na lom, adheziju između prevlake i podloge, topografiju površine i tribološko ponašanje. Nanoslojne i nanokompozitne prevlake odlikuju se kompaktnom nanokristalnom mikrostrukturom, dok jednoslojne TiAlN prevlake imaju stubastu strukturu sa kristalnim zrnima veće veličine. Pri prelasku sa jednog na više stepeni rotacije mikrostruktura prevlaka postaje kompaktnija sa kristalnim zrnima manje veličine i manjom poroznošću. U skladu sa tim, najmanju hrapavost, najveću tvrdoću, najveću otpornost na lom i najveću otpornost na habanje imaju nanoslojne i nanokompozitne prevlake pripremane sa dva i tri stepena rotacije.</p> / <p>With the aim to develop hard coatings characterized by both, high hardness<br />and high resistance to cracking, synergy between nanolayered and<br />nanocomposite design was made and nanolayered TiAlN/TiSiN and<br />CrAlN/TiSiN coatings were produced. Monolayer TiAlN, nanocomposite<br />TiSiN and multilayer TiAlN/TiSiN were also studied in order to find the<br />relation between the coating design and their properties. All coatings were<br />deposited with 1-fold, 2-fold and 3-fold rotation. It is shown that coating<br />design and type of rotation have great influence on coating microstructure<br />and texture, and in this way on their mechanical properties, resistance to<br />cracking, adhesion between coating and substrate, surface topography and<br />tribological behavior. Nanolayered and nanocomposite coatings are<br />characterized by compact nanocrystalline microstructure, while monolayer<br />TiAlN coatings have columnar structure with larger crystalline grains. By<br />increasing the number of rotational degrees from 1-fold to 3-fold size of<br />crystalline grains decreases and microstructure becomes more dense.<br />Therefore, nanolayered and nanocomposite coatings deposited with 2-fold<br />and 3-fold rotation are characterized by the highest hardness, highest<br />resistance to cracking, highest wear resistance and the smoothest surface<br />topography.</p>

A massive castings defects are examined in this doctoral thesis, specialise in steels passing through peritectic transformation. There are typical types of defects at massive steel castings, as contrasted to „ordinary“ internal and surface ones. For massive steel castings are typical defects under feeders like conchoidal fractures, segregations, microporesities, reoxidation products. Combination of Al and Zr is an ordinary final deoxidation of EOP and LF steel for castings in ŽĎAS a.s. foundry. The aim of Al + Zr combination was to both deep deoxidation by Al (decrease of bubbles risk) and denitrification by Zr (decrease of conchoidal fractures). This theses refute premission mentioned above and verified persisting risk of defects under massive feeders, even though Al + Zr deoxidation is used. A final deoxidation by increased amount of Al was examinated, in combination with other deoxidation agents. Castings had 11 [cm] maximal modulus, and occurence of conchoidal fracture, reoxidation products and primary austenite grain size was evaluated. A selected optimal final deoxidations (Al, Al+Ti, Al+Zr) as a result from experiment described above, were evaluated on castings with 15 [cm] maximal modulus. The result of experiment is, that is not possible to repeatedly produce massive steel casting using EOP metallurgical equipment without defects under feeders, despite of deoxidation and pouring temperature optimalization. The defect indications look like conchoidal fracture, but there are microporesity and impurities instead. Finally, castings with maximal modulus 15 [cm] were produced using so called secondary metallurgy (LF, VD). Secondary metallurgy allowed to both significant decrease of sulfur and degassing of melted metal. Only this metallurgical procedure guarantees production of heavy steel castings without typical defects under massive feeders

Les sciences humaines et sociales s'interrogent sur les fondements du discours scientifique depuis les années 1950. Depuis les années 1980, l'enseignement à distance évolue, et les années 2002-2007 des supports innovants sont créés pour répondre au traitement électronique de l'information. L'information scientifique doit s'adapter aux nouvelles formes de diffusion du savoir. Le discours scientifique dans les sciences humaines reste un « objet réglé par le système rhétorique ». Il propose un raisonnement, soit selon une culture de l'évidence rationnelle et expérimentale, soit selon une culture de l'argumentation. Sa représentation donnera lieu alors soit à une structure figée, soit à un plan créatif. Ces points de vue seront illustrés par les nouveaux supports et les résultats sous des formes multimédia. Les pratiques d'écriture, de référencement, d'édition, de validation, de diffusion et de lecture du discours en sciences humaines changent et doivent être accompagnées d'une réflexion approfondie. Les publications scientifiques jouent un rôle capital dans le système de la communication scientifique. Elles doivent répondre à deux exigences symbolisées par les deux pôles : celui de l'information (l'aspect logique et rationnel) et celui de la communication (l'aspect relationnel). Le numérique ainsi que les discours qui l'accompagnent peuvent être définis comme un phénomène émergent dans la communication scientifique. L'influence du traitement numérique de l'information entraîne une évolution des formes de représentation des champs scientifiques dans les sciences humaines. Il oblige plus qu'auparavant à caractériser le discours scientifique dans les sciences humaines et à le définir. La formalisation des publications scientifiques propose une organisation et une structuration du contenu avec des langages de balisage, des normes et des standards adaptés aux besoins des communautés pour assurer l'efficacité de la production de documents numériques.

Η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη του Παγκόσμιου Ιστού τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει προκαλέσει την αύξηση του εκπαιδευτικού υλικού που είναι διαθέσιμο σε ηλεκτρονική μορφή, με αποτέλεσμα η αναζήτηση και η εύρεση των ψηφιακών εκπαιδευτικών υλικών να γίνεται όλο και πιο δύσκολη. Για αυτό το λόγο τα ψηφιακά εκπαιδευτικά αντικείμενα, ή αλλιώς Μαθησιακά Αντικείμενα (Learning Objects) πρέπει να περιγράφονται με τη χρήση εκπαιδευτικών μεταδεδομένων έτσι ώστε να διευκολύνονται οι λειτουργίες της εύρεσης, ανάκτησης, κατηγοριοποίησης και επαναχρησιμοποίησης των αντικειμένων. Τα τελευταία χρόνια έχουν δημιουργηθεί αρκετά αποθέματα για την αποθήκευση ψηφιακών εκπαιδευτικών αντικειμένων, όπως είναι το DSpace, το EPrints και το Fedora. Τα ψηφιακά αποθέματα κάνουν χρήση μεταδεδομένων για τα ψηφιακά αντικείμενα που αποθηκεύονται στο σύστημά τους. Συχνά όμως παρατηρείται ότι ενώ η κύρια χρήση των αποθεμάτων είναι για εκπαιδευτικούς σκοπούς, δεν δίνεται η δυνατότητα να εμπλουτίζονται τα εκπαιδευτικά αντικείμενα που αποθηκεύονται στα αποθέματα με μεταδεδομένα εκπαιδευτικού τύπου. Κατά συνέπεια, ο κύριος στόχος της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι να μελετήσει τα διαθέσιμα πρότυπα εκπαιδευτικών μεταδεδομένων και να επεκτείνει τα υπάρχοντα σύνολα μεταδεδομένων των ψηφιακών αποθεμάτων ώστε να συμπεριλαμβάνουν και μεταδεδομένα εκπαιδευτικού σκοπού. Για να επιβεβαιωθούν τα αποτελέσματα της συγκεκριμένης μελέτη έγινε εφαρμογή της σε ένα πραγματικό εκπαιδευτικό απόθεμα που αναπτύχθηκε στα πλαίσια του ΕΠΕΑΕΚ ΙΙ για το Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών. Βασικό χαρακτηριστικό των εκπαιδευτικών αποθεμάτων είναι και η διαλειτουργικότητα με άλλα συστήματα. Η διαλειτουργικότητα εξασφαλίζει τη συνεργασία του συστήματος με άλλα αποθέματα επιτρέποντας τη συγκομιδή και αξιοποίηση των ψηφιακών αντικειμένων και από άλλα αποθέματα. Για το λόγο αυτό μελετάται το πώς μπορεί να επιτευχθεί η διαλειτουργικότητα ενός συστήματος ώστε να αξιοποιούνται και τα εκπαιδευτικά μεταδεδομένα του αποθέματος, μέσω της υπηρεσίας ΟΑΙ-PMH, που υποστηρίζεται από τα περισσότερα αποθέματα, αλλά και μέσω της καινούριας υπηρεσίας OAI-ORE. Η υλοποίηση της διαλειτουργικότητας στα πλαίσια της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας επικεντρώνεται στο σύστημα DSpace. Ο Σημαντικός Ιστός (Semantic Web) αποτελεί την εξέλιξη του Παγκόσμιου Ιστού. Στον Σημαντικό Ιστό οι πληροφορίες περιγράφονται από δεδομένα αποκτώντας συγκεκριμένη σημασία και δίνοντας έτσι τη δυνατότητα στις μηχανές να επεξεργαστούν δεδομένα που μέχρι σήμερα ήταν κατανοητά μόνο από τους ανθρώπους. Έτσι, γίνεται μελέτη ώστε να επιτευχθεί η δυνατότητα σημασιακής διαλειτουργικότητας στα αποθέματα και συγκεκριμένα στο DSpace. Με τον τρόπο αυτό γίνεται δυνατή η συνδιαλλαγή και διαπραγμάτευση πληροφοριών μεταξύ συστημάτων, οι οποίες, ενώ μπορεί να είναι κατά βάση ετερογενείς, προερχόμενες από πολλαπλές πηγές και αδόμητες σημασιακά, μπορούν να συσχετίζονται και, βάσει συμπερασμών, να συνδυάζονται κατάλληλα με στόχο την ανακάλυψη νέας γνώσης. / The rapid growth of World Wide Web in the last years has led to an increase of the educational material that is available in digital way. As a result of this, searching and discovering of digital educational material is becoming more and more difficult. For this reason, digital education objects, or Learning Objects, have to be described using education metadata in order to facilitate searching, retrieval, classification and reuse of these objects. In the recent years, a lot of repositories have been built to store digital educational objects, like DSpace, EPrints and Fedora. Digital repositories make use of metadata to describe digital objects that are stored in their system. But we can note that although the main use of these repository systems is for educational purposes, we do not have the ability to enrich learning objects that are stored in these systems with educational metadata. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to study the available educational metadata standards and to extend the available metadata sets of digital repositories in order to include and support metadata for education purposes. A main feature of most educational repositories is interoperability with other systems. Interoperability assures the cooperation of one repository with others by allowing the harvesting and using of digital objects stored in one place by other systems and services. For this reason, it is studied how educational metadata can be incorporated in a repository’s interoperability services, and mainly in the OAI-PMH service, which is supported by most repositories, but also in a new service named OAI-ORE. The implementation of these interoperability services is focused on the DSpace system. Finally, Semantic Web is the evolution of World Wide Web. In Semantic Web information is described by data, so this information gains meaning which gives the ability to machines to process this information which till now was meaningful only to humans. So, it is also studied how semantic interoperability can be achieved between repositories and specifically between repositories based on DSpace. This will give the ability to exchange information between systems. Although this information may come from different and heterogeneous sources, and although this information may be semantically unstructured, it can be associated and combined in order to discover new knowledge.

A massive castings defects are examined in this doctoral thesis, specialise in steels passing through peritectic transformation. There are typical types of defects at massive steel castings, as contrasted to „ordinary“ internal and surface ones. For massive steel castings are typical defects under feeders like conchoidal fractures, segregations, microporesities, reoxidation products. Combination of Al and Zr is an ordinary final deoxidation of EOP and LF steel for castings in ŽĎAS a.s. foundry. The aim of Al + Zr combination was to both deep deoxidation by Al (decrease of bubbles risk) and denitrification by Zr (decrease of conchoidal fractures). This theses refute premission mentioned above and verified persisting risk of defects under massive feeders, even though Al + Zr deoxidation is used. A final deoxidation by increased amount of Al was examinated, in combination with other deoxidation agents. Castings had 11 [cm] maximal modulus, and occurence of conchoidal fracture, reoxidation products and primary austenite grain size was evaluated. A selected optimal final deoxidations (Al, Al+Ti, Al+Zr) as a result from experiment described above, were evaluated on castings with 15 [cm] maximal modulus. The result of experiment is, that is not possible to repeatedly produce massive steel casting using EOP metallurgical equipment without defects under feeders, despite of deoxidation and pouring temperature optimalization. The defect indications look like conchoidal fracture, but there are microporesity and impurities instead. Finally, castings with maximal modulus 15 [cm] were produced using so called secondary metallurgy (LF, VD). Secondary metallurgy allowed to both significant decrease of sulfur and degassing of melted metal. Only this metallurgical procedure guarantees production of heavy steel castings without typical defects under massive feeders

The topic of this PhD. thesis is the issue of determining fatigue characteristics of selected cement-based composites. First, the history of fatigue of metal is mentioned, and some basic notions related to fatigue are clarified. The thesis also summarizes current research in the field of cement-based composites fatigue, and failure mechanisms of plain concrete during static and dynamic tests are described. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the evaluation of static and dynamic experiments’ results with extensive series of C30/37 and C45/55 class concrete specimens. In order to achieve relevant fatigue test evaluation which takes into account the age of the specimens, a new correction procedure of the data measured based on the approximation of the basic fracture-mechanics parameters of tested materials over time was suggested and verified. The annexes of this thesis present complete data obtained during static and dynamic experiments.

Effects of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) particle deposition on the atmospheric corrosion of copper (Cu) metal and a Cu-based alloy (Cu5Al5Zn) used in architectural applications were investigated at laboratory conditions compared with effects induced by sodium chloride (NaCl) and to some extent ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 induced corrosion. Pre-deposited surfaces were exposed to repeated wet/dry conditions in a climatic chamber and the formation of corrosion products were assessed using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis (SEM/EDS), Fourier transform infrared techniques (FTIR microscopy) and cathodic reduction (CR). Na2SO4 induced corrosion resulted in corrosion cells locally over the surface on both Cu and Cu5Al5Zn, of increased oxygen content in the anodic area of the cells (center of pre-deposited area). The main corrosion products formed on Cu metal are basic copper sulfates and cuprite (Cu2O), while basic sulfates (copper and/or zinc) and Cu2O were the main corrosion products formed on Cu5Al5Zn. A combined deposition of Na2SO4 + NaCl was carried out on the Cu5Al5Zn alloy using two different deposition methods to investigate the possible interplay from a corrosion initiation perspective between the two salt particles. For short time exposed Cu5Al5Zn (1 cycle), two different corrosion cells formed, mainly induced by Na2SO4 and NaCl. Corrosion products formed in anodic areas of a Na2SO4 induced corrosion cell were similar to findings observed for Cu5Al5Zn pre-deposited with Na2SO4 only, whereas peripheral cathodic areas primarily were affected by NaCl dissolution and predominantly composed of Cu2O that was the main corrosion product with small amount of hydroxides and carbonates of the NaCl induced corrosion cells. After relatively longer exposure periods (2 and 6 wet/dry cycles), NaCl dominated the corrosion of the entire surface with the formation of more Cu2O, hydroxides and carbonates. Cathodic reduction findings revealed a negative interplay on corrosion for the mixed salt after short time exposures (1 and 2 cycles), whereas a slight synergistic effect was evident after a longer exposure period (6 cycles), compared with corrosion induced by single salts.

No description available.

The military vehicle, Pansarterrängbil 203 (PATGB 203) demonstrates a fault. There are some components in a coolant circuit that fail due to corrosion while others are unaffected. One of the affected components that will be investigated in this report is the water heater. The subject of this technical investigation has been an issue for FMV, Swedish Defence Materiel Administration since a decade. While seeking out the cause of the coolant circuit failing, this investigation aim to analyzing the underlying problems considering material, factors of corrosion and organization. In order to establish the origin of material and appearance of corrosion, experiments were performed. The experiments showed that the original material is an Al-Si alloy. The micrographs indicated varying stratification of the corrosion throughout the unit. The corrosive deposits consisted mainly of oxygen, silicon, aluminum and sodium. Consequently, the protecting passive oxide layer is compromised, which results in a direct connection between the coolant and the underlying material. This direct connection gives rise to the development of corrosion in the material. Clear underlying causes of the corrosion were not found but the most probable suggest on galvanic corrosion accelerated by a stray current. Properly grounding the components decreases the stray current in the system and is essential to avoid corrosion. If grounding the components is not sufficient, additional checks of the coolant with attention to the pH-value and the function of corrosion inhibitors may indicate corrosion at an earlier stage.

This master thesis deals with the influence of glazing on the microclimate inside buildings. In particular, I focused on the shading coefficient and the various factors that affect it. The thesis also concentrates on the origin and composition of the solar radiation, the formation of thermal stress and refraction. In the next part of the thesis, I focused on designing two variants of shielding factor and its impact on the thermal load of gym, sports hall and the related necessary changes. The last part of the thesis deals with experimental measurements of incident solar radiation passing through the window into real physical model. From the measured values, we determined realistic shading coefficient and then applied it in the previous section of this thesis.