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高齡死亡模型與年金保險應用之研究 / A Study of Elderly Mortality Models and Their Applications in Annuity Insurance陳怡萱, Chen, Yi Xuan Unknown Date (has links)
傳統上國人寄望養兒防老,但面臨少子化及壽命延長,家庭已無法獨力負擔照顧老年人的責任,必須仰賴個人(老年人自己)、國家及政府分擔人口老化造成的需求,這也是政府在過去二十年來積極投入更多資源,制訂與老年人有關的社會保險、福利及政策的原因。像是1995年開辦的全民健康保險提升了全民健康,其中老年人受惠尤多;2005年的勞工退休金條例、2008年的國民年金保險等,則是因應我國國民壽命延長的社會保險制度。對於未來費用的需求估算,需要依賴可靠的死亡率預測,但大多數預測並沒有將死亡率改善列入考量,勢必低估長壽風險的衝擊,影響個人的財務規劃、增加國家負債。
有鑑於此,本文研究常用的死亡率模型,評估哪些適合用於描述高齡死亡率的變化,且能用於計算年金商品的定價。本文考量的模型大致分成兩類:關係模型(Relational Models)及隨機模型(Stochastic Models),第一類包括常用於高齡的Gompertz、Coale-Kisker模型,以及Discount Sequence模型,第二類則有Lee-Carter及CBD等模型。模型比較的方式以長期預測和短期預測,選用交叉驗證的方式驗證死亡率模型的預測結果與觀察值之間的差異。研究結果顯示Discount Sequence、Lee-Carter、CBD隨機模型較能準確描述台灣、日本與美國等三個國家的死亡率特性;但這三個模型在年金險保費並沒有很明顯的訂價差異。另外,若用於短期預測、長期預測比較,又以Discount Sequence的預測結果優於Lee-Carter模型的預測。 / Traditionally in Asia, families played the main role in caring their own elderly (i.e., parents and grand-parents), but the declining fertility rates and longer life expectancy make it difficult for the families to take care of the elderly alone. The elderly themselves and the government need to share the burden caused by the aging population. In fact, most Taiwan’s major social policies in the past 20 years are targeting the elderly, such as National Health Insurance, Labor Pension Act and National Pension Insurance. Their planning and financial solvency rely on reliable mortality models and their projections for the elderly population. However, many mortality models do not take into account the mortality improvements and thus underestimate the cost.
In this study, we look for elderly mortality models which can reflect the mortality improvements in recent years and use them to price the annuity products. Two types of mortality models are of interest: relational models and stochastic models. The first group includes the Gompertz model, Coale-Kisker model and Discount Sequence; the other group includes the Lee-Carter and CBD models. We utilize these mortality models to project future mortality rates in Taiwan, Japan and U.S., along with the block bootstrap and ARIMA for projection. The model comparison is based on cross-validation, and both short-term and long-term projections are considered. The results show that the Discount Sequence, Lee-Carter model and CBD model have the best model fits for mortality rates and, for the short-term and long-term forecasts, the Discount Sequence is better than the Lee-Carter model.
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Essays on strategic asset allocation and risk management of pension funds / Trois essais sur la gestion des fonds de pensionLemoine, Killian 11 December 2013 (has links)
Depuis une dizaine d'années, une part croissante de fonds de pension rencontrent des difficultés financières. Cette détérioration a soulevé des questions sur la gestion de ces institutions et sur l'efficacité du cadre réglementaires. Cette thèse a pour objet d'analyser les comportements financiers et la gestion des risques opérés par les fonds de pension à prestation définies et les institutions assimilées. En premier lieu, nous relions les choix d'investissement à la question du contrôle managériale. Notre analyse suggère que la bonne gestion des fonds de pension nécessite un partage optimal des droits de contrôle entre les participants du plan et l'entreprise sponsor. Nous montrons alors comment cette répartition affecte les décisions d'investissement. Notre seconde analyse étudie l'impact des fluctuations financières sur la gestion des fonds de pension. Nos résultats suggèrent que le cadre réglementaire actuel conduit à de larges effets pro-cycliques, en particulier sur les exigences de capital et les décisions d'investissement. Finalement, nous analysons comment les changement structurels de la mortalité affectent le risque et les politiques de risque des fonds de pension. / Since ten years, an increasing proportion of pension funds faces to severe financial difficulties, addressing some questions about the management of these institutions and the effectiveness of the regulatory framework. This thesis aims to analyze the investment decisions and financial risk management made by the pension fund defined benefit and assimilated institutions, in order to address some advances for the regulation purpose. First, we address the question of the pension funds management by analyzing the implications of the managerial control problem. Our analysis suggests that the efficient management may require an optimal splitting of control rights between plan participants and the sponsoring company. We then show how this splitting of right controls can affects investment decisions in pension funds. Second, we analyze the implications of financial cycles for pension fund management. Our results suggest that the regulatory framework produces large pro-cyclical, including regime-dependent capital requirement and regime-dependent investment decisions. Finally, we analyze how the structural change in mortality affect the risk and the risk management of pension funds.
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Analyse de survie bivariée à facteurs latents : théorie et applications à la mortalité et à la dépendance / Bivariate Survival Analysis with Latent Factors : Theory and Applications to Mortality and Long-Term CareLu, Yang 24 June 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse étudie quelques problèmes d’identification et d’estimation dans les modèles de survie bivariée, avec présence d’hétérogénéité individuelle et des facteurs communs stochastiques.Chapitre I introduit le cadre général.Chapitre II propose un modèle pour la mortalité des deux époux dans un couple. Il permet de distinguer deux types de dépendance : l’effet de deuil et l’effet lié au facteur de risque commun des deux époux. Une analyse de leurs effets respectifs sur les primes d’assurance écrites sur deux têtes est proposée.Chapitre III montre que, sous certaines hypothèses raisonnables, on peut identifier l’évolution jointe du risque d’entrer en dépendance et du risque de mortalité, à partir des données de mortalité par cohortes. Une application à la population française est proposée.Chapitre IV étudie la queue de distribution dans les modèles de survie bivariée. Sous certaines hypothèses, la loi jointe des deux durées résiduelles converge, après une normalisation adéquate. Cela peut être utilisé pour analyser le risque parmi les survivants aux âges élevés. Parallèlement, la distribution d’hétérogénéité parmi les survivants converge vers une distribution semi-paramétrique. / This thesis comprises three essays on identification and estimation problems in bivariate survival models with individual and common frailties.The first essay proposes a model to capture the mortality dependence of the two spouses in a couple. It allows to disentangle two types of dependencies : the broken heart syndrome and the dependence induced by common risk factors. An analysis of their respective effects on joint insurance premia is also proposed.The second essay shows that, under reasonable model specifications that take into account the longevity effect, we can identify the joint distribution of the long-term care and mortality risks from the observation of cohort mortality data only. A numerical application to the French population data is proposed.The third essay conducts an analysis of the tail of the joint distribution for general bivariate survival models with proportional frailty. We show that under appropriate assumptions, the distribution of the joint residual lifetimes converges to a limit distribution, upon normalization. This can be used to analyze the mortality and long-term care risks at advanced ages. In parallel, the heterogeneity distribution among survivors converges also to a semi-parametric limit distribution. Properties of the limit distributions, their identifiability from the data, as well as their implications are discussed.
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Stakeholders in Pension Finance / Le financement des régimes de retraiteBoon, Ling-Ni 06 September 2017 (has links)
La présente thèse s'intéresse à trois acteurs du financement des régimes de retraite : le législateur, l'assureur et l’individu. Dans un environnement en proie à un comportement déviant du marché financier et à des évolutions démographiques défavorables, le rôle de ces parties prenantes doit impérativement faire l’objet d’une réévaluation pour relever le défi de la pérennité du financement des retraites. L’étude de la règlementation et de la conception des régimes a été réalisée en intégrant des caractéristiques types du futur paysage des retraites, telles que le poids de plus en plus important du risque assumé par l’individu ou l’éventuelle participation d'investisseurs boursiers dans l’offre de contrats. Les conclusions de cette étude permettent de dégager des orientations en vue de la gestion du risque de longévité pour les individus, une évaluation de l’attrait de l’exposition au risque de longévité pour les investisseurs, des informations sur l’élaboration des contrats pour les assureurs ainsi que des propositions, pour les décideurs politiques, de mesures règlementaires favorisant la durabilité du paysage des retraites. / This dissertation examines three stakeholders in pension finance: the individual, the policymaker, and the pension provider (e.g., an insurer or a pension fund). In a setting beset by unforseen financial market circumstances and demographic changes that disfavor financial security in retirement, a re-evaluation of these stakeholders’ role is necessary. We explore the regulation and design of retirement plans by incorporating features that characterize the future retirement landscape, such as the increasing burden of risk borne by the individual, and the potential involvement of market investors in the provision of retirement contracts. The implications of our findings encompass guidance for individuals in managing longevity risk, evaluation of the appeal of longevity risk exposure to investors, insights on contract design for the insurer, and proposals to the policymaker on regulatory measures that foster a sustainable retirement environment.
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長壽風險對保單責任準備金之影響-以增額型終身壽險為例 / The effect of longevity risk on reserves – based on increasing whole life insurance陳志岳 Unknown Date (has links)
近年隨著油價、物價上漲所導致的通貨膨脹風險,壽險業者以增額型終身壽險來吸引潛在消費者。另外,由於醫療技術的進步,使得死亡率逐年改善,因此將造成保單在設計時可能將遭受到長壽風險的影響。本篇文章的主要目的即探討長壽風險對於保單責任準備金的影響,並以增額型終身壽險作為本文主要分析標的。首先建構死亡率模型(Lee-Carter模型),用來配適並模擬死亡率,接著探討增額型終身壽險在各保單年度下之現金流量以及責任準備金的提存,進一步再引進不同的死亡率來探討其現金流量分佈情形與責任準備金之提存。本文研究結果發現,在保險公司未採用遞迴方式計算保費時,當繳費期間愈短、複利利率愈高以及投保年齡愈低時,保險公司所面臨之長壽風險愈大,其後在帶入各種不同死亡率模型,發現死亡改善率愈高,保險公司所面臨之長壽風險愈大,而保險公司在提存責任準備金時,並未考慮到死亡改善率的部分,此對保險公司的財務健全將造成隱憂,本文於此部分建議監理機關透過法規(RBC)的制訂,調整準備金提存的係數,以降低長壽風險對保險公司財務之衝擊。
關鍵字:長壽風險、死亡率模型、增額型終身壽險、保單責任準備金、增額準備金、Lee-Carter Model以及RBC制度。 / With the improvement of medical technology, the life expectancy around the world is increasing year by year during the past decade. Therefore, the increasing whole life insurance policy is popular during these years because its benefits are escalating with time and policyholders think they could gain more benefits when they live longer. Like annuity policies, the increasing whole life insurance could also suffer from the longevity risk, which may have enormous impact on the financial statements of insurers.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of longevity risk on reserves, based on increasing whole life insurance policy. First, we construct Lee-Carter model to fit and simulate mortality rate and assume different mortality improvements from the 2002 Taiwan Standard Ordinary Experience Mortality Table (2002TSO) for further comparisons. And then, we construct a simple model to analyze the cash flows of the increasing whole life policies based on the mortality rates we observed.
By constructing a simple model and simulation, we find that if the insurance company does not correctly estimate longevity risk, the insurance company will lose money on the increasing whole life policies. In order to mitigate the insufficiency of life insurers for the increasing whole life policies, we try to provide some supervision suggestion from the view of the risk-based capital (RBC) requirements. We calculate the factor of insurance risk (C2) of RBC requirements because this factor represents the surplus needed to provide for excess claims over expected, both from random fluctuations and from inaccurate pricing for future levels of claims.
Keywords: longevity risk, increasing whole life insurance policy, Lee-Carter model, risk-based capital (RBC).
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Fair valuation of insurance liabilities - a case studySato, Manabu Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Insurance contracts will be reported at fair values on insurers’ balance sheets from 2010. In this thesis, we will review the conceptual and theoretical backbone of the insurance fair valuation project while providing a summary of the key features of the fair valuation project. Then, we will conduct a case study aimed at finding, under the fair valuation regime, the best asset allocation strategy for a particular business unit that carries a hypothetical annuity portfolio using a single modelling framework for valuation, risk calculation and business appraisal.
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