Orientador: Ana Lúcia Barretto Penna / Banca: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca: Célia Maria Landi Franco / Resumo: O queijo Prato é caracterizado como gordo e de média umidade, sendo o segundo mais consumido no país. Contudo, a associação da ingestão de gorduras com o desenvolvimento de doenças coronarianas e carcinogênicas tem incentivado a procura por alimentos menos calóricos e que, ao mesmo tempo, sejam tão agradáveis ao paladar quanto às versões integrais. Algumas melhorias tecnológicas foram desenvolvidas para promover bons aspectos físicos e sensoriais para queijos com baixo teor de gordura, incluindo o uso de substitutos de gordura. Nesta pesquisa, foram incorporados ao queijo Prato dois diferentes substitutos de gordura, aplicados simultaneamente, a fim de avaliar o efeito sobre a qualidade tecnológica desse queijo. Foram feitos dois processamentos dos queijos conforme 3 tratamentos: um controle, fabricado com leite integral e dois fabricados com leite padronizado a 1,5% de gordura: um queijo Prato light e outro queijo Prato light modificado, adicionado dos substitutos de gordura concentrado protéico de soro (CPS) e colágeno hidrolisado, nas concentrações de 1,0 e 0,5%, respectivamente. Durante o processo de maturação foram realizadas análises físico-químicas para a caracterização dos produtos, avaliação da proteólise, do derretimento e da textura. Os resultados obtidos para o conteúdo de gordura permitiram que os queijos fossem classificados como produtos light, por apresentarem redução maior que 25%, em relação ao conteúdo médio de gordura do queijo Prato integral. A adição dos substitutos promoveu aumento do teor de umidade e, conseqüentemente, do rendimento dos queijos. O comportamento da glicólise e da proteólise durante a maturação do queijo Prato light modificado foi próximo ao observado para o queijo Prato integral. Entretanto, não houve uma relação entre a adição dos substitutos de gordura e aumento da capacidade de derretimento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Prato cheese is characterized as fatty and with medium moisture, it is very appreciated by consumers, being the second most consumed in the country. However, the association of fat intake with the development of coronary heart disease and cancers has prompted the search for food with fewer calories, but, at the same time, it must be as pleasing to taste as the full fat counterparts. Some alternatives were developed to improve physical and sensory characteristics in cheeses with reduced fat, including the use of fat substitutes. In this research, two different types of substitutes were incorporated into Prato cheese, to evaluate the effect on the technological quality of this cheese. The cheeses were prepared according to three treatments: a control, made with full fat milk and two made from standardized milk, a Prato light cheese and another Prato light cheese with added fat replacers: whey protein concentrate (WPC) and hydrolyzed collagen, respectively at a concentration of 1.0 and 0.5%, and repeated twice. During the ripening, the cheeses were submitted to analyses of the evaluation of proteolysis, melting and texture. The results obtained for the fat content allow the cheeses to be classified as light products, because they presented more than 25% of reduction, compared with the average fat content of a full fat Prato cheese. The addition of substitutes promoted an increase in moisture content and, consequently, in the yield of cheese; there was no influence on the acidity and proteolysis development. On the other hand, there was no relationship between the addition of fat substitutes and increasing the melting capacity and improving the texture of the Prato light cheese. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the effect of whey protein concentrate and hydrolyzed collagen in the quality of these products, in order to assess their potential for production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Burgers subjected to lipid reformulation were made by replacing 50% of the fat component by microparticles containing chia (CO) and linseed (LO) oils obtained by external ionic gelation. The microparticles presented high n−3 PUFAs levels and were resistant to the pH and temperature conditions commonly used in burger processing. The lipid reformulation did not affect hardness and improved important technological properties, such as cooking loss and fat retention. In addition to reducing the fat content of burgers by up to 50%, the lipid reformulation led to healthier PUFA/SFA and n−6/n−3 ratios, and lower atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices. The burgers with CO microparticles showed a higher lipid oxidation and a lower sensory quality compared to the other treatments. However, the substitution of pork back fat by LO microparticles did not impair the sensory quality of burgers. Therefore, the microencapsulation of n−3 PUFA-rich oils by external ionic gelation can be considered an effective strategy to produce healthier burgers. / Hambúrgueres com uma reformulação lipídica foram produzidos através da substituição de 50% do seu teor de gordura por óleos de chia (CO) e de linhaça (LO) microencapsulados por gelificação iônica externa. As microcápsulas apresentaram altos teores de n-3 PUFAS e foram resistentes às condições de pH e temperatura comumente aplicadas durante o processamento de hambúrgueres. A reformulação lipídica não afetou a dureza e melhorou importantes atributos tecnológicos, como a perda no rendimento e a retenção de gordura. Além de reduzir em até 50% o teor de gordura dos hambúrgueres, a reformulação lipídica tornou mais saudável a relação PUFA/SFA e n-6/n-3 e os índices de aterogenicidade e trombogenicidade. Os hambúrgueres com CO microencapsulado apresentaram uma maior oxidação lipídica e uma menor qualidade sensorial. Por outro lado, a substituição de toucinho por LO microencapsulado não prejudicou a qualidade sensorial dos hambúrgueres. Pode-se concluir que a microencapsulação por gelificação iônica externa de óleos ricos em n-3 PUFAs pode ser considerada uma estratégia eficaz para produzir hambúrgueres com características mais saudáveis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 diamantino_im_me_sjrp.pdf: 386013 bytes, checksum: b3b87690b057fd61f3bc7ef1ddfed013 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O queijo Prato é caracterizado como gordo e de média umidade, sendo o segundo mais consumido no país. Contudo, a associação da ingestão de gorduras com o desenvolvimento de doenças coronarianas e carcinogênicas tem incentivado a procura por alimentos menos calóricos e que, ao mesmo tempo, sejam tão agradáveis ao paladar quanto às versões integrais. Algumas melhorias tecnológicas foram desenvolvidas para promover bons aspectos físicos e sensoriais para queijos com baixo teor de gordura, incluindo o uso de substitutos de gordura. Nesta pesquisa, foram incorporados ao queijo Prato dois diferentes substitutos de gordura, aplicados simultaneamente, a fim de avaliar o efeito sobre a qualidade tecnológica desse queijo. Foram feitos dois processamentos dos queijos conforme 3 tratamentos: um controle, fabricado com leite integral e dois fabricados com leite padronizado a 1,5% de gordura: um queijo Prato light e outro queijo Prato light modificado, adicionado dos substitutos de gordura concentrado protéico de soro (CPS) e colágeno hidrolisado, nas concentrações de 1,0 e 0,5%, respectivamente. Durante o processo de maturação foram realizadas análises físico-químicas para a caracterização dos produtos, avaliação da proteólise, do derretimento e da textura. Os resultados obtidos para o conteúdo de gordura permitiram que os queijos fossem classificados como produtos light, por apresentarem redução maior que 25%, em relação ao conteúdo médio de gordura do queijo Prato integral. A adição dos substitutos promoveu aumento do teor de umidade e, conseqüentemente, do rendimento dos queijos. O comportamento da glicólise e da proteólise durante a maturação do queijo Prato light modificado foi próximo ao observado para o queijo Prato integral. Entretanto, não houve uma relação entre a adição dos substitutos de gordura e aumento da capacidade de derretimento... / Prato cheese is characterized as fatty and with medium moisture, it is very appreciated by consumers, being the second most consumed in the country. However, the association of fat intake with the development of coronary heart disease and cancers has prompted the search for food with fewer calories, but, at the same time, it must be as pleasing to taste as the full fat counterparts. Some alternatives were developed to improve physical and sensory characteristics in cheeses with reduced fat, including the use of fat substitutes. In this research, two different types of substitutes were incorporated into Prato cheese, to evaluate the effect on the technological quality of this cheese. The cheeses were prepared according to three treatments: a control, made with full fat milk and two made from standardized milk, a Prato light cheese and another Prato light cheese with added fat replacers: whey protein concentrate (WPC) and hydrolyzed collagen, respectively at a concentration of 1.0 and 0.5%, and repeated twice. During the ripening, the cheeses were submitted to analyses of the evaluation of proteolysis, melting and texture. The results obtained for the fat content allow the cheeses to be classified as light products, because they presented more than 25% of reduction, compared with the average fat content of a full fat Prato cheese. The addition of substitutes promoted an increase in moisture content and, consequently, in the yield of cheese; there was no influence on the acidity and proteolysis development. On the other hand, there was no relationship between the addition of fat substitutes and increasing the melting capacity and improving the texture of the Prato light cheese. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the effect of whey protein concentrate and hydrolyzed collagen in the quality of these products, in order to assess their potential for production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to assess the yield of extractions of the flaxseed gum (whole and ground) and meal flaxseed in different concentrations, and check the effect of adding flaxseed gum in beef burguer with different levels of fat in chemical composition, cooking, sensory and shelf life (storage for 90 days, a - 200C). In the concentration C7,5% was noted more yield for flaxseed gum extractions (whole and ground) and meal flaxseed (7,2; 18; 9%, respectively). Produced 85% of total fibre extract from flaxseed (whole), the meal flaxseed gum presented low this component (56%) and high protein content (36%). Both gums have great ability to Water Binding Capacity (approximately 17 per gram gum) and has not been verified syneresis in the concentrations in gel 1; 5; 2 and 2.5%. The meal flaxseed gum showed double capacity of fat retention in relation to the flaxseed gum. The flaxseed gum obtained more viscosity than the meal flaxseed gum in concentration 2g/L, but it was stable in pH between 4 - 6; meal flaxseed gum was broadly stable in band of pH (2 - 10). The flaxseed gum was employed in beef burger formulations, as a substitute of fat in the concentrations: 0; 0, 1; 0,3; 0,6 and 1%. Both in raw beef burguers or cooked, it was noted that the greater concentration flaxseed gum in the treatments, greater was the moisture and less fat content. There was no significant difference (p < 0,05) for the amounts of ash and protein in raw and cooked beef burguers. All the tests presented more yield and moisture retention when compared to the control (GL0%), only GL1% had significantly difference (p < 0,05). GL0,6% presented greater retention fat in relation to the other. Diminution in diameter was observed in the sample GL0,1%, followed by GL0,3%; GL0,6% and GL0% in ascending order. The GL0% and GL0,1% have greater machining force (p < 0,05) than GL0,3%, and GL0,6%. In sensorial analysis, the GL0,1% and GL0,3% obtained majors notes for attribute appearance, GL0% and GL0,1% to odour and taste attributes. For attributes color and texture, only the GL1% was rejected, the smaller notes. In the test of purchase attitude, GL0,1% received major notes, followed by GL0,3%; GL0%; GL0,6% and GL1%, in descending order of preference. The pH increased during the period of storage, ranging from 5,6 (day 0) 6,1 (day 90), but was within pH for meat suitable for consumption. All the tests have less value of TBARS than the control (GL0%) at the end of storage. Therefore, it is concluded that is possible to get beef burguer reduced in fat, with similar quality or better than conventional product with added flaxseed gum, representing a viable alternative replacement partial fat in this product / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento das extrações de goma da linhaça (grão inteiro e moído) e do farelo de linhaça a diferentes concentrações, bem como verificar o efeito da adição de goma do grão de linhaça, em hambúrgueres de carne bovina com diferentes níveis de gordura, na composição química, características de cozimento, aceitação global e vida de prateleira (armazenamento por 90 dias, a -200C). Na concentração C7,5%, foi observado maior rendimento para as extrações de goma da linhaça (grão inteiro e moído) e farelo (7,2; 18 e 9%, respectivamente). Obteve-se 85% de fibra total no extrato proveniente da linhaça (grão inteiro), já a goma do farelo apresentou menor teor deste componente (56%) e alto conteúdo de proteína (36%). Ambas as gomas possuem ótima capacidade de hidratação (aproximadamente 17g de água por grama de goma) e não foi verificada sinérese nas concentrações de gel a 1; 1,5; 2 e 2,5%. A goma do farelo exibiu o dobro de capacidade de ligação à gordura em relação à goma do grão. Esta apresentou maior viscosidade que a goma do farelo na concentração 2g/L, porém foi estável na faixa de pH entre 4-6; já a goma do farelo foi estável em ampla faixa de pH (2-10). A goma do grão de linhaça foi empregada nas formulações de hambúrguer, como substituto de gordura, nas concentrações: 0; 0,1; 0,3; 0,6 e 1%. Tanto nos hambúrgueres crus, quanto nos cozidos, observou-se que quanto maior concentração de goma de linhaça no tratamento, maior foi a umidade e menor o conteúdo de gordura. Não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para os valores de cinzas e proteína, nos hambúrgueres crus e cozidos. Todos os tratamentos testes apresentaram maior rendimento e retenção de umidade quando comparados ao controle (GL0%), sendo que apenas GL1% diferenciou-se significativamente (p<0,05). GL0,6% apresentou maior retenção de gordura em relação às demais. Menor redução no diâmetro foi observada para a amostra GL0,1%, seguida por GL0,3%; GL0,6% e GL0%, em ordem crescente. Os tratamentos GL0% e GL0,1% apresentaram maior força de cisalhamento (p<0,05) que GL0,3% e GL0,6%. Na análise sensorial, os tratamentos GL0,1% e GL0,3% obtiveram maiores notas para o atributo aparência, GL0% e GL0,1% para os atributos odor e sabor. Para os atributos cor e textura, apenas GL1% foi rejeitada, recebendo as menores notas. No teste de atitude de compra, GL0,1% recebeu maior nota, seguida por GL0,3%; GL0%; GL0,6% e GL1%, em ordem decrescente de preferência. O pH aumentou durante o período de armazenamento, variando de 5,6 (dia 0) a 6,1 (dia 90), porém ficou dentro da faixa de pH para carnes próprias para consumo. Todos os tratamentos testes apresentaram menor valor de TBARS que o controle (GL0%), no término do armazenamento. Sendo assim, conclui-se que é possível obter hambúrgueres reduzidos em gordura, com qualidade semelhante ou melhor que o produto convencional, com adição de goma de linhaça, representando uma alternativa viável de substituição parcial da gordura neste produto.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States. The prevalence of CVD will increase in conjunction with the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes and decrease in physical activity, due to the adverse effects of adiposity and atherosclerosis associated with these syndromes. Excellent inpatient, outpatient, and community-based program s are available to educate and direct healthy behavioral changes, yet the number of programs available is not sufficient for the volume of patients, nor widely distributed in all areas (particularly rural areas). There is a lack of comprehensive education programs for adults directed toward decreasing CVD with an emphasis on food portioning skills; cooking skills; low-fat cooking techniques; increasing fruits , vegetables, and dairy products in the diet; and increasing exercise. The Cooperative Extension Healthy Beat education program and curriculum was developed and evaluated to improve the cardiovascular health of Utah residents. This curriculum focused on improving nutrition knowledge, food portioning skill, food preparation/cooking skills, regular exercise, lipid panel, anthropometric indices, and blood pressure. The program was distributed in CD format to 59 extension agents; identical CDs were used by instructors of live sessions for 43 participants in Sanpete, Washington, and Beaver counties. The CDs were also used by the instructor of a third group, consisting of 16 nutrition education assistants from the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, who were also taught in a live session setting. The evaluation was done through measurement of nutrition knowledge, cooking skills, lipid panel biochemical indices, weight loss, blood pressure, and waist and hip circumferences. This study demonstrated that on completion of the heart healthy curriculum, those with CVD or those at risk for CVD appropriately altered their risk factors for a myocardial infarction (decrease in one or more of the following: serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, weight, body mass index, and waist and hip circumferences).

Aging, obesity and increased waist circumference (WC) increases risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a cluster of symptoms (elevated WC, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) increasing risk for chronic disease. Low-energy dense (LED) diets, emphasizing whole food eating patterns, have not been examined in combination with moderate (mod)/high-intensity physical activity (PA) or dietary protein levels to determine their impact on changes in body weight (BW) and WC in premenopausal, abdominally obese women. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of two 16-wk diet and PA interventions, differing in protein intake, on BW, WC, MetS risk factors, dietary patterns, energy density (ED), and min of Mod-Hi PA. METHODS: Healthy, abdominally obese (WC≥80cm) women (n=38; 34±10y) were randomly assigned to either a 15 or 25% (+18 g/d whey protein) en from protein diet. Individualized LED diets plans decreased energy intake (EI) by ~300kcal/d; PA 5 d/wk (30-60 min/d) consisted of supervised, high-intensity Zumba classes 3d/wk (≥65%HRmax; ≥6METs) and self-selected mod-intensity PA (≥3METs) 2d/wk. Servings of fruits/vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat/fat-free dairy (LFD), fiber, high calorie beverages (BEV), ED, and PA were monitored before (T1), during (T2) and after (T3) the intervention using repeated measures ANOVA. Bonferroni simultaneous testing procedure was used in analysis of multiple comparisons. RESULTS: At T1, groups did not differ in dietary patterns, PA, BW, WC, or MetS risk. Groups responded similarly to the interventions so data were combined, with BW and WC decreasing (p<0.0001) by -4.8±2.7kg and -7.1±3.6cm, respectively. Comparing T1 vs. T2, there were increases (p<0.0001) in fruits/vegetables, (Δ=+1.5 ser/d), whole grains (Δ=+1.0 ser/d), LFD (Δ=+0.5 ser/d), fiber (Δ=+5.7g/1000 kcal), and decreases in BEV (Δ=-165 kcal/d) and ED (Δ=-0.55 kcal/g). During the intervention high-intensity Zumba PA was 87min/wk; total min of all mod-intensity PA increased by 75 min/d (p<0.0001); VO2max improved from 29.3±4.7 (T1) to 34.4±5.3 (T3) mL/kg/min (p<0.0001). Triglycerides significantly decreased (-24±52 mg/dl; p=0.006), no other significant changes occurred in MetS risk factors. Exploratory analysis indicated that increases in fruits/vegetables and LFD, and decreases ED were associated with BW loss, while increases in whole grains, fiber, LFD, and min/wk of high-intensity PA (Zumba) were associated with WC reductions. CONCLUSION: For abdominally obese women, an intervention focused on LED foods and high-intensity PA significantly reduced BW and WC and improved dietary patterns regardless of protein intake. Helping clients identify a few key factors that positively promote reductions in BW and WC may improve weight loss success, while reducing MetS risk factors. / Graduation date: 2012

<p>Masna punjenja predstavljaju grupu proizvoda koje se<br />koriste u konditorskoj i pekarskoj industriji. Kako ona<br />najče&scaron;će sadrže između 30-40% masti, teži se dobijanju<br />formulacija sa redukovanim sadržajem masti. To se<br />može postići zamenom dela masne faze uz upotrebu<br />zamenjivača masti, najče&scaron;će hidrokoloida koji imaju<br />osobine slične osobinama zamenjene masti.<br />Maltodekstrini i njihovi geli mogu se koristiti kao<br />zamenjivači masti. Oni predstavljaju produkte hidrolize<br />skroba koji su rastvorljivi u vodi, mogu da poseduju<br />osobine formiranja gela, imaju slične mazive osobine<br />kao i masti i blagi i neutralni ukus.<br />U ovom radu ispitivane su reolo&scaron;ke osobine različitih<br />maltodekstrina kao i sme&scaron;a namenske biljne masti i<br />rastovora/gela maltodekstrina u odnosu 9:1. Na<br />osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da su od svih<br />ispitivanih komercijalnih maltodekstrina,<br />maltodekstrini <em>01970 </em>i <em>N-Lite D</em> sa namenskom biljnom<br />masti davali stabilne sisteme. Stoga su maltodekstrini<br /><em>01970</em> i <em>N-Lite D</em> kori&scaron;ćeni za dalja istraživanja.<br />Namenska biljna mast zamenjivana je sa 15 i 20%<br />gelima maltodekstrina <em>01970</em> i <em>N-lite D</em> u tri različita<br />odnosa: 16,7% gela maltodekstrina i 83,3% namenske<br />biljne masti; 33,3% gela maltodekstrina i 66,7%<br />namenske biljne masti i 50% gela maltodekstrina i<br />50% namenske biljne masti. Određivane su reolo&scaron;ke<br />osobine metodom histerezisnog postupka,<br />viskoelastične osobine, kao i teksturne osobine<br />pripremanih sme&scaron;a. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazivali da<br />prisustvo maltodekstrinskih gela u sme&scaron;i sa<br />namenskom biljnom masti utiče na pad tiksotropnosti i<br />čvrstoće i povećanje prividnog viskoziteta i<br />viskoelastičnosti ispitivanih sistema. Sve sme&scaron;e<br />namenske biljne masti i gela maltodekstrina služile su<br />kao komponenta masne faze za pripremu masnih<br />punjenja sa smanjenim sadržajem masti. Povećanjem</p><p>zamene dela masne faze maltodekstrinskim gelima u<br />masnim punjenjima uzrokovalo je povećanje<br />tiksotropnosti i čvrstoće kao i promenu boje krajnjeg<br />proizvoda. Na osnovu senzorske ocene sprovedene od<br />strane iskusnog senzorskog panela i na osnovu testa<br />prihvatljivosti od strane netreniranih potro&scaron;ača,<br />najbolje ocenjena masna punjenja bila su ona kod kojih<br />je 5% masti zamenjeno maltodekstrinskim gelima.<br />Međutim, na osnovu rezultata testa prihvatljivosti<br />uočeno je da su i sistemi sa 15% zamene masti bili<br />senzorski prihvatljivi. Takođe je i na osnovu rezultata<br />sprovedenog upitnika na uzorku od 250 ispitanika<br />utvrđeno da su potro&scaron;ači (64,4%) zainteresovani za<br />konzumiranje konditorskih proizvoda sa smanjenim<br />sadržajem masti.</p> / <p>Confectionery fat fillings are products used in<br />confectionery and baking industry. They contain<br />approximately 30-40% of fat. Due to the high fat<br />content, fat fillings have considerable high caloric<br />value. Therefore, there is a trend to decrease fat<br />content in fat filling formulation. That can be achieved<br />by replacing the portion of the fat phase with fat<br />replacers, most often with hydrocolloids having<br />characteristics which tend to mimic properties of<br />replaced fat. Maltodextrins and their gels can be used<br />as potential fat replacers. Maltodextrins represent<br />starch hydrolysis products soluble in water. Also they<br />posses gel forming ability, spreading ability similar to<br />fats, and bland and non sweet taste.<br />Rheological properties of different types of<br />maltodextrins were examined. Also, blends prepared<br />with 90 % of vegetable fat and 10% of maltodextrin<br />solution/gels were rheologically characterised.<br />According to obtained results, it was found that among<br />all tested commercial maltodextrins,<em> 01970</em> and <em>N-Lite<br />D</em> built stable systems. Therefore, they were used in<br />further measurements.<br />Vegetable fat was partially replaced by 15 and 20% of<br /><em>01970</em> and <em>N-Lite D</em> maltodextrin gels in three different<br />ratios (16.66%, 33.33% and 50% respectively). Steady<br />shear, dynamic oscillatory measurements as well as<br />textural measurements were performed. The obtained<br />results indicated that the presence of maltodextrin gels<br />in blends with vegetable fat influenced the decrease of<br />thixotropy and hardness and increase of viscosity and<br />viscoelasticity of the tested systems. All maltodextrin<br />gel/vegetable fat blends were further used for</p><p>preparation of confectionery fat fillings. The increase in<br />the amount of fat reduction resulted in the increase of<br />thixotropy and hardness and change in colour of the<br />final product. According to sensory analysis performed<br />by trained sensory panel as well as by measurement of<br />product acceptance&ndash;preference performed by<br />untrained panellists (consumers), fat filling with 5% fat<br />reduction had the highest scores. However, according<br />to product acceptance&ndash;preference measurements it<br />was estimated that the final product with 15% fat<br />reduction was also sensory acceptable. The results of<br />survey performed on 250 participants showed that<br />consumers (64.4%) were interested in consuming low<br />fat confectionery product</p>

No description available.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-04, page: 1952. Adviser: R. Sue Day. Includes bibliographical references.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) manuela_ortega_marques_rodrigues.pdf: 2356674 bytes, checksum: e576d7cb84dd67e4068acfffffe22e9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / A expans?o do tecido adiposo branco na obesidade leva ? express?o alterada de prote?nas em seus adip?citos, bem como a infiltra??o de c?lulas do sistema imune, especialmente macr?fagos, cujas secre??es levam ao desenvolvimento da inflama??o cr?nica de baixo grau, a qual ? considerada subjacente ao desenvolvimento de in?meras comorbidades. Dentre as formas de tratamento da obesidade, dietas de restri??o cal?rica (RC) nutricionalmente balanceadas induzem a perda de peso e melhorias em marcadores sist?micos da inflama??o, mas os efeitos diretos no tecido adiposo visceral ainda s?o controversos. No entanto, existe uma lacuna sobre qual o impacto dessas dietas na inflama??o local, mesmo em condi??es de sobrecarga lip?dica. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da perda de peso corporal induzida por dieta hipolip?dica ad libitum e pela restri??o cal?rica com dieta hiperlip?dica na inflama??o do tecido adiposo visceral de camundongos obesos. Para tal, inicialmente, camundongos C57BL/6 com 12 semanas de idade, machos, foram divididos em dois grupos: LF ? alimentados com dieta controle hipolip?dica ? do ingl?s low fat (10% das calorias, fonte ?leo de soja, rica em ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados); e HF ? alimentados com dieta controle hiperlip?dica ? do ingl?s high fat (60% calorias, fonte banha de porco, rica em ?cidos graxos saturados) para indu??o da obesidade. Ap?s oito semanas, seis animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados para verifica??o da adiposidade visceral e estado inflamat?rio (dosagens de prote?na C reativa ? PCR s?rica e hep?tica). Em seguida, os animais HF foram aleatoriamente divididos em tr?s grupos HF ? continuaram recebendo dieta HF; LFAL ? submetidos ao emagrecimento pela substitui??o da dieta HF pela LF e acesso livre (ad libitum) e RHF ? submetidos ao emagrecimento por receberem quantidades restritas em calorias da dieta HF para atingir o mesmo peso corporal dos animais LFAL. A partir deste momento, esses grupos foram alimentados, juntamente com os animais LF, por mais sete semanas. Ao final, foram avaliados o ganho/perda de peso corporal, a adiposidade, as concentra??es s?ricas e hep?ticas de PCR, e as concentra??es de leptina, adiponectina, e das citocinas IL-6, TNF e MCP-1 no tecido adiposo retroperitoneal, al?m da morfologia dos adip?citos e a presen?a de infiltrados inflamat?rios no tecido adiposo retroperitoneal. Ao final da fase de indu??o da obesidade, os animais HF estavam obesos e inflamados. Ao final da fase de indu??o da perda de peso, os grupos LFAL e RHF tiveram pesos corporais semelhantes, menores que o HF e se igualaram ao LF. No entanto, houve maior dificuldade em perder peso pelo grupo RHF em compara??o ao LFAL, dado pelas diferen?as significativas entre os deltas de perda de peso, que foram menores para RHF e pelos coeficientes de efici?ncia energ?tica, que foram maiores para o grupo RHF. Os animais LFAL retornaram a adiposidade e a hipertrofia dos adip?citos viscerais a valores semelhantes ao grupo LF. Isto provavelmente foi o que levou ? menor concentra??o de leptina com concomitante aumento da adiponectina e menor infiltra??o de c?lulas inflamat?rias neste tecido, igualando-se tamb?m ao LF. Em consequ?ncia, houve menor concentra??o tecidual de citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias, al?m de menor concentra??o hep?tica e circulante de PCR. J? para os animais RHF, houve apenas atenua??o da adiposidade e da hipertrofia dos adip?citos retroperitoneais. Isso foi suficiente para restabelecer a concentra??o local de leptina a n?veis semelhantes ao grupo LF, embora n?o tenha elevado a concentra??o de adiponectina. Al?m disso, a infiltra??o de c?lulas inflamat?rias menteve-se tamb?m elevada. N?o houve redu??o da concentra??o de citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias, ? exce??o da IL-6, que reduziu levemente. A concentra??o hep?tica de PCR foi atenuada, o que n?o refletiu na concentra??o s?rica dessa prote?na. Concluiu-se que a restri??o cal?rica com dieta hiperlip?dica foi menos eficiente em promover a perda de peso e de adiposidade e n?o melhorou a inflama??o do tecido adiposo visceral, comparada com a dieta hipolip?dica ad libitum. Inferiuse que a ingest?o de dieta com sobrecarga de lip?deos (60% das calorias) e de ?cidos graxos saturados foi mais determinante da inflama??o local do que a restri??o cal?rica per se. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The expansion of white adipose tissue in obesity leads to altered protein expression in its adipocytes, as well as the infiltration of immune cells, especially macrophages, whose secretions lead to the development of chronic low-grade inflammation, which underlies the development of several comorbidities. Among treatments, caloric restriction (CR) nutritionally balanced diets induce weight loss and ameliorates inflammation systemic markers, but adipose tissue effects are still controversial. Moreover, there is a gap on the impact of these diets on local inflammation, even under lipid overload. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of body weight loss induced by a low fat ad libitum diet and a CR in a high fat diet in the visceral adipose tissue inflammation of obese mice. Firstly, 12 weeks of age male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: LF - fed a control low fat diet (10% calories, source soybean oil, high in polyunsaturated fatty acids); and HF - fed a control high fat diet (60% calories, source lard, high in saturated fatty acids) for obesity induction. After eight weeks, six animals from each group were euthanized to verify visceral adiposity and inflammatory status (serum and hepatic C-reactive protein-CRP). Then, HF animals were randomly divided into three groups: HF ? keept at HF diet; LFAL - a weight loss group that was switched from HF to LF and maintained on it ad libitum; RHF - a weight loss group that received restricted amounts of HF to maintain the same body weight as LFAL. Thereafter, these groups were fed, along with the LF animals, for another seven weeks. At end, body weight gain / loss, adiposity, serum and hepatic CRP concentrations, and adipose retroperitoneal tissue concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF and MCP-1 were evaluated, as well as adypocite morphology and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Obesity was induced, since HF animals had higher weights, adiposity and were inflamed. At the end of the weight loss period, both LFAL and RHF had similar body weight, lower than HF and equal to LF. However, it was more dificcult to loose wheight by the RHF group compared to LFAL, since weight loss deltas were lower for RHF and energy efficiency ratios were higher for RHF group. LFAL animals returned visceral adiposity and retroperitoneal adipocyte hypertrophy similarly to the LF group. Also, there was a lower leptin level with concomitant increase of adiponectin and less infiltration of inflammatory cells in this tissue, also matching to LF. Still, there was a lower tissue concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, and a lower hepatic and serum CRP. For RHF animals, there was only an attenuation in adiposity and visceral adipocyte hypertrophy, although it was sufficient to restore local leptin concentration similarly to LF. However, this regimen was not able to elevate the adiponectin concentration. In addition, the inflammatory cells infiltration was highly elevated. There was no reduction in proinflammatory cytokines concentration, despite IL-6, which was reduced slightly. Hepatic CRP concentration was attenuated, which did not reflect in its serum concentrations. In mice with diet-induced obesity, the weight loss by means a CR in a high fat diet was less effective in promoting wheight and adiposity losses and it did not improve visceral adipose tissue inflammation. It can be inferred that a lipid overload (60% from calories) as well as a saturated fatty acid surplus from the high fat diet were more determinant of local inflammation than caloric restriction per se.