In dem Bericht werden Strahlungsquelle aufgeführt, die den Untergrund bei der Messung geringer Radioaktivitäten verursachen und dargestellt wie zur Unterdrückung der kosmischen Strahlung Laboratorien untertägig eingerichtet werden und wie durch Koinzidenz und Antikoinzidenzverfahren der verbleibende Untergrund weiter reduziert werden kann. / The radiation sources are described, which causes the background at the measurement of low radioactivities. To reduce the influence of cosmic rays counting devises are installed in underground laboratories. The remaining background may be further reduced by coincidence and anti-coincidence methods.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13438号 / 論医博第2237号 / 新制||医||1054(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 滝田 順子, 教授 万代 昌紀 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa / Resumo: A fixação do tecido conjuntivo à superfície dos abutments de implantes dentários impede a migração apical do epitélio juncional e previne a reabsorção da crista óssea normalmente ocasionada pela inflamação peri-implantar, o qual promove comprometimento estético e o sucesso do procedimento reabilitador. O uso de terapias para favorecer a adesão celular, a fim de induzir um selamento biológico efetivo, pode melhorar as condições estéticas e funcionais nas reabilitações protéticas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da laserterapia de baixa potência (LBP) e do recobrimento de superfícies de titânio (Ti) e zircônia (ZrO2) com fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGF), sobre a adesão e metabolismo de células da mucosa oral humana expostas ao estímulo inflamatório com o fator de necrose tumoral α (TNF-α). Fibroblastos de gengiva e células epiteliais foram isolados e cultivados sobre discos de Ti e ZrO2, simulando o selamento biológico in vitro. Nos grupos com EGF, este fator de crescimento foi aplicado sobre as superfícies de Ti e ZrO2 previamente ao cultivo celular. Após a semeadura das células, estas foram irradiadas 3 vezes com LBP (LaserTABLE, InGaAsP, 780±3nm), em intervalos de 24 h, nas doses de 0,5 J/cm2; 1,5 J/cm2 e 3,0 J/cm2, de acordo os grupos estabelecidos e então, o TNF-α foi aplicado sobre as mesmas por 24 h. Foram realizadas as análises de rugosidade da superfície dos discos por Microscopia Confocal (n=8) e de liberação do EGF dos substratos recobertos, além ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The attachment of the connective tissue to abutment surface of dental implants prevents the apical migration of the junctional epithelium and the bone crest reabsorption, normally caused by the peri-implant inflammation, which compromises the aesthetics and the success of the rehabilitation procedure. The use of therapies to promote cell adhesion in order to induce effective biological sealing can improve aesthetic and functional conditions in prosthetic rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and surfaces coating of titanium (Ti) and zirconia (ZrO2) with epidermal growth factor (EGF) on adhesion and metabolism of oral mucosa cells exposed or not to tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) inflammatory stimuli. Gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells were isolated and seeded on surface Ti or ZrO2 surfaces, simulating the in vitro biological sealing. In EGF-coated groups, this growth factor was applied to Ti and ZrO2 surfaces prior to cell culture. After seeding cells, they were irradiated 3 times with LLLT (LaserTABLE, InGaAsP, 780 ± 3 nm) at 24 h intervals at doses of 0.5 J/cm2, 1.5 J/cm2 and 3.0 J/cm2, according to the established groups and then, TNF-α was applied to them for 24 h. Discs surface roughness analyzes were performed by confocal microscopy (n=8), EGF release of the coated substrates and cell adhesion by direct fluorescence. Cell viability (AlamarBlue, n=8), IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF (qPCR, n=5) gene expression, IL-6, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Autonomous Driving has recently gained a lot of recognition and provides challenging research with an aim to make transportation safer, more convenient and efficient. This emerging technology also has widespread applications and implications beyond all current expectations in other fields of robotics. Environment perception is one of the big challenges for autonomous robots. Though a lot of methods have been developed to utilize single sensor based approaches, since different sensor types have different operational characteristics and failure modes, they compliment each other. Different sensors provide different sets of data, which creates difficulties combining information to form a unified picture. The proposed solution consists of low level sensor fusion of LIDAR and stereo camera data using an occupancy grid framework. Bayesian inference theory is utilized and a real time system has been implemented on a 1/10 scale robot vehicle. The result of the thesis shows that it is possible to use a 2D LIDAR and stereo camera to build a map of the environment. The implementation focuses on the practical issues like blind spots of individ sensors. Overall, the fused occupancy grid gives better result than occupancy grids from individual sensors. Sensor confidence is higher for the camera since frequency of mapping of a 2D LIDAR is low / Autonom körning har nyligen fått mycket erkännande och erbjuder utmanande forskningsmöjligheter med målen att göra transporter säkrare, bekvämare och effektivare. Den framväxande tekniken har också tillämpningar och konsekvenser inom andra områden av robotteknik i en omfattning som vida överträffat förväntningarna. Att uppfatta den omgivande miljön är en av de stora utmaningarna för autonoma robotar. Även om många metoder har utvecklats där en enda sensor används, har de bästa resultaten uppnåtts genom en kombination av sensorer. Olika sensorer ger olika uppsättningar data, vilket skapar svårigheter att kombinera information för att bilda en enhetlig bild. Den föreslagna lösningen består av lågfrekvent sensorfusion av LIDAR och stereokamera med användning av rutnätsramar. Bayesisk inferensteori har använts och ett realtidssystem har implementerats på robotfordon i skala 1/10. Resultatet av examensarbetet visar att det är möjligt att använda en 2D-LIDAR och en stereokamera för att bygga en omgivningskarta. Genomförandet fokuserar på praktiska problem såsom problem med döda vinkeln hos dessa sensorer. Generellt ger det kombinerade rutnätet bättre resultat än det från enskilda sensorer. Sensortillförlitligheten är högre för kameran då 2D-LIDAR kartlägger med mycket lägre frekvens

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本研究採行動研究，旨在探討如何設計出一套符合低成就學生需求的補救教學課程。實施對象為九年級六位體育班學生並選取其中兩位做深入的紀錄。地點為南部一所特偏國中，經歷十五週。研究結果如下: 第一，對低成就學生有幫助的教學設計應考量到: 1. 教材應就低成就學生程度而做適宜的改編。 2. 診斷學生學習困難之處並對症下藥，以提升學生學習信心。 3. 根據學生偏好的學習模式，課程應減少老師講課，多讓學生做活動。 第二，補救教學課程確實能幫助低成就學生學習，基於以下五點: 1. 師生互動頻繁。 2. 不必趕進度，學生做中學。 3. 學生告訴老師自己想學的東西，落實學習者中心的理念。 4. 友善環境下，學生逐漸培養出讀書習慣。 5. 活動多元，從各面向訓練學生英語能力。 第三，如何提供一套有效的補救教學課程，有以下三點發現: 1. 將課堂學習與學生的生活經驗相連結。 2. 學生主導自己的學習。 3. 提供支持的學習環境。 實施過程中面臨到最大的挑戰為學生時輟時學，搖擺不定的態度。因應方式為冷靜處理，堅持到底。 最後，根據研究結果，對教學與未來研究提出相關建議。 / This study adopted action research to explore how to design an effective remedial instruction based on the low-level students’ varied needs. This remedial English program was implemented to six ninth PE specialty graders, lasting for fifteen weeks in junior high school locating in the extremely rural area. The findings of this study are as follows: As the aspects of offering a helpful remedial instruction, first, the contents must be adapted to meet the low-level readiness levels. Second, the class can focus on students’ difficulties to enhance students’ confidence. Third, the teachers can reduce lectures to allow for activities based on the students’ leaning styles. The low-level students were proved to benefit from the remedial English class because first, there was lots of interaction between the students and the teacher. Second, the remedial class did not have to follow the fixed schedule, and the students could learn through participating in activities. Third, the students told their needs to the teacher. The learner-centered concept was carried out in this way. Fourth, the low-level students were provided with constant support and help, and they gradually cultivate study habits. Fifth, the remedial class offered diverse activities to develop students’ proficiency. After implementation, the researcher concluded three points to design an effective remedial instruction. First, connect the learning to students’ personal experience. Second, let the students take the active role. Third, create a support environment. In the process, the challenge was the students’ lax attitudes and inconsistency. The teacher solved the dilemma with reason and persistence. Finally, based on the findings, suggestions for teaching and future studies were discussed. Keywords: Remedial instruction, Low-level students, An effective instruction

My degree project will be about individualized education, focusing on students with readingand writing difficulties in combination with ADHD. The interest in teaching students withdifferent functional variations is large and hence my choice of subject. The purpose of thiswork is to see what methods 2 educators that teaches in a remedial class, grade 4-6, have attheir disposal to support students with reading and writing difficulties and how these methodsare applied in practice. The theoretical starting points are the socio-cultural perspective andthe low-impact pedagogy. To see how my theories, work in practice, I have chosen to observea. These were conducted in a special class with 5-6 students per occasion. In this group, thereare two teachers. In the result part of the study I analyse specific situations in order to see ifand, if so, how the teachers work in the line with the aforementioned theoretical perspectives.The low-level pedagogy has an important part in teaching and social interaction. If the pupilshave faith in the educators, they create a prerequisite for further development in the students. / Mitt examensarbete handlar om individanpassad undervisning med fokus på elever med läs-och skrivsvårigheter i kombination med ADHD. Intresset att undervisa elever med olikafunktionsvariationer är stort och därav mitt val av ämne. Syftet med detta arbete är att se vilkametoder 2 pedagogerna som undervisar en specialklass i åk 4-6, har till sitt förfogande för attstötta elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter, samt hur dessa metoder tillämpas i praktiken. Deteoretiska utgångspunkter jag utgår från är det sociokulturella perspektivet samt denlågaffektiva pedagogiken. Det sociokulturella perspektivet utgår från Vygotskijs teori om hursamspel formar människans beteende och är ur ett individperspektiv. Lågaffektiv pedagogikär ur ett utvecklings- och neuropsykologiskt perspektiv. För att kunna se hur mina teorierfungerar i praktiken har jag valt att göra klassrumsobservationer . Observationerna utfördes ien specialklass med 5-6 elever per tillfälle. I denna grupp är det två pedagoger som bedriverundervisningen. I min resultatdel analyseras specifika situationer som utspelat sig underobservationen samt vad jag ser för kopplingar mellan pedagogernas agerande och de tidigarenämnda teorierna. Den lågaffektiva pedagogiken har en viktig roll i undervisningen och detsociala samspelet. Har eleverna tilltro till pedagogerna skapar man en förutsättning för vidareutveckling hos eleverna.

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da Terapia Laser de Baixa Potência (TLBP) na estabilidade e no deslocamento de mini-implantes (MIs) submetidos a carga. A hipótese nula testada foi que a irradiação laser e o tipo de carga aplicada (imediata ou mediata) não influenciam na estabilidade e no deslocamento de MIs. Foram avaliados 48 dispositivos para a estabilidade e 35 para o deslocamento, os quais foram implantados em pacientes da clínica de pós graduação em Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os MIs foram divididos em 4 grupos segundo a intervenção recebida: 1- TLBP + CI (carga imediata), 2- TLBP + CM (carga mediata / após 4 semanas da implantação), 3- CI (sem TLBP) e 4- CM (após 4 semanas da implantação / sem TLBP). Carga de 150 gF foi aplicada por período de 3 meses para todos os dispositivos. A TLBP foi aplicada usando emissão laser vermelha com comprimento de onda de 660 nm e potência de 100 mW, imediatamente após implantação (densidade de energia: 4 J/cm&sup2; ). Nos dias posteriores foram aplicadas emissões laser infravermelhas com comprimento de onda de 808 nm a cada 48 horas durante duas semanas após colocação dos dispositivos (densidade de energia: 8 J/cm&sup2; para cada aplicação). A estabilidade dos dispositivos foi avaliada pela Análise de Freqüência de Ressonância (AFR) em três momentos: T0 no dia da implantação; T1 antes da aplicação da carga, somente nos grupos 2 e 4; e T2 após três meses de aplicação de carga. Para a avaliação do deslocamento dos dispositivos foram utilizadas imagens de Tomografias Computadorizadas de Feixe Cônico (TCFC). Planos tridimensionais foram criados a partir de pontos de referência identificados na maxila e mandibula para medir e comparar as diferenças entre as distâncias inicial (TC0) e final (TC1) da cabeça do MI ao plano tridimensional. Os resultados demonstraram que o grupo 2 apresentou a menor perda de estabilidade de todos os grupos (p= 0.0161). Os dispositivos que receberam TLBP (Grupos 1 e 2) apresentaram menor perda de estabilidade quando comparados aos grupos que não receberam irradiação laser (p= 0.0372). Os MIs que receberam CI (Grupos 1 e 3) apresentaram maior perda de estabilidade quando foi avaliado o tempo efetivo de aplicação da carga (p< 0.0001). Todos os dispositivos apresentaram deslocamento sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. A hipótese nula foi parcialmente rejeitada. Os MIs que receberam TLBP e CM tiveram menor perda de estabilidade. O deslocamento não foi influenciado pela irradiação laser e pelo protocolo de aplicação da carga / The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on stability and displacement of mini-implants (MIs) submitted to loading. The null hypothesis tested was that laser irradiation and the applied loading protocol (immediate or mediate) do not influence the stability and displacement of MIs. Forty-eight devices were assessed for stability and 35 for displacement. They were implanted in patients from the graduate clinic of Orthodontics of the School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. MIs were divided in four groups according to received intervention: 1- LLLT + IL (immediate loading), 2- LLLT + ML (mediate loading / 4 weeks after implantation), 3- IL (without LLLT) and 4- ML (4 weeks after implantation / without LLLT). Loading of 150 gF was applied during 3 months for all devices. LLLT was implemented using red laser emission with wavelength of 660 nm and potency of 100 mW, immediately after implantation (energy density: 4 J/cm2). In the later days they were applied infrared laser emissions with wavelength of 808 nm every 48 hours during two weeks after placement of devices (energy density: 8 J/cm2 for each application). MIs stability assessment was performed by Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) at three moments: T0 on the day of implantation; T1 before loading, for groups 2 and 4; and, T2 after three months of loading application. For displacement analysis, images from Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans were used. Threedimensional planes were created based on landmarks identified on maxilla and mandible to measure and compare differences of initial (TC0) and final (TC1) distances from the MIs head to the plane. Results demonstrated that group 2 presented the lowest loss of stability of all groups (p= 0.0161). Devices that received LLLT (Groups 1 and 2) showed lower loss of stability when they were compared with the groups that did not receive LLLT (p= 0.0372). MIs that received IL (Groups 1 and 3) presented greater loss of stability when the effective time of loading application was assessed (p< 0.0001). All groups showed displacement of the devices without significant differences between them. The null hypothesis was partially rejected. MIs that received LLLT and ML had lower loss of stability. Displacement was not influenced by laser irradiation or loading protocol

A cirurgia de terceiro molar é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na área de cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofaciais, e buscando um aumento na velocidade da recuperação pós-cirúrgica, muitos recursos fisioterápicos são empregados, entre eles a laserterapia e o acompanhamento da evolução pode ser baseado em evidência clínica. Neste trabalho, foi proposto acompanhar a evolução pós-cirúrgica através da utilização do eletromiografia de superfície em dois grupos distintos: pacientes sem fisioterapia com laser no pós-operatório e pacientes tratados no pós-cirúrgico com laserterapia. Realizamos quatro tomadas, no pré-operatório, normalizando, e três no pósoperatório, 7, 14, 21 dias, em amostra de 60 pacientes. Observamos, que no sétimo dia no grupo onde houve a aplicação do laser de baixa intensidade 23,3% dos pacientes ja haviam recuperado sua atividade muscular do préoperatório contra apenas 3,3% do grupo controle, ja no décimo quarto dia 73,3% contra 6,7% do grupo controle e no vigésimo primeiro dia 80% contra 10% do grupo controle. Constatamos através da eletromiografia de superfície que a utilização do laser de baixa intensidade acelera significativamente a recuperação muscular pós-trauma cirúrgico / The surgery for extraction of the retained inferior third molar is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the field of maxillofacial surgery and traumatology. With the aim of accelerating the post-surgical recovery, many physiotherapy resources are employed, including laser therapy and its evolution was based on clinical evidence. In this study, we proposed to monitor the post-surgical evolution by using surface electromyography in two distinct groups of patients, treated or not with laser therapy postoperatively. In a sample of 60 patients, we held four evaluations: preoperatively, normalizing, and three times after surgery, at 7, 14, and 21 days postoperatively. On the seventh day, 23.3% of the patients in the group receiving low intensity laser had already regained their muscle activity as they presented preoperatively, versus only 3.3% of the control group. In the fourteenth day, this happened with 73.3% of treated patients versus 6.7% in the control group, and in the twenty-first day, 80% versus 10% in the control group. It was verified, by surface electromyography evaluation, that the use of low intensity laser significantly accelerates muscle recovery after surgical trauma

Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LBI) e do alongamento estático, combinados ou não, em pessoas com osteoartrite de joelho (OAJ). Método: Foram randomizados 145 sujeitos de 50 a 75 anos com OAJ em cinco grupos de intervenção (n=29 cada): Laserativo+Along; Laserplacebo+Along; Along; Laserativo e controle. A laserterapia (GaAs; 904nm; 40mW; 3J/ponto; 27J/joelho) consistiu de nove sessões nos grupos de terapia combinada e 24 quando monoterapia. O alongamento foi composto por sete exercícios repetidos por 24 sessões. O controle recebeu uma cartilha educacional. A frequência de tratamento foi de 3x/sem. A variável primária foi a intensidade da dor medida pela Escala Visual Analógica e as variáveis secundárias incluídas foram domínios dor, função, rigidez e escore total do questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), funcionalidade avaliado pelo Lequesne, mobilidade pelo Timed Up and Go, amplitude de movimento do joelho (ADMJ) pela goniometria e encurtamento de isquiotibiais (IQT) pelo ângulo poplíteo. O nível de significância foi de ?=0,05. Resultados: Nos grupos de terapia combinada, não foi observada diferença entre o laser ativo e placebo (p>0,05). Ao final do estudo, os grupos demonstraram, em média, ganho relativo significativo na dor durante AVDs (50%), WOMAC total (39%), funcionalidade (30%) e mobilidade (20%) em comparação ao controle (p < 0,001). Houve melhora de 43% no encurtamento de IQT e de 9% no ganho de ADMJ nos grupos de terapia combinada em relação ao controle (p < 0,001 e p=0,02, respectivamente). Conclusão: LBI e alongamento estático, quando isolados, foram efetivos na melhora da dor, funcionalidade, mobilidade e nos domínios dor, função e escore total do WOMAC. A LBI nos grupos de terapia combinada não foi superior à aplicação placebo. Portanto, não devemos desconsiderar a contribuição do efeito placebo no resultado do tratamento isolado. A LBI combinada ao alongamento não promoveu benefícios adicionais em relação ao alongamento de forma isolada / Objective: To investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and static stretching, in combination and as monotherapy, in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: 145 people aged 50-75 years with KOA were randomly allocated to five groups (each n=29): Laseractive+Stretch, Laserplacebo+Stretch, Stretch, Laseractive and control. The laser therapy (GaAs; 904nm; 40mW; 3J/point; 27J/knee) consisted of nine sessions in the combined treatment groups and 24 when used as monotherapy. Stretching consisted of seven exercises repeated for 24 sessions. The control group received an educational booklet. Treatment frequency was 3 times/week. The primary outcome was pain intensity measured by Visual Analogue Scale and the secondary outcomes included pain, function and stiffness\' domains and total score of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), function assessed by Lequesne, mobility by Timed Up and Go, knee range of motion (KROM) by goniometry and hamstring shortening by popliteal angle. Results: In the combined treatment groups, there was no difference between the laser active and placebo (p > 0.05). At the end of the study, the treatment groups demonstrated, on average, a significant relative gain in pain (50%), total WOMAC (39%), function (30%) and mobility (20%) when compared to control (p < .001). For the combined treatment groups there was a 43% improvement in hamstring shortening (p <.001) and 9% improvement in KROM (p=0.02) when compared to control group. Conclusion: LLLT and stretching exercises, as monotherapy, were effective in reducing pain and improving function, mobility and the domains pain and function as well as the total score of WOMAC. The LLLT in the combined groups was not superior to the placebo application. Thus, we should not discard the contribution of the placebo effect in the result of the LLLT as monotherapy. The LLLT combined with stretching did not promote additional benefits compared to stretching alone