Feminist philosophy of science has long been considered a fringe element of philosophy of science as a whole. A careful consideration of the treatment of the key concept of objectivity by such philosophical heavyweights as Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper, followed by an analysis of the concept of objectivity with the work of such feminist philosophers of science as Donna Haraway, Lynn Hankinson Nelson, and Sandra Harding, reveals that feminist philosophers of science are not members of some fringe movement of philosophy of science, but rather are doing philosophical work which is both crucial and connected to the work of other, "mainstream" philosophers of science. / Master of Arts

From the perspective that it is one and the same picture that is changing, this essay includes semiotic analyses of Lynn Curlee´s painting Smoking angels, made in 1979, the photograph from 1928 wich inspired the artist, as well as Black Sabbath´s album cover Heaven and Hell, that was first released in 1980. Although the forms of the pictures are different the motif is quite the same, yet, what the pictures convey is different. The analysis will be based mainly by the use of two theories: Hans Belting opines that a picture can not exist on its own, that "the what" of an image is steered by "the how" in wich it transmits its message. The medium that is used and the physical form are the messengers but the picture happens where it is manifested. Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz´s theory implies that to understand what a picture means we need to study the context and culture that is prevailing where the picture is shown. How the picture is received in its different forms and what the factors are that play a part in this, is the main focus in this essay.

Thesis (MPhil (Ancient Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The question that this thesis aims to examine is how the motifs of the myth of Demeter and Persephone have been perpetuated in three modern works of fiction, which are Treasure at the Heart of the Tanglewood by Meredith Ann Pierce, Chocolat by Joanne Harris and House of Women by Lynn Freed. It is the aim of this work to substantiate that the issues that the ancient myth of Demeter and Persephone highlights, are still of value in this modern world and that the same human issues that women had to come to terms with then, continue to be relevant today. Briefly, the myth of Demeter and Persephone is about Demeter, the Olympian goddess of agricultural fertility, whose daughter Persephone is abducted by Hades, the god of the Underworld. The myth tells of Demeter’s grief at the loss of Persephone, and her desperate search for her daughter. Due to her grief, she stops all plants from growing which could be fatal to the mortals, and would have repercussions for the immortals that they serve. Demeter and Persephone are eventually reunited and the earth flourishes with growth once more. However for one-third of the year Persephone must descend to the Underworld to be at the side of Hades, at which time it is winter and plants do not grow. Then for two-thirds of the year she ascends to be with her mother, Demeter, and plants blossom and ripen, and it is the time of spring and summer. The impact of myth is not dead.

Earth Matters examines the relationships between alternative religion in North America and the natural world through the twin lenses of the history of religions and cultural anthropology. Throughout, nature remains a contested ground, defined simultaneously the limits of cultural activity and by an increasing expansion of claims to knowledge by scientific discourses. Less a historical review than a series of fugues of thought, Earth Matters engages with figures like the French vitalist, Georges Canguilhem, the American environmentalist, John Muir; the founder of Deep Ecology, Arne Næss; the collaborators on Gaia Theory, James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis; the physicist and New Age scientist, Fritjof Capra; and the Wiccan writer and activist, Starhawk. These subjects move in spirals throughout the thesis: Canguilhem opens the question of vitalism, the search for a source of being beyond the explanations of the emerging sciences. As rationalism expands its dominance across the scientific landscape, this animating force moves into the natural world, to that protean space between the city and the wild and in the environmental thinkers who initially moved along those boundaries. As the twentieth century moves towards a close, mechanistic thinking simultaneously reaches heights of success previously unimagined and collapses under the demand for complexity posed by quantum physics, by research in genetic interactions, by the continued elusive relationship of mind to health. This allows the wild to return inside through the internalization of consciousness sparked by the American New Age, but also provides a new model to understand the natural world as complex zone open to a wide variety of strategies, including the multiplicities of understanding offered through contemporary neopaganisms. Earth Matters argues for the necessity of the notion of ecology, both as an environmental concern but also as an organizing principle for human thought and behavior. Ecologies are by their nature complex and multi-variegated things dependent upon the surprising and unpredictable interaction of radically different organisms, and it is through this model that we are best able to understand not only ourselves but also our communities and our efforts to make sense of the external world.

This study examines Canadian works of fiction that contain historical trial narratives and that enact an adversarial trial of their own for an implied reader who acts as 'appellate judge.'' Included are four Canadian novels published after 1970 that fictionalize the circumstances leading to notorious criminal trials: Margaret Atwood's Alias Grace (1996), Lynn Crosbie's Paul's Case: The Kingston Letters (1997), and Rudy Wiebe's The Temptations of Big Bear (1973) and The Scorched-Wood People (1977). They represent commentaries on the justice or injustice done to convicted murderer Grace Marks (whose trial took place in 1843), to rebel Cree chief Big Bear and Metis leader Louis Riel (1885), and to serial rapists and killers Karla Homolka and Paul Bernardo (1993, 1995). / Each work reproduces excerpts from the original trial yet also represents a response to the historical trial's unfolding. This adversarial response takes the form of a trial-like narrative (or counternarrative) that engages with the original trial. Consequently each of these works is what I call a 'trial novel' that raises fundamental questions about justice and citizenship. / Chapter One analyzes Atwood's Alias Grace and lays bare the fictional constructs included in a trial narrative. Chapter Two looks at Crosbie's Paul's Case and pits the judicial system's claim to sober neutrality against a more populist version of justice based on affect and revenge. Finally, Chapter Three, which is devoted to Wiebe's novels, studies the conflict of normative universes implicit in trials for treason and posits that rebel nomoi are as coherent as the dominant ones that quash them. / Three communities are implicit in these novels and enter into a debate with one another: at the core of each work is a historical community of persons (the accused, attorneys, the judge, jurors, and members of the Canadian public) mobilized around an actual crime. This original community and its judgment provide the inspiration for the fictional community of the novel, which grapples with its own version of the crime and trial. Finally, an imaginative community of readers deliberates upon the questions raised both by the original trial and by the 'trial novel'.

This thesis asks two central questions: (1.) Is there a link between atrocities committed during American counterinsurgency campaigns and race? (2.) Is there continuity between the counterinsurgency techniques deployed in the Philippines and in Iraq in this respect? In an effort to answer these questions I propose to briefly outline the chapters which are to follow. In Chapter 1 I propose to tackle the question of race using the following questions as broad guides to my investigation: what is it? how do we understand it? how will it be operationalized? In other words, this first chapter serves both as a literature review and an outline of the theoretical framework to be adopted in the later sections of this thesis. It outlines the current state of the concept ‘race’ in the literature of various fields of politics with an eye to finding space for a critical approach. In the end, I settle on the elegant framework set forth by Roxanne Lynn Doty. In Chapter 2, carrying forward Doty’s operationalized concept of race, I undertake an analysis of the discourse and practice surrounding American Counterinsurgency Policy during the invasion of the Philippines from 1899-1903. First; I investigate the role that racialized discourse played in the domestic and international contexts surrounding the invasion of the Philippines. Second; I delve into the empirical historical record to attempt to sketch out how racism was deployed on the ground in the counterinsurgency in the Philippines and what relationship the acts of atrocity committed there had with racial discourse. Following the findings of Chapter 2 I attempt to investigate the extent to which these mechanisms existed in the counterinsurgency in Iraq in Chapter 3. The investigation of Iraq is structured similarly to that of the Philippines but, due to the absolute abundance of information on Iraq, it is broken into three sections. The first section examines the role of race in the 2 domestic politics of the United States before, during, and after September 11, 2001. The second section sketches out an emerging international logic concerning military intervention and development. The final section sketches out the empirical reality of how race was used in atrocity in Iraq.

This dissertation is a study of the architecture of commodity capital: the display window. Taking as a starting point the work of Henri Lefebvre and Goerg Simmel, this dissertation understands the shop window to be a mode of display, what I define as “the logic of the vitrine,” that has shaped the way the world appears. Tracing a genealogy from the Parisian Arcades to the twentieth-century department store, this project explores the relationships between gender, sexuality, race, and architecture. Feminist critiques of commodity desire and display illuminate how the shop window is as important to our understandings of capitalism as is the commodity. Through feminist, queer, postcolonial, and anti-racist readings of material and commodity culture, this dissertation considers the shop window to be a site of subject formation. This dissertation also examines how designers, artists, and architects have explored the display of the shop window through a series of case studies, including Marina Abramovic’s Role Exchange, Gene Moore’s “drag” in Bonwit Teller’s shop windows, the making of a black mannequin, and Lynn Hershman Leeson’s site-specific installation 25 Windows. This dissertation concludes with a consideration of the architectural role reversals of the shop window and the gallery; the work of Silvia Kolbowski and Elmgreen and Dragset’s Prada Marfa ground this analysis. Artists have disrupted the display of the shop window, transforming the architecture of commodity capital into a space for resistance and critique.

One aspect of the current revaluation of Victorian thought and literature is the examination of the crisis of religious faith, in which the proponents of doubt and denial took different directions: they became openly cynical and pessimistic; they turned from religion to an aesthetic substitute; or they concluded that since mankind could look only to itself for aid, the primary duties of the individual were to find a tenable creed for himself and to try to alleviate the lot of others. The movement from the agony of doubt to a serene, or at least calm, humanitarianism is the subject of this study. The discussion is limited to four novelists in whose work religious doubt and humanitarianism are overt and relatively consistent and in whose novels the intellectual thought of the day is translated into a form appealing to the middle-class reader. Their success is attested by contemporary criticism and by accounts of the sales of their books; although their work has had no permanent popularity, they were among the most discussed authors of their time.

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Ce mémoire envisage, grâce à l'examen de l'article de Lynn White sur les racines historiques de la crise écologique, de faire avancer une théologie écologique propre aux communautés chrétiennes évangéliques. Suite à la considération de trois voix de la tradition évangélique, nous voulons cerner la contribution qu'apporte l'encyclique du pape François *Laudato si'* à la théologie évangélique au sujet de la crise écologique. Au cœur de ce projet est l'effort d'établir un pont entre les expressions évangéliques et le message de l'encyclique du pape François *Laudato si'*. Cette perspective entre *Laudato si'* et la théologie évangélique porte un regard sur les points de croisements entre la position catholique et le regard évangélique, et ce, toujours à la lumière de la critique de Lynn White. L'écologie durable que propose le pape a le potentiel de nourrir et d'enrichir une réflexion écologique évangélique qui conduit vers une pratique environnementale saine et responsable dans les communautés chrétiennes évangéliques. Notre lecture et notre analyse des discours évangéliques et du message de *Laudato si'* nous mènent à reconnaitre dans le travail de *Laudato si'* l'importance de l'écologie intégrale qui doit être au cœur de nos actions en tant que chrétien dans la création. / This thesis endeavors, through the examination of Lynn White's article on the historical roots of the ecological crisis, to advance an ecological theology that is specific to evangelical Christian communities. After constructively engaging with the three voices of the evangelical tradition, we go on to explore the contribution that Pope Francis's encyclical *Laudato si'* brings to evangelical theology on the subject of the ecological crisis. At the heart of this project is the effort to establish a bridge between evangelical theology and the message of Pope Francis's encyclical *Laudato si'*. This comparison looks at the point of intersection between the Catholic position and the evangelical view, always in light of Lynn White's criticism. The sustainable ecology that the Pope proposes has the potential to nourish and enrich evangelical reflection, which leads towards healthy and responsible environmental practice in evangelical Christian communities. Our analysis of the evangelical position and the message of *Laudato si'* leads us to recognize in the work of *Laudato si'* the importance of integral ecology, which must be at the heart of our actions as Christians in God's creation.