No século IX, Agobardo, arcebispo de Lyon, criticou os juízos de Deus, principalmente os duelos judiciários, pronunciando que eles eram contrários à doutrina cristã. Boa parte da historiografia moderna considerou a obra do arcebispo como avançada para o seu tempo, associando indevidamente as críticas do prelado aos diagnósticos historiográficos que concebiam os ordálios e duelos como supersticiosos, bárbaros etc; qualificações essas que não foram utilizadas pelo arcebispo em sua crítica aos juízos de Deus. Em nossa dissertação, pretendemos, em um primeiro momento, demonstrar o lugar e a função dos ordálios e duelos no âmbito judiciário, a partir de exemplos da legislação franca. Defendemos que os juízos de Deus foram mecanismos utilizados de maneira excepcional e tinham a função de constituir uma decisão definitiva. A partir daí, buscamos evidenciar que muitas das considerações historiográficas sobre os escritos de Agobardo de Lyon contra os ordálios e duelos não precisaram os fundamentos da crítica do arcebispo, generalizando-a como se ela fosse uma guerra às superstições. Desse modo, nos concentramos na análise dos escritos do arcebispo, o Adversus legem Gundobadi e o De Divinis Sententiis contra Iudicium Dei, para destacar tanto os motivos de sua refutação aos ordálios e duelos, quanto a sua concepção de império e de sociedade cristã. / In the ninth century, Agobard, archbishop of Lyon, criticized the judgments of God, especially the judicial duels, pronouncing that they were contrary to the Christian doctrine. Most of the modern historiography considered the writings of the archbishop advanced for its time, associating unduly the prelates critics to the historiographical diagnostics that conceived the ordeals and duels as superstitious, barbaric etc; these qualifications that were not used by the archbishop in his criticism of judgments of God. In our thesis, at first, we intend to show the position and the function of ordeals and duels on the judicial sphere, through examples of frank legislation. We argue that the judgments of God were procedures used in a exceptional manner and had the function of constituting a final decision. From that point, we try to show that much of historiographical considerations on the writings of Agobard against the ordeals did not have perceive the grounds of Agobards criticism, generalizing it as if it were a war against the superstitious. Thus, we focus on the analysis of the works of the archbishop, the Adversus legem Gundobadi and the De Divinis Sententiis Contra Iudicium Dei, to highlight the reasons for his rebuttal to ordeals and duels as well his conception of empire and Christian society.

En questionnant les relations qui existent entre chantier et projet urbain, cette thèse a un double objectif : contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des transformations concrètes de la ville et à une gestion des relations entre chantier et projet urbain, plus innovante et anticipant les exigences des prochaines décennies. Le chantier et le projet urbain sont souvent considérés comme deux étapes sans relation de la fabrication de la ville. Pourtant, l’étude de cinq chantiers d’aménagement et de construction à Lyon, dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE, montre l’existence de relations complexes entre le chantier et la ville. L’observation des chantiers, les entretiens et l’analyse de réunions font apparaître les limites spatio-temporelles du chantier comme plus poreuses et plus vastes que les seules palissades et le contour des équipes de chantier comme allant au-delà des limites de corporations. Elles permettent d’envisager le chantier comme un projet urbain, dans le sens d’un espace-temps vivant en transformation permanente. Lieu de travail, de vie et d’imaginaire, il est la source de représentations multiples, par l’ensemble des acteurs de la ville en train de se faire : professionnels, élus et citadins. Cette relation est cependant marquée par une triple contradiction : entre l’exigüité des chantiers en zones urbaines denses et leur débordement sur l’espace public ; entre les images positives du chantier, symbole de progrès et de maîtrise des hommes sur leur environnement, et les nuisances qu’il représente ; entre la curiosité qu’il suscite et l’impensé de cet espace-temps lors de la conception des projets urbains. C’est à la condition que les acteurs de l’urbanisme, de l’aménagement urbain et du secteur du bâtiment, les représentants associatifs, élus et habitants prennent en compte ces contradictions que le chantier de la ville peut revêtir le sens de grand projet partagé, d’atelier à l’air libre et de construction en cours, dans une théorie orientée vers l’action. / By questioning the relationship between two related realities usually thought of as separate – building site and urban project – this thesis aims at contributing to a better understanding of actual changes taking place within a city, and managing the relationship between construction and urban design in an innovative manner, to meet the challenges of the coming decades. Building sites and urban projects are often considered as two unrelated stages of change in cities. The analysis of five building sites in Lyon, France, reveals complex relationships between building sites and the surrounding city. The observation of such building sites, along with interviews, show how the building sites’ spatial and temporal boundaries extend further than protective fences, and how the impact of building teams go beyond the confines of corporate staff. These allow us to consider building sites as urban projects in their own right, and as elements of space and time in constant evolution. A place of work, of living and of imagination, the building site becomes the location of multiple representations on behalf all stakeholders – professionals, politicians and citizens – of a city in the course of shaping itself. This relationship, however, is underscored by a triple contradiction: between cramped building sites in dense urban areas overflowing onto the public space; between positive images of the building site, as representative of technical progress and human control of the environment, and the public nuisance such sites present; between the curiosity they arouse and the fact that the true effect on a particular time-space is never adequately thought through. Only if those responsible for designing and building the cityscape - community representatives, elected officials along with residents - together take these contradictions into consideration, will city construction take on the character of a shared project, an open-air workspace, within the framework of an action-oriented theory.

Univ., Diss.-2004--Tübingen, 2003.

Thèse--Lyons. / At head of title: Centre lyonnais d'histoire économique et sociale. Bibliography: p. [xi]-lv.

Diss.--Bonn. / Includes bibliographical references and index. Includes bibliographical references (p. [266]-273).

Cette recherche interroge l'apparition de nouvelles pratiques visant à donner corps aux territoires. Les évolutions contemporaines et notamment le phénomène de métropolisation entraînent des mutations importantes des systèmes socio-spatiaux locaux. La désynchronisation entre les territoires administratifs et les territoires fonctionnels s’étend. Au-delà de la recherche d’une adéquation impossible entre ces deux types de territoires, nous supposons que le hiatus entre les représentations des territoires, adossées sur les échelles institutionnelles, et l’apparition de nouveaux territoires pose problème. Le manque de repères territoriaux adéquats empêcherait l’émergence de représentations partagées du territoire métropolitain. Au prisme du concept de médiation, nous proposons une nouvelle catégorie d’action : biennales, capitales européenne de la culture, nuits blanches, autant de dispositifs qui ont pour objet de construire des représentations de l'échelle métropolitaine. Nous optons ainsi pour une définition de la médiation comme principe de construction de la société, au travers de la création de références communes durables, dépassant les relations interpersonnelles. Dans cette optique, la médiation urbaine rassemble l’ensemble des nouveaux dispositifs visant à repenser les représentations des territoires. Nous admettons un renouvellement des pratiques au regard des modifications profondes induites par le phénomène de métropolisation. Nous proposons, dans un premier temps, une analyse de 77 actions pour mettre en avant les caractéristiques communes de ces nouveaux dispositifs. En proposant une grille d’analyse des actions nous mettons en avant l’impératif symbolique et rassembleur de ces nouvelles actions et sa constitution en tant que nouveau champ social. Dans un second temps, nous nous focalisons sur le contexte de la région lyonnaise. Nous analysons le processus de structuration locale des actions. La problématique se focalise alors sur la distinction entre entrepreneurs métropolitains et acteurs locaux, le terme de médiation faisant ressortir les tensions entre intérêt collectif et intérêt général, construction des territoires et pouvoir. / This research aims to examine the emergence of new practices creating images of territories. Contemporary developments, including the metropolization, result in significant changes in local socio -spatial systems. The gap between administrative and functional areas is extending. Beyond the search for a possible match between these two types of territories, we assume that the gap between the representation of territories and reality leads to new problem areas. The lack of adequate territorial markers prevents the emergence of shared representations of the metropolitan territory.With the prism of the concept of mediation, we propose a new category of action : Biennial, “European Capitals of Culture” , “Nuits Blanches” , many devices that are intended to construct representations of the metropolitan scale . We opted for a definition of mediation as a principle of construction of society, through the creation of sustainable common references. In this context, “urban mediation” brings all new features in order to rethink representations of territories. We accept a renewal of practices due to major changes induced by the metropolization .In this context, we propose a first analysis of 77 actions to highlight the common features of these new devices. In a second step we focus on the context of the Lyon region: we highlight the local process of structuring such actions under the institutional fragmentation. The problem then focuses on the distinction between metropolitan entrepreneurs and local actors, the term mediation reveals the tensions between public interest and community interest, building territories and power.

No século IX, Agobardo, arcebispo de Lyon, criticou os juízos de Deus, principalmente os duelos judiciários, pronunciando que eles eram contrários à doutrina cristã. Boa parte da historiografia moderna considerou a obra do arcebispo como avançada para o seu tempo, associando indevidamente as críticas do prelado aos diagnósticos historiográficos que concebiam os ordálios e duelos como supersticiosos, bárbaros etc; qualificações essas que não foram utilizadas pelo arcebispo em sua crítica aos juízos de Deus. Em nossa dissertação, pretendemos, em um primeiro momento, demonstrar o lugar e a função dos ordálios e duelos no âmbito judiciário, a partir de exemplos da legislação franca. Defendemos que os juízos de Deus foram mecanismos utilizados de maneira excepcional e tinham a função de constituir uma decisão definitiva. A partir daí, buscamos evidenciar que muitas das considerações historiográficas sobre os escritos de Agobardo de Lyon contra os ordálios e duelos não precisaram os fundamentos da crítica do arcebispo, generalizando-a como se ela fosse uma guerra às superstições. Desse modo, nos concentramos na análise dos escritos do arcebispo, o Adversus legem Gundobadi e o De Divinis Sententiis contra Iudicium Dei, para destacar tanto os motivos de sua refutação aos ordálios e duelos, quanto a sua concepção de império e de sociedade cristã. / In the ninth century, Agobard, archbishop of Lyon, criticized the judgments of God, especially the judicial duels, pronouncing that they were contrary to the Christian doctrine. Most of the modern historiography considered the writings of the archbishop advanced for its time, associating unduly the prelates critics to the historiographical diagnostics that conceived the ordeals and duels as superstitious, barbaric etc; these qualifications that were not used by the archbishop in his criticism of judgments of God. In our thesis, at first, we intend to show the position and the function of ordeals and duels on the judicial sphere, through examples of frank legislation. We argue that the judgments of God were procedures used in a exceptional manner and had the function of constituting a final decision. From that point, we try to show that much of historiographical considerations on the writings of Agobard against the ordeals did not have perceive the grounds of Agobards criticism, generalizing it as if it were a war against the superstitious. Thus, we focus on the analysis of the works of the archbishop, the Adversus legem Gundobadi and the De Divinis Sententiis Contra Iudicium Dei, to highlight the reasons for his rebuttal to ordeals and duels as well his conception of empire and Christian society.

Cette thèse interroge le lien entre la participation et l’urbanisme à l’échelle métropolitaine. Il s’agit de comprendre comment les dispositifs participatifs mis en place dans les territoires contribuent à l’élaboration des politiques urbaines. Nous interrogeons en particulier la manière dont la participation permet la prise en compte, dans le processus d’élaboration des politiques, des enjeux portés par le public. Nous nous demandons également dans quelle mesure elle génère une plus grande coordination des acteurs, des dispositifs et des échelles qui interviennent dans cette élaboration. Nous abordons ces questions à l’échelle de la métropole, qui induit un ensemble de spécificités relatives à l’action sur les territoires et au public participant. Notre étude met en évidence plusieurs apports de la participation : sa contribution porte essentiellement sur l’énonciation des enjeux des politiques urbaines, et moins sur la formulation des solutions, qui s’avère source de désaccords. La participation génère de nouvelles coordinations entre acteurs, dispositifs et échelles d’action publiques, mais ces coordinations apparaissent souvent fragiles et éphémères. Si les étapes de la concertation et du débat public produisent chacune des effets propres, notre travail donne à voir une construction cumulative des effets au fil du processus participatif. Les transferts d’acteurs, la répétition d’enjeux et le raffinement des recommandations permettent, dans certains contextes, d’élargir le champ d’impact de la participation, qui s’étend alors de la formulation des enjeux jusqu’à la logique de mise en œuvre des politiques. / Our study is questioning the link existing between participation and urbanism at the metropolitan scale. This concerns Lyon and Montreal metropolis. The target is to understand how are contributing participating action plans to elaborate an urban policy. We are specially questioning how this participation allows to take into consideration in the process of politics elaboration, the stakes hold by public. We are also wondering about the way this participation produces a wider coordination between actors, action plans and scales contributing to this elaboration. We are considering these questions at a metropolitan scale, where action on territories and public are presenting some specificity.Our study is highlighting several contributions of participation: concerning mainly the process of problem setting, and less the process of problem solving, which is source of disagreement. The participation is creating new coordination between actors, action plans and scales of public actions, but these coordination appear weak and short lived. Each stage of the consultation and the public debate are producing specific effects; but our study also shows a progressive and a building up effects increasing in the development of the participatory process. Transfers of actors, repetition of stakes and refinement of recommendations allow in some contexts to extend the field of participation impact, which is so, expending from the formulation of stakes to the logic of politics implementation.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’évolution de la notion de jardin collectif et de leur place dans la ville. Elle s’appuie tout d’abord sur une mise en perspective historico-géographique de la notion de jardin dans le bassin méditerranéen, entre orient et occident, de l’antiquité à nos jours. La notion de jardin a pris, en effet, au cours du temps des acceptions très différentes, jardins nourriciers ou jardins d’agréments, mais aussi jardins privés, jardins publics et jardins collectifs. Nous resserrons ensuite notre approche sur les jardins collectifs, jardins ouvriers, jardins familiaux et aujourd’hui jardins partagés. Pour cela nous focalisons notre recherche sur l’agglomération lyonnaise de la fin du 19ème siècle à nos jours. Cette analyse historico-géographique s’appuie à la fois sur un travail d’archives et sur une cartographie des jardins. Pour associer, profondeur historique et approche spatiale, nous interrogeons les facteurs historiques, politiques, démographiques, économiques et sociaux qui, durant cette période, se révèlent déterminants dans la localisation et les usages des jardins collectifs. Cette analyse des dynamiques spatiales de création de jardins tout au long du 20ème siècle, reflète l’évolution de leur place et de leurs fonctions dans la ville. Ceci nous permet de révéler à la fois des valeurs et des fonctions attribuées aux jardins qui ont une forte stabilité dans le temps, alors que d’autres renvoient à des conceptions et à des préoccupations historiquement comme géographiquement situées. Pour cela, nous attachons une attention particulière à resituer la question des jardins collectifs dans les transformations des politiques urbaines, avec pour la période récente la montée en puissance des préoccupations liées au développement durable et à la place de la nature en ville. / This PhD thesis deals with the evolution of the notion of collective garden and their place and functions in the city. Firstly, on the basis of an historical and geographical perspective, it provides a background of the notion of garden in the Mediterranean area, between East and West, from the ancient world to the modern day. The concept of garden has taken over time very different meanings, food-producing garden or pleasure garden, but also private gardens, public and community gardens.Then our approach focuses on collective gardens, namely workers' gardens, family gardens and community gardens. Our research focuses on the city of Lyon and its metropolitan area from the late 19th century to today. This historical and geographical analysis is based on both an archival work and a cartographic approach. To mix historical depth and spatial approach we inquire about the historical, political, demographic, economic and social factors that determine the location and the uses of collective gardens. This analysis of the spatial dynamics throughout the twentieth century reflects the evolution of their place and their functions in the city. This allows us to identify the values and functions of collective gardens that have a high stability over time, while others refer to conceptions and concerns which are historically and geographically situated. We thus pay particular attention to place the issue of community gardens in transformations of urban policies, characterized for the recent period by the increasing influence of sustainable development concerns and emerging issues on the place of nature in cities.

Le sous-sol urbain est aujourd’hui reconnu comme un espace riche en ressources, espace disponible, eau, géo-matériaux et géothermie jouant un rôle fondamental dans l’aménagement durable des territoires mais dont la réglementation reste lacunaire. Dans un contexte de développement urbain vertical, l’eau souterraine peut être impactée. L’objectif de la thèse est de développer une compréhension quantitative des impacts des ouvrages souterrains sur l’ eau souterraine urbaine afin de proposer des éléments d’aide à la décision destinés aux aménageurs du territoire. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis d’améliorer la compréhension du rôle joué par différents types ouvrages souterrains à une échelle de prise de décision. Les résultats montrent que les ouvrages impliquant des systèmes de pompages sont responsables d’une fragmentation des systèmes d’écoulement. Dans des conditions de faible gradient hydraulique, les ouvrages imperméables ont un impact marginal sur la position de la surface libre. Le comportement hydrodispersif des ouvrages a également été étudié et un effet de mélange dispersif a été mis en évidence au droit des ouvrages souterrains. Il favorise la migration verticale des contaminations urbaines. L’impact des ouvrages souterrains sur la temperature de l’eau souterraine urbaine a également été étudié. Le transfert de thermique entre les ouvrages et l’aquifère urbain a été quantifié et a mis en évidence l’ampleur des zones thermiquement impactées. Enfin, la compréhension des impacts des aménagements souterrains sur l’eau souterraine urbaine a permis de formuler des recommandations afin de prévenir les risques et nuisances inhérents à la construction de nouveaux ouvrages : risque d’inondation par remontée de nappe, risque d’altération qualitative de la ressource, menace et opportunité vis-à-vis du potentiel géothermique d’un aquifère urbain. / Urban subsoil provides space, groundwater, geothermal energy and geomaterials, and the importance underlying the management of this strategic space is well-known. In the context of vertical urban growth, groundwater management, is a crucial issue. The aim of the PhD thesis was to improve the knowledge related to the impacts caused by underground structures on groundwater resource in order to provide a basis for the decision making dedicated to urban planners. The understanding of the role played by numerous types of underground structures was improved at the decision-making scale. Underground structures involving pumping devices were shown to be responsible for the fragmentation of flow systems, which can modify the urban groundwater regime. Under low gradient conditions, impervious structures were confirmed to have a nonsignificant effect on water table elevation. Regarding quality, reservoir theory was applied to assess the impact of underground structures on groundwater quality. This theory allows to take into account the advective and dispersive part of groundwater flow. A dispersive piston effect is shown to occur under the structures, favoring the vertical spreading of pollutants. In addition, the impacts of underground structures on urban groundwater temperature were investigated. The annual heat from underground structures were computed deterministically, highlighting the significant thermally affected zones. Finally, the impacts of underground structures on groundwater flow quality and temperatures were analyzed in order to prevent risks and disturbances : flood risk, degradation of groundwater quality, jeopardizing geothermal potential.