Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-07-26T13:11:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - G?ssica Pimentel Reis.pdf: 1144585 bytes, checksum: 2423f8e98e171379e342c33d29c07929 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T13:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - G?ssica Pimentel Reis.pdf: 1144585 bytes, checksum: 2423f8e98e171379e342c33d29c07929 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-09 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ - FAPERJ / This research has as subject to justify the possibility of a cinema?s philosophy. Before we get the central problematization, which is given by the dialogue between the philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Ranci?re. We begin, therefore, from an analysis about the constitution of a Deleuze?s philosophy, so that we can better understand and argue his proposal of cinema?s philosophy that begins from the influence of the Bergson?s ontology. In order to understand the positions adopted by Ranci?re and, above all, his criticism of Deleuze, we search at his studies of the image and how he understands the cinema from that context. We privilege some concepts and ideas that influenced each of the two authors, so that we could become possible a new way to read the philosophy of cinema, in which it was possible to provoke the thought through the confrontation of concepts by means of the analysis of films and, hence, to raise new hypotheses for possible solutions of the problems posed by both philosophers. / La pr?sent recherche a comme sujet justifier la possibilit? de la philosophie de cin?ma. D?abord d?arriver ? la problematique centrale, dont elle est donn? ? trav?rs du dialogue entre les philosophes Gilles Deleuze et Jacques Ranci?re. Nous commen?ons donc d?une analyse de la constituition d?une philosophie selon Deleuze, afin de mieux comprendre et d?fendre sa proposition sur l?existance d?une philophie du cin?ma qui d?coule, ? son tour, de l?influence de l?ontologie propos?e par Bergson. Ensuite, pour comprendre les positions prises par Ranci?re, et surtout sa critique ? Deleuze, nous avons parcouru, alors, pour sa compr?heension de l?image et pour la fa?on dont il comprend le cin?ma, d?s ce contexte. Nous avons privil?gi? des concepts et des influences sur chaque auteur en vue de permettre une nouvelle lecture de la philosophie du cin?ma qui pourrait susciter la r?flexion ? travers de la confrontations des concepts de l?analyse des films et donc mettre de nouvelles hypoth?ses pour chercher des possibles solutions aux probl?mes propos?s chez tous les deux philosophes / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo justificar a possibilidade da filosofia do cinema. Antes de chegarmos ? problematiza??o central, que ? dada em fun??o do di?logo entre os fil?sofos Gilles Deleuze e Jacques Ranci?re. Partimos, portanto, de uma an?lise da constitui??o de uma filosofia para Deleuze para podermos melhor entender e argumentar a sua proposta de filosofia do cinema que se origina da influ?ncia da ontologia bergsoniana. Para compreendermos as posi??es adotadas por Ranci?re e, sobretudo, sua cr?tica a Deleuze, n?s perscrutamos pelo seu entendimento acerca da imagem e de que forma ele compreende o cinema a partir desse contexto. Privilegiamos conceitos e influ?ncias em cada autor para que pud?ssemos viabilizar uma nova leitura da filosofia do cinema em que fosse poss?vel provocar o pensamento atrav?s do confronto de conceitos por meio da an?lise de filmes e, por conseguinte, levantar novas hip?teses para poss?veis solu??es dos problemas colocados por ambos os fil?sofos.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-16T15:19:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PadraoDistribuicaoElementos.pdf: 11561521 bytes, checksum: 74bfea74e6034e1a139b027da4abaae8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-16T15:22:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PadraoDistribuicaoElementos.pdf: 11561521 bytes, checksum: 74bfea74e6034e1a139b027da4abaae8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-16T15:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PadraoDistribuicaoElementos.pdf: 11561521 bytes, checksum: 74bfea74e6034e1a139b027da4abaae8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1982-05-27 / PRONUCLEAR - Programa de Formação de Recursos Humanos para o Setor Nuclear / A evolução química e mineralógica da laterita fosfatada da chapada do Pirocaua (MA) foi estudada com base em dados referentes a estruturação do depósito, a distribuição mineralógica, a variação da composição química ao longo do perfil, ao quimismo das águas da região, complementados por interpretações de dados termodinâmicos, procurando-se definir os fatores que controlaram a distribuição dos elementos durante a formação do depósito. A chapada Pirocaua localiza-se no litoral noroeste do estado do Maranhão, próximo a foz do rio Maracaçumé. Na chapada, de altitude de 105 m, ocorre uma laterita fosfatada, cujo perfil apresenta mais de 50 m de espessura. O perfil apresenta cinco horizontes da base para o topo: rocha-mãe (não atingida nos perfis estudados, mas provavelmente sendo fihitos do Grupo Gurupi), horizonte de transição (filito parcialmente alterado), horizonte caulínico, horizonte fosfático e crosta ferruginosa. O horizonte fosfático, com espessura média de 5 a 6 m, contém principalmente augelita e em menor escala crandallita-goyazita; subordinadamente ocorrem: variscita, wavelita e senegalita. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam importância da flutuação do nível hidrostático na formação do horizonte fosfático. Durante a formação do depósito foi relevante também a redução da atividade do ácido silícico e o simultâneo aumento do caráter ácido da base para o topo do perfil. Nessas condições, verificou-se a migração do Fe2+ em direção as zonas superiores do depósito e sua fixação na forma de Fe3+ nas zonas mais oxidantes. As difusões do fosfato no perfil foram em grande parte facilitadas pelas afinidades argilominerais-fosfato, mediante mecanismo no qual as águas subterrâneas desempenham papel de grande importância. O estudo da distribuição de elementos maiores, menores e traços (Fe, P, AI, Si, Ti, Ca, Sr, Mg, Mn, Na, K, B, Mo, Ga, Cu, Ni, V e Cr) nos permite concluir que: aumento do teor de Fe de níveis inferiores até a crosta ferruginosa está vinculado ao aumento dos teores de hematita e goethita; igualmente, altos teores de Al e P são relacionados a presença de fosfatos de Al e de fosfatos de Al-Ca; os teores de Si apresentam-se quase que uniformemente distribuídos na zona de laterização mais intensa (crosta ferruginosa e horizonte fosfático). Porém há um crescimento elevado em termos de concentração no horizonte caulínico, devido a presença da caulinita; o Ti por sua vez, fixado no atanásio e no rutilo apresenta-se mais ou menos uniforme ao longo do perfil; o Ca e o Sr são fixados preferencialmente nos fosfatos, notadamente na crandalita-goyazita; Mg, Na e K foram fortemente lixiviados durante o desenvolvimento do perfil; o elemento B parece visivelmente associado a turmalina (dravita); os teores de Mn e Mo não apresentam variações quantitativas apreciáveis nos perfis, enquanto que concentrações relativamente elevadas de Ga, V e Cr são detectadas no horizonte fosfático e na crosta ferruginosa; Cu e Ni distribuem-se de modo algo semelhante, tendo em vista provável diadoquia com o Mg2+, possivelmente em minerais resistatos. Cálculos de ganhos e perdas indicam que, se a rocha-mãe tem a composição de um filtro média, é necessário um enriquecimento extremo de P e Sr para a formação do horizonte fosfático. Em vista disso, conclui-se que: 1) ou a rocha-mãe tem um teor de P e Sr superior a média dos filitos ou 2) o fosfato provém de outras fontes. Sugere-se, pois, a realização de uma sondagem profunda que atinga a rocha metassedimentar situada abaixo do depósito, para determinações de seu conteúdo nos dois elementos citados. / The phosphate e laterite of Piracaua (state of Maranhão) was studied with basis on several lines of evidence, namely, structure of the deposit, mineral distribuition, variations in chemical composition and chemistry of ground waters in the region. The distribuition of elements during the formation of the deposit is interpreted and the conditioning factors analysed. The Pirocaua hill occurs on the coast in the northwestern part of Maranhão state, near the mouth of the river Maracaçume. The hill is 105 m high and the phosphate occurs near the top, and it was possible-to study across section of about 50 m. Five horizons were defined, in the order towards the topgparent rockm which was not' reached, but is probably phyllite of the Gurupi group; transition horizon, with partially.a1tered phyllite; kaolinite horizon; phosphate horizon; and iron riohcrust. The phosphate horizon has an average thickness of 5 to 6 m and contains mostly augelite and smaller amounts of crandallite-goyazite; these are also small amounts of variscite, wavellite and senegalite. Our results show that fluctuations of the hydrostatic level were important during the Formation of the phosphate horizon. When the deposit was formed there was also a decrease of the activity of the silicic acid and a parallel increase of acidity towards the top of the cross-section studied. In these conditions, Fe2+ migrated towards the top of the deposit and was precipitated as Fe3+ in the oxidizing zone. Migration of phosphate was in part due to its affinits to play minerals, in which mechanism ground water played asmajor role. The distribuition of several elements (Fe, P, A1, Si, Ti, Ca, Sr, Mg, Mn, Na, K, B, Mo, Ga, Cu, Ni, V e Cr] shows that: The increase in iron contents from the lowermost horizon to the iron-rich top is related to the increase in the contents of hematite and goethite, similarly, high contents of A1 and P are related to the occurence of Al-and Al-Ca-phosphate. Si contents show little variation in the laterite zone and phosphate horizon; as can be expected, its values are much higher in the kaolioite horizon. Ti shows only a smell variation in the erase section and is found mostly in anatose. Ca and Sr are found mostly in the phosphates, particularly ovandallite-goyazite. Mg, Na and K ware ale strongly bleached during the process. B is obviously associated with tourmaline (dravite). While Mn and Mo show only little variation, the highest concentrations of Ga,V and Cr are fund in the phosphate horizon and iron - rich crust. Cu end Ni show a similar distribuition and their behaviour is probably influenced by their chemical similarity to Mg. Mass balance Calculations indicate that of the parent-rock is a phyllite, it is neeessary an extreme enrichement in P and Sr to give the composition of the phosphate horizon. With basis on these observetions we conclude that: 1) the parent-rock must have contents of P and Sr higher than the average for phyllites; or 2) the phosphate has some other source; We support therefore that drill-holes be made in order to collect samples of the metassediments beneath the deposit to determine the concentrations of the two elements in these rocks.

莊如欣. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 778-789). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhuang Ruxin. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 馬端臨與《文獻通考´Ø經籍考》 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 前人硏究槪述 --- p.2 / Chapter 第三節 --- 硏究動機及方法 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 《經籍考》史部總論 --- p.11 / Chapter 第一節 --- 目錄分類的依據 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二節 --- 分類的特點 --- p.18 / Chapter 第二節 --- 目錄史上的價値 --- p.27 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結 --- p.32 / Chapter 第三章 --- 分論一：正史類 --- p.33 / Chapter 第一節 --- 正史的定義 --- p.33 / Chapter 第二節 --- 正史與正統觀 --- p.38 / Chapter 第三節 --- 目錄分類的問題 --- p.44 / Chapter 第四節 --- 歸類的特點 --- p.47 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.51 / Chapter 第四章 --- 分論二 ：起居注類 --- p.53 / Chapter 第一節 --- 起居注與史官記注制度 --- p.53 / Chapter 第二節 --- 起居注、實錄、日曆、時政記的歸類 --- p.60 / Chapter 第三節 --- 分類背後的理念 --- p.64 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.70 / Chapter 第五章 --- 分論三：雜史類與傳記類 --- p.71 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雜史、傳記的內容性質 --- p.71 / Chapter 第二節 --- 類目設置與編次 --- p.81 / Chapter 第三節 --- 歸類的標準 --- p.83 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.94 / Chapter 第六章 --- 分論四:僞史霸史類 --- p.96 / Chapter 第一節 --- 僞史類與霸史類的交替出現 --- p.96 / Chapter 第二節 --- 書目的輯錄情況 --- p.98 / Chapter 第三節 --- 僞、霸觀與目錄分類 --- p.105 / Chapter 第四節 --- 僞史、霸史類的合倂 --- p.111 / Chapter 第五節 --- 互著隱含的歷史觀 --- p.114 / Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.123 / Chapter 第七章 --- 分論五：史評史鈔類 --- p.124 / Chapter 第一節 --- 史鈔、史評的定義 --- p.124 / Chapter 第二節 --- 史鈔、史評的獨立成類 --- p.128 / Chapter 第三節 --- 史鈔、史評與史學發展 --- p.132 / Chapter 第四節 --- 類目的設創 --- p.136 / Chapter 第五節 --- 書籍歸類的革新 --- p.141 / Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.148 / Chapter 第八章 --- 分論六：時令類 --- p.151 / Chapter 第一節 --- 時令類與農家類 --- p.151 / Chapter 第二節 --- 時令類書籍盛於唐、宋 --- p.157 / Chapter 第三節 --- 類目的歸屬 --- p.160 / Chapter 第四節 --- 類目的源流 --- p.161 / Chapter 第五節 --- 時令書籍的歸類 --- p.162 / Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.166 / Chapter 第九章 --- 結語 --- p.167 / 附錄凡例 --- p.171 / 附錄一正史類對照表 --- p.173 / 附錄二起居注類對照表 --- p.279 / 附錄三雜史類對照表 --- p.356 / 附錄四傳記類對照表 --- p.407 / 附錄五僞史霸史類對照表 --- p.641 / 附錄六史評史鈔類對照表 --- p.700 / 附錄七時令類對照表 --- p.755 / 參考書目 --- p.778

Researchers recommended investing according to the long only momentum (MOM) strategy to generate excess returns for private investors. The general problem of this study was that it was unclear when to enter and when to exit declining financial markets to avoid larger losses and to improve the overall performance with the MOM strategy. Therefore, it was important to understand the influence of a timing indicator on the MOM strategy. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between different moving average (MA) settings, the MOM strategy, and the performance of the returns from the construction of small U.S. stock portfolios. The research question was what MA setting as a strategy adjustment could improve the MOM strategy performance for small portfolios of U.S. stocks. A quasi-experimental research design was chosen to answer this research question. For the methods and analysis, simple- and exponential- MA, 2 econometric models, and abnormal Sharpe ratios were computed on the sample basis of 30 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stocks. The computations allowed me to determine the optimal trading frequencies for the MA MOM strategy. The key result was that the MA MOM strategy could improve the MOM strategy on average by 0.16% per month. The optimal trading frequency for the MA MOM strategy with $5,000 was tri yearly through which (0.90 - 1.85 %) net monthly return could be achieved. The MOM strategy can be adjusted by a simple moving average (SMA) indicator on a 6 versus 36-month basis as a recommendation. This study might contribute to positive social change by adjusting the MOM strategy, which specifically impacts private investors in declining stock markets to improve the overall performance when trading the MA MOM strategy.

This thesis examines the medical case records of the Imperial Qing Palace. The case records were examined with a view to see how Chinese medicine was practised in the Qing period in China. I also analysed the role of medical cases as another way of adding to an understanding of history. My primary sources were the archive medical case records of the Qing Imperial Palace as compiled by Chen Keji. I also used selected secondary sources, particularly research by Chang Che-Chia on the Qing cases. I concentrated my research on selected emperors and the Empress Dowager. I analysed the case records of Kangxi, Qianlong, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Cixi. Each of these figures were analysed using medical analysis and historical analysis. Using clinical knowledge, I analysed each of these political figures considering the historical and social context of the time. While analysing selected cases I also analysed the medical approach and style of one doctor of the nineteenth century, Ma Peizhi. This physician was selected as representative of elite doctors in China in the late Qing period. Using the methodology of textual analysis I supplemented analysis of the primary sources with examination of secondary sources such as biographies and other journals. In medical terms, I found that the practice of Chinese medicine changes according to social and historical circumstances. In line with the social norms of the elite at the time in Qing China, medicine was practised with the approach of gentleness and balance. This distinctive style, practised by Ma Peizhi, saw the root of physical disease in mental unease. In historical terms, I found that the medical records provided primary evidence for trends in Qing history. The Kangxi emperor looked askance at Chinese medicine, while avidly practising his Manchu shamanic rituals. His grandson, Qianlong, in contrast, presented himself as a patron of Chinese classical learning, of which he saw Chinese medicine as an important component. This was evidence that the sinification of the Manchu conquerors was almost complete. A key finding of the thesis was that the realities of the Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager Cixi differed from the personas they had projected to the public. The Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager were, on the whole, frail in health, psychologically vulnerable and suffering from chronic anxiety, if not depression. The Qing images of power did not fit the reality.

<p>Extreme programming (XP) är en av flera lättrörliga utvecklingsmetoder. Detta innebär att arbetssättet är strukturerat på ett sätt som gör att systemets innehåll enkelt kan omformas efter uppkomna önskemål under projektets gång. Dessa metoder är alltså anpassade för att hantera förändrade kravbilder under pågående projekt. Principen är att framtiden är föränderlig, varför det behövs utveckling som stöder föränderlighet.</p><p>Kunden ges en betydelsefull roll i lättrörliga utvecklingsprojekt.</p><p>XP består av ett antal praxis (practices) som tillsammans syftar uttryckligen till att utveckla enastående (outstanding) programvara. Vi har dock funnit att XP inte kan sägas utgöra en metod i bemärkelsen som Goldkuhl (1992) definierar en metod.</p><p>Vår huvudsakliga fråga som besvaras i uppsatsen är hur XP kan användas. Vi har genomfört tvåfallstudier. Vi var nyfikna på att förstå hur företagen löser problematiken att XP inte har en väl beskriven arbetsföljd. Vårt syfte med denna uppsats har varit att genomföra en metodvärdering av XP för att visa hur XP kan användas och vilka styrkor och svagheter som finns i XP. Genom detta vill vi försöka ge råd tillföretag och organisationer som funderar på att införa XP som systemutvecklingsmetod. Analysarbetet har vi genomfört med hjälp av Multi-grounded theory. Metodvärderingen har vi gjort enligt MA/SIMM.</p><p>Vi har i vår undersökning bland annat kommit fram till att bägge företagen som vi undersökt lyckas få till fungerande metoder med hjälp av XP. Vidare har vi funnit att XP innehåller styrkor som gör att projektgruppen utvecklar system med rätt sorts funktionalitet och system med kodrelaterat få fel,samtidigt som kunden får snabb kundnytta och projektgruppenen kompetensspridning. Vi har också kommit fram till att XP innefattar svagheter som leder till att XP upplevs kaotiskt. Vi tycker bland annat att XP kräver att flertalet av projektdeltagarna är erfarna utvecklare.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to examine Leon Kirchner’s "For Cello Solo" for the preparation of a performance. The score, manuscripts, and recordings were analyzed to better inform the author’s interpretation of the work. Backgrounds for both the piece and the composer are included to illuminate the origins of the work. Additional information was accumulated through interviews with Carter Brey and Maria Kitsopoulos, performers of the work who collaborated with the composer. This essay aims to aid a performer’s preparation and interpretation of the composition by describing the piece’s historical and biographical context, analyzing its compositional design, and addressing specific sound and musicality issues related to the work.

The advanced fuels investigated in this thesis comprise fuels non− conventional in their design/form (TRISO), their composition (high content of plutonium and minor actinides) or their use in a reactor type, in which they have not been used before (e.g. nitride fuel in BWR). These fuels come with a promise of improved characteristics such as safe, high temperature operation, spent fuel transmutation or fuel cycle extension, for which reasons their potentialis worth assessment and investigation. Their possible use also brings about various challenges, out of which some were addressed in this thesis. TRISO particle fuels with their superior retention abilities enable safe, high−temperature operation. Their combination with molten salt in the Advanced High Temperature Reactor (AHTR) concept moreover promises high operating temperature at low pressure, but it requires a careful selection of the cooling salt and the TRISO dimensions to achieve adequate safety characteristic, incl. a negative feedback to voiding. We show that an AHTR cooled with FLiBe may safely operate with both Pu oxide and enriched U oxide fuels. Pu and Minor Actinides (MA) bearing fuels may be used in BWR for transmutation through multirecycling; however, the allowable amounts of Pu and MA are limited due to the degraded feedback to voiding or low reactivity.We showed that the main positive contribution to the void effect in the fuelswith Pu and MA content of around 11 to 15% consist of the decreased thermalcapture probability in Pu-240, Pu-239 and Am-241 and increased fast and resonance fission probability of U-238, Pu239 and Pu-240. The total void worthmoreover increases during multirecycling, limiting the allowable amount ofMA to 2.45% in uranium−based fuels. An alternative, thorium−based fuel allows for 3.45% MA without entering the positive voiding regime at any point of the multirecycling. The increased alpha−heating associated with the use of transmutation fuels, is at level 24−31 W/kgFUEL in the uranium based fuels and 32−37 W/kgFUEL in the thorium−based configurations. The maximum value of the neutron emission, reached in the last cycle, is 1.7·106 n/s/g and 2·106 n/s/g for uranium and for thorium−based fuels, respectively. Replacing the standard UO2 fuel with higher−uranium density UN orUNZrO2 fuels in BWR shows potential for an increase of the in-core fuelresidence time by about 1.4 year. This implies 1.4% higher availability of the plant. With the nitride fuels, the total void worth increases and the efficiency of the control rods and burnable poison deteriorates, but no major neutronics issue has been identified. The use of nitride fuels in the BWR environment is conditioned by their stability in hot steam. Possible methods for stabilizing nitride fuels in water and steam at 300◦ C were suggested in a recent patentapplication. / <p>QC 20121004</p>

L’étude qui suit a pour le but une juxtaposition des textes de chansons sociales produites au Québec et au Nicaragua de 1960 à 1980. Les auteurs choisis sont : Raymond Lévesque, Georges Dor, Carlos Mejía Godoy et Luis Enrique Mejía Godoy car leurs textes reflètent les inquiétudes et les attitudes populaires de l’époque de la Révolution tranquille et de la fin du régime somoziste, deux périodes cruciales dans l'histoire récente de ces deux collectivités. Il s’agit d’une prise de parole dont la forme reflète le caractère social de chaque nation comme l’explique Raymond Williams et il s’agit de l’utilisation de tactiques qui relèvent d’occasions comme l’explique Michel de Certeau. La chanson sociale, une des formes de la prise de parole, constitue une réaction contre -culturelle contre le bricolage proposé par les producteurs de la culture officielle. Dans les détails que cette étude examine, le texte de la chanson sociale fait découvrir toute une manière de vivre de chaque nation. En effet, la chanson sociale se sert des éléments de la culture officielle de façon à exposer l’essence de ce que la société réellement éprouve. Notre analyse textuelle touche plus particulièrement les thèmes de la pauvreté et de l’espoir pour l’avenir. La juxtaposition Québec-Nicaragua révèle que les auteurs-chanteurs-compositeurs de chaque nation trouvent des moyens de prendre la parole en accord avec les exigences du caractère social de la culture d’origine.

Extreme programming (XP) är en av flera lättrörliga utvecklingsmetoder. Detta innebär att arbetssättet är strukturerat på ett sätt som gör att systemets innehåll enkelt kan omformas efter uppkomna önskemål under projektets gång. Dessa metoder är alltså anpassade för att hantera förändrade kravbilder under pågående projekt. Principen är att framtiden är föränderlig, varför det behövs utveckling som stöder föränderlighet. Kunden ges en betydelsefull roll i lättrörliga utvecklingsprojekt. XP består av ett antal praxis (practices) som tillsammans syftar uttryckligen till att utveckla enastående (outstanding) programvara. Vi har dock funnit att XP inte kan sägas utgöra en metod i bemärkelsen som Goldkuhl (1992) definierar en metod. Vår huvudsakliga fråga som besvaras i uppsatsen är hur XP kan användas. Vi har genomfört tvåfallstudier. Vi var nyfikna på att förstå hur företagen löser problematiken att XP inte har en väl beskriven arbetsföljd. Vårt syfte med denna uppsats har varit att genomföra en metodvärdering av XP för att visa hur XP kan användas och vilka styrkor och svagheter som finns i XP. Genom detta vill vi försöka ge råd tillföretag och organisationer som funderar på att införa XP som systemutvecklingsmetod. Analysarbetet har vi genomfört med hjälp av Multi-grounded theory. Metodvärderingen har vi gjort enligt MA/SIMM. Vi har i vår undersökning bland annat kommit fram till att bägge företagen som vi undersökt lyckas få till fungerande metoder med hjälp av XP. Vidare har vi funnit att XP innehåller styrkor som gör att projektgruppen utvecklar system med rätt sorts funktionalitet och system med kodrelaterat få fel,samtidigt som kunden får snabb kundnytta och projektgruppenen kompetensspridning. Vi har också kommit fram till att XP innefattar svagheter som leder till att XP upplevs kaotiskt. Vi tycker bland annat att XP kräver att flertalet av projektdeltagarna är erfarna utvecklare.