L’effet du développement résidentiel des bassins versants sur l’habitat et la distribution des macrophytes dans le littoral de six lacs des Laurentides a été évalué à l’aide de carottes de sédiments et de quadrats. Le développement augmente la proportion de milieux déboisés ce qui réduit l’apport en débris de bois et augmente l’érosion et les apports de nutriments dans les sédiments du littoral. Les sédiments sont plus fins, plus denses et contiennent moins de matière organique. Ces changements favorisent les macrophytes en augmentant leur couverture dans les lacs développés. La présence d’espèces submergées de macrophytes est également favorisée au détriment des espèces à feuilles flottantes, plus caractéristiques des lacs moins développés. Même si la biomasse des macrophytes est limitée dans certains lacs, celle-ci augmente dans les lacs développés et montre des signes d’un effet tampon sur les apports de nutriments. Des quantités équivalentes à des valeurs entre 35 et 230% des apports annuels de phosphore et entre 79 et 659% des apports d’azote par les résidents ont été accumulées dans les tissus des macrophytes des lacs dont le bassin versant est très déboisé. Les sédiments s’enrichissent à la sénescence des macrophytes et contiennent alors plus de nutriments que la colonne d’eau et ce, pour tous les lacs. Une présence accrue d’espèces submergées et plus de nutriments dans les tissus des macrophytes des lacs développés, jumelés à l’absence de prolifération de phytoplancton malgré un plus grand apport de nutriments, laisse penser que les lacs des Laurentides sont en état d’eutrophisation précoce. / Effects of residential development on macrophyte habitat and distribution in the littoral zone of six lakes of the Laurentian region were assessed with quadrats and small cores. Residential development increases the proportion of open area which reduces coarse woody debris inputs and enhances erosion and nutrient inputs into the sediments. Sediments are then finer, more compact and contain less organic matter. With less important proportion of forested area in developed watersheds, nutrients inputs are then more important in sediment as well. These changes in macrophyte habitats enhance coverage of the littoral by aquatic plants in developed lakes. Submerged species are also favoured at the expense of floating species that are more typical of pristine conditions. Despite the limitation of aquatic plants biomass in some lakes, macrophyte biomass is higher in developed lakes and showed signs of a buffering effect on nutrient inputs, especially for phosphorus. Macrophyte nutrient content represented values between 35 and 230% of annual phosphorus inputs by residents on the shore of developed lakes and between 79 and 659% of the annual nitrogen inputs. Sediments are enriched by macrophytes at their senescence and therefore contain more nutrients than the water column and macrophytes for all lakes. The greater presence of submerged macrophytes, and the higher amount of nutrients in macrophytes of developed lakes combined with absence of phytoplankton blooms in spite of greater nutrient supply, suggests that Laurentian lakes are in an early stage of eutrophication.

L’effet du développement résidentiel des bassins versants sur l’habitat et la distribution des macrophytes dans le littoral de six lacs des Laurentides a été évalué à l’aide de carottes de sédiments et de quadrats. Le développement augmente la proportion de milieux déboisés ce qui réduit l’apport en débris de bois et augmente l’érosion et les apports de nutriments dans les sédiments du littoral. Les sédiments sont plus fins, plus denses et contiennent moins de matière organique. Ces changements favorisent les macrophytes en augmentant leur couverture dans les lacs développés. La présence d’espèces submergées de macrophytes est également favorisée au détriment des espèces à feuilles flottantes, plus caractéristiques des lacs moins développés. Même si la biomasse des macrophytes est limitée dans certains lacs, celle-ci augmente dans les lacs développés et montre des signes d’un effet tampon sur les apports de nutriments. Des quantités équivalentes à des valeurs entre 35 et 230% des apports annuels de phosphore et entre 79 et 659% des apports d’azote par les résidents ont été accumulées dans les tissus des macrophytes des lacs dont le bassin versant est très déboisé. Les sédiments s’enrichissent à la sénescence des macrophytes et contiennent alors plus de nutriments que la colonne d’eau et ce, pour tous les lacs. Une présence accrue d’espèces submergées et plus de nutriments dans les tissus des macrophytes des lacs développés, jumelés à l’absence de prolifération de phytoplancton malgré un plus grand apport de nutriments, laisse penser que les lacs des Laurentides sont en état d’eutrophisation précoce. / Effects of residential development on macrophyte habitat and distribution in the littoral zone of six lakes of the Laurentian region were assessed with quadrats and small cores. Residential development increases the proportion of open area which reduces coarse woody debris inputs and enhances erosion and nutrient inputs into the sediments. Sediments are then finer, more compact and contain less organic matter. With less important proportion of forested area in developed watersheds, nutrients inputs are then more important in sediment as well. These changes in macrophyte habitats enhance coverage of the littoral by aquatic plants in developed lakes. Submerged species are also favoured at the expense of floating species that are more typical of pristine conditions. Despite the limitation of aquatic plants biomass in some lakes, macrophyte biomass is higher in developed lakes and showed signs of a buffering effect on nutrient inputs, especially for phosphorus. Macrophyte nutrient content represented values between 35 and 230% of annual phosphorus inputs by residents on the shore of developed lakes and between 79 and 659% of the annual nitrogen inputs. Sediments are enriched by macrophytes at their senescence and therefore contain more nutrients than the water column and macrophytes for all lakes. The greater presence of submerged macrophytes, and the higher amount of nutrients in macrophytes of developed lakes combined with absence of phytoplankton blooms in spite of greater nutrient supply, suggests that Laurentian lakes are in an early stage of eutrophication.

Durant les 20 dernières années d'anciens bras latéraux du Rhin ont été restaurés par reconnexion au cours principal. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'efficacité de la restauration et de vérifier si l'écosystème aquatique a retrouvé sa fonctionnalité. Les communautés végétales aquatiques sont utilisées ici comme indicateurs de ces changements. De nombreux facteurs ont été mesurés : les communautés végétales, leurs traits biologiques, les flux et stocks de diaspores, la chimie de l'eau, du sédiment et des plantes, l'hydro-géomorphologie. Cette étude a été menée dans 9 sites restaurés et 3 sites de référence. Trois communautés végétales ont été identifiées : une "eutrophe", une "mésotrophe", et une "rhéophile". La composition de ces communautés est liée aux conditions physiques et trophiques, et aux flux de diaspores. Les reconnexions ont permis aux sites restaurés de retrouver des communautés et une fonctionnalité écologique semblables à celles des sites de référence. / During the last 20 years, side channels of the Rhine have been reconnected to the main course. The objective of this thesis is to assess the efficiency of restoration and the recovery of the ecosystems functionality. The aquatic plant communities were used as indicators of changes. Many factors were monitored: plant communities, their biological characteristics, flux and bank of propagules, the chemistry of water, sediment and plants, hydro-geomorphology. This study was conducted in 9 restored sites and 3 reference sites. Three aquatic plant communities were identified: eutrophic, mesotrophic and rheophilic. The composition of these communities is first linked to physical conditions and second to trophic level, together with flux of propagules. Reconnections allowed the restored sites to exhibit communities and ecological functioning similar to reference sites, in a relatively short time.

La conservation des zones humides fortement modifiées par les pratiques anthropiques, nécessite l’acquisition de données scientifiques sur leur diversité et leur fonctionnement. Cette thèse vise à relier l’anthropisation des zones humides à la diversité génétique, niveau de base de la biodiversité lié à la capacité adaptative des populations et au maintien des espèces. L’effet de l’anthropisation sur la diversité génétique de végétaux aquatiques est étudié à plusieurs échelles d’espaces (zone humide et bassin versant) et de temps (études synchroniques et diachroniques). La diversité génétique de populations de deux espèces rudérales (Berula erecta et Apium nodiflorum) et une compétitive (Nuphar lutea) est comparée dans deux plaines alluviales contrastées (trophie, connectivité hydrologique et restauration), à l’aide de marqueurs microsatellites adaptés à l’étude d’espèces clonales. La diminution de la connectivité hydrologique augmente la différenciation génétique et diminue la diversité génétique pour les espèces rudérales étudiées alors qu’elle n’a pas d’effet sur l’espèce compétitive. L’impact de la connectivité est donc dépendant de la stratégie de reproduction. La diversité génétique des espèces rudérales diminue également dans les zones humides plus eutrophes. L’augmentation de la diversité génétique post-restauration chez B. erecta est corrélée à la fréquence des perturbations (assecs) qui créent des niches favorisant le recrutement des graines. Cette étude propose des préconisations de gestion pour les zones humides et apporte des connaissances sur la dynamique de la diversité génétique des plantes aquatiques en lien avec leur environnement / The conservation of wetlands which are strongly modified by human practices, requires the acquisition of knowledge about their diversity and functioning. This thesis aimed to link the human pressures and plant genetic diversity in wetlands, which is the basic level of biodiversity linked to the adaptive capacity of populations and species maintenance. The effect of anthropization on the genetic diversity of aquatic plants is studied at several spatial and temporal scales (wetland and watershed; synchronic vs. diachronic studies). The genetic diversity of populations of two ruderal (Berula erecta and Apium nodiflorum) and one competitive species (Nuphar lutea) in two contrasting floodplains (in terms of trophic status, hydrological connectivity and restoration) is compared using microsatellite markers suitable for the study of clonal species. A reduction in hydrological connectivity increases genetic differentiation and decreases genetic diversity for ruderal species studied, while it did not affect the competitive species. The impact of connectivity is related to plant reproductive strategy. The genetic diversity of ruderal species also decreases in most eutrophic wetlands. The increase of genetic diversity of B. erecta after restoration is correlated with the frequency of disturbances (dewatering) that create niches for seed recruitment. This study provides management recommendations for the impacted wetlands and provides knowledge about the dynamics of the genetic diversity of aquatic plants in relation to their environment

L’évaluation de l’état écologique des rivières est régie par l’application de protocoles sur le terrain et au laboratoire. Ceux-ci induisent de nombreuses incertitudes tant naturelles qu’humaines. L’objectif de cette thèse est (1) d’étudier l’impact de certaines incertitudes sur les indices biologiques basés sur les macroinvertébrés et les macrophytes en rivière, (2) de les estimer et (3) d’observer leur propagation jusqu’à l’évaluation de la qualité écologique des rivières. Pour les macroinvertébrés, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact de la variation intra-substrat et à l’effet des variabilités liées aux compétences de l’opérateur dans les indices IBGN, IBG DCE et I2M2. Pour les macrophytes, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’effet opérateur dans l’IBMR. Des variations des indices ont été observées jusqu’à conduire à une évaluation globale erronée. Des solutions correctives peuvent être proposées afin de réduire les effets des sources de variabilités étudiées. / Ecological status assessment in waterbodies depends on standards application in the field and in the laboratory. They induce many uncertainties associated to natural or human variabilities. The aim is (1) to study the effect of some uncertainties on french indices based on macroinverterbrates and macrophytes, (2) to estimate them, and (3) to observe their propagation on final ecologica lstatus. Concerning macroinvertebrates, we are interested in the intrasubstrate variability and the surveyor effect in IBGN, IBG DCE and I2M2. Concerning the macrophytes, we focus on surveyor impact in IBMR. Indices variation appears and could lead to ecological status changes. Control quality approach could be proposed to reduce uncertainties effects.

Les zones littorales à macrophytes ont un rôle fonctionnel important dans les hydrosystèmes fluviaux. Outre leur forte productivité, ces milieux se caractérisent également par une forte biodiversité. Cependant, les liens pouvant exister entre hétérogénéité spatiale, biodiversité et flux de matière restent encore peu connus. En milieu aquatique, les microcrustacés représentent un maillon clef entre les microorganismes eucaryotes, qui sont les principaux producteurs d’acide gras polyinsaturés (AGPI), et le compartiment piscicole. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons donc cherché à savoir comment la diversité des cladocères rencontrée dans une zone littorale à macrophytes pouvait affecter le transfert des AGPI dans les réseaux trophiques. L’approche vers laquelle s’est orienté ce travail combine à la fois des études menées en milieu contrôlé, permettant des expériences de nutrition, ainsi que des études menées en milieu naturel. Cette double approche permet de faciliter l’interprétation des résultats issus des analyses lipidiques, isotopiques et isotopiques de composés spécifiques. Nos résultats montrent ainsi qu’il n’existe pas de variabilité dans les capacités d’accumulation et de bioconversion des AGPI chez les cladocères coexistant dans une zone littorale à macrophytes. D’après ces résultats, il semble donc que le principal facteur influençant la variabilité des transferts d’AGPI vers le compartiment piscicole soit la stratégie alimentaire et le compartiment trophique exploité par les différentes espèces de microcrustacés. En effet, outre le seston, notre étude montre que certaines espèces de cladocères rencontrées en zone littorale sont capables d’exploiter l’épiphyton et le neuston. Les analyses lipidiques mettent de plus en évidence, que la diversité des compartiments trophiques exploités s’accompagne d’une variabilité d’apports en AGPI. Dans notre étude, l’épiphyton est ainsi significativement plus concentré en AGPI que le seston. A l’interface air-eau, le neuston se caractérise de plus, par une forte accumulation de matière organique d’origine allochtone qui, dans le cas d’une pluie de pollen, représente une source de carbone et d’AGPI non négligeable pour certaines espèces de microcrustacés. Dans les zones littorales à macrophytes, la complémentarité des espèces de cladocères entraine donc une utilisation plus complète des ressources. La diversité des compartiments trophiques, associée à la diversité des microcrustacés, permet donc probablement une optimisation du transfert des AGPI vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs. / Areas with littoral macrophytes play an important functional role in freshwater systems. In addition to the high productivity recorded in such areas, they also shelter a high diversity of organisms. However, possible links between spatial heterogeneity, biodiversity and energy pathways are still poorly known. As they constitute the major link between microorganisms and species higher in the food web, microcrustaceans play a key role in the transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to organisms at higher trophic levels. In this study, we wanted to assess if microcrustaceans diversity encountered in macrophytes littoral zones would lead to a variability of PUFA transfer in the food web. This work combined controlled conditions experiment and studies run in natural environments in order to help the interpretation of results from lipid analysis, isotopic analysis and fatty acid isotope analysis. Our results indicate that there are no differences of PUFA concentrations between cladocerans from a macrophyte littoral zone when they were exposed to the same pool of dietary PUFA. Hence, in heterogeneous feeding habitats such as macrophytes zones where these cladocerans often co-exist, foraging behavior of cladoceran species more than differences of metabolism may be crucial for determining PUFA transfer to upper trophic levels. In addition to seston, our study shows indeed that some cladoceran species are able to forage on the epiphytic and neustonic compartments. Lipid analyses highlight moreover that the diversity of trophic compartments lead to a variability of PUFA inputs to primary consumers. In our study, the epiphytic compartment is indeed significantly more concentrated in PUFA than seston. At the air-water interface, neuston is moreover characterized by important allochthonous organic matter accumulation. During a pollen rain, this organic matter represents an important source of carbon and PUFA for some microcrustacean species. In macrophytes littoral zones, cladocerans complementarity leads to a more complete use of PUFA sources. The association of trophic compartment diversity and microcrustacean diversity probably allows an optimization of PUFA transfer to higher trophic levels.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis examines the contribution of a non-indigenous red alga, Mazzaella japonica, to wrack subsidies in Baynes Sound, British Columbia, and the effects of its removal by a commercial beach-cast harvest. Field and laboratory work was conducted to determine: 1) How large wrack inputs are in terms of biomass and spatial extent within the harvest region, and what proportion of this is comprised of M. japonica; 2) how wrack characteristics influence associated macrofauna communities; 3) if there is any detectable effect of beach-cast harvesting on either the wrack characteristics or macrofauna communities; and 4) if M. japonica provides a food source for native invertebrate consumers within the subtidal and supralittoral zones. Field surveys conducted from November 2014 through March 2015 found that wrack biomass within the harvest region could reach as much as 853 kg (±173 SD) per meter of shoreline, and cover up to 35 m2 (± 3 SD) of beach surface within this area. The macrophyte composition of the wrack was dominated by M. japonica, which accounted for 90% of the identifiable macrophyte biomass on average. Wrack in the later stages of decomposition hosted the most speciose and diverse assemblages of macrofauna, though community composition also differed among collection sites and with depth of the wrack. Though we were limited in our ability to disentangle the effects of beach-cast harvesting due to a concentration of effort at one site, we failed to detect any large influence on wrack biomass or macrofauna communities. Harvesting does, however, appear to be associated with a greater area of wrack cover and decreased mean depth. Stable isotope mixing models estimated that M. japonica contributed no more than 22% and 17% on average to the diets of supralittoral and subtidal consumers respectively, despite its overwhelming dominance in both environments. These results suggest that the non-indigenous red alga may experience a reprieve from herbivory within the subtidal environment. A lack of consumption within the supralittoral zone could influence nutrient cycling on recipient beaches and increase propagule pressure in the surrounding regions. Results from these studies are intended to help inform the management of M. japonica and its commercial harvesting. Combined, they indicate that this non-indigenous seaweed does not provide a substantial subsidy in the form of food provision for resident invertebrates. Furthermore, the commercial removal of M. japonica is small compared to the total biomass available, and had no detectable effect on the wrack-associated macrofauna communities examined. / Graduate / 2017-08-19 / jjulin.holden@gmail.com

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Boeno Trindade Galo / Resumo: As formas de uso e cobertura da terra no entorno de corpos d’água é um dos fatores que mais impactam águas continentais. Diante disso, é que ambientes aquáticos se tornam cada vez mais susceptíveis a processos de eutrofização, o que favorece a proliferação de macrófitas. Uma maneira de monitorar a proliferação de macrófitas, assim como alterações nas formas de uso e cobertura da terra no entorno de reservatórios é a partir de dados de sensoriamento remoto. Sensores remotos surgem como uma alternativa com grande potencial para a análise da variabilidade espaço-temporal de macrófitas aquáticas. Classificadores baseados em aprendizado máquina são cada vez mais utilizados em alternativa às técnicas tradicionais, uma vez que alguns desses algoritmos não requerem a distribuição estatística dos dados permitindo assim a inclusão de atributos não espectrais no processo de classificação. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) no monitoramento sazonal da dispersão de macrófitas aquáticas no reservatório de Salto Grande, Americana (SP), simultaneamente às alterações no uso e cobertura da terra do seu entorno. No processo de classificação, foram realizados diversos experimentos a fim de selecionar os atributos e arquiteturas de RNA mais adequados para discriminar tanto as macrófitas no corpo hídrico, quanto os tipos de uso e cobertura da terra no seu entorno. Os dados de entrada constituíram-se de bandas espectrais do sistema OLI/Landsat-8, i... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The land use/cover surrounding water bodies is one of the factors that most impact continental waters. Thus, aquatic environments become increasingly susceptible to eutrophication processes, which favors the growth of macrophytes. One way to monitor the growth of macrophytes as well as changes in the forms of land use/cover surrounding reservoirs, is from remote sensing data. Remote sensors emerge as an alternative with great potential for the analysis of spatio-temporal variability of aquatic macrophytes. Classifiers based on machine learning are alternatives increasingly used in detriment to traditional techniques. Those algorithms do not require the statistical distribution of the data, thus allowing the inclusion of non-spectral attributes in the classification process. In this sense, this wok aims to evaluate the potential of artificial neural network (ANN) in the seasonal monitoring of aquatic macrophytes dispersion in Salto Grande, Americana (SP), simultaneously with the changes monitoring in the land use/cover of the surrounding areas. In the classification process, several experiments were performed to select the most appropriate attributes, as well as the best ANN architecture to discriminate the macrophytes in the water body and the types of land use/cover of the surrounding. The input data consisted of OLI / Landsat-8 system spectral bands, texture images derived from OLI images, normalized spectral indices for vegetation enhancement (NDVI), moisture content (MNDW... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo / Banca: Irineu Bianchini Júnior / Banca: Dalva Maria Silva Matos / Banca: Fábio Cop Ferreira / Banca: Tadeu de Siqueira Barros / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar questões referentes à avaliação da qualidade ecológica de ambientes aquáticos, com ênfase em macrófitas aquáticas. Inicialmente fizemos uma análise cienciométrica a fim de verificar o panorama global dos estudos sobre qualidade ecológica e índices de integridade biótica e tentamos fornecer uma visão geral sobre os ecossistemas, organismos e regiões que mais utilizam esses indicadores, bem como uma análise crítica sobre as tendências, aplicações e limitações dessa abordagem. Nossos resultados indicam que há uma falta de uniformidade na distribuição do número de estudos por continente, principalmente em regiões tropicais. Além disso, poucos estudos consideram mais do que um grupo de organismos para avaliar a qualidade ecológica de ambientes aquáticos. Em seguida, utilizamos dados de macrófitas aquáticas presentes na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Itanhaém, situada no litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, para desenvolver mais dois estudos. O primeiro deles avaliou a influência das variáveis ambientais sobre a riqueza de espécies e riqueza de formas de vida, com o intuito de verificar quais fatores naturais e antropogênicos são mais importantes na estruturação da assembleia de macrófitas aquáticas. Tanto fatores naturais quanto antrópicos foram responsáveis por explicar a riqueza de espécies e formas de vida nos ambientes aquáticos estudados. Por fim, nós exploramos o uso de macrófitas aquáticas como indicadoras da integridade ecológica dos ambientes aquáticos da bacia do Rio Itanhaém, a fim de desenvolver um índice multimétrico. Nossos resultados mostraram que a estrutura da assembleia de macrófitas é distinta em locais degradados e não impactados, permitindo o desenvolvimento do índice. Embora o processo de validação do índice não tenha apresentado bons resultados, este estudo permitiu um melhor entendimento das condições ecológicas... / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate issues related to ecological quality of aquatic environments, with emphasis in aquatic macrophytes. Initially we developed a scientometric analysis in order to verify the global view of the studies dealing with ecological quality and index of biotic integrity (IBI), and try to provide an overview of ecosystems, organisms and regions that mostly used these indicators, as well as a critical analysis of the trends, applications and limitations of this approach. Our results indicate a lack of uniformity in the distribution of the number of studies by continent, mainly in tropical regions. Moreover, few studies have focused in more than one biological group to assess the ecological quality of aquatic environments. After, we used macrophyte aquatic data from Itanhaém River Basin, located in the south littoral of São Paulo State, to develop two more studies. First, we evaluated the influence of environmental variables on species richness and life form richness in order to verify which natural and anthropogenic factors are most important in structuring the plant assemblages. Both natural and anthropogenic factors were responsible for explaining the species richness and life forms richness in aquatic environments studied. Finally, we explored the use of macrophytes as indicators of the river ecological conditions in tropical rivers, in order to develop a multimetric IBI. Our results showed that the macrophyte assemblage structure is distinct in degraded and undisturbed sites, allowing the development of an IBI. Although the validation of the IBI has not shown good results, this study allowed a better understanding of ecological conditions in these aquatic environments and consists in a relevant contribution for future studies involving assessment and biomonitoring in tropical aquatic ecosystems / Doutor