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1	Grundlagsändring, en komparativ studie mellan Sverige och Spanien : En komparativrättslig konstitutionell studie om grundlagsändring i Sverige och Spanien Rantanen, Marina, Okurame, Nancy January 2023 (has links) Följande uppsats kommer att utreda samt komparera den juridiska institutionen för grundlagsändring mellan länderna Sverige och Spanien. Detta kommer att genomföras i en komparativrättslig metod för att kunna analysera och diskutera vardera lands reglering kring detta ämne. Uppsatsen redovisar hur en grundlagsändringsprocedur går till i praktiken, men även vilka som kan initiera ändringen samt vad för regleringar som finns gällande grundlagsändring. Materialet som kommer att användas är väsentligen de traditionella juridiska källorna samt somliga publikationer från media. Det kommer att dras slutsatser gällande skillnaderna respektive likheterna i slutet av uppsatsen för att summera all information samt analysen. / This following essay will investigate and compare the legal institution for constitutional amendment between the countries of Sweden and Spain. This will be carried out in a comparative legal method in order to be able to analyze and discuss each country’s regulation around this subject. The essay describes how a constitutional amendment procedure works in practice, but also who can initiate the amendment and what regulations exist regarding the constitutional amendment. The material that will be used in this essay is essentially the traditional legal sources as well as some publications from the media. Conclusions will be drawn regarding the differences and similarities at the end of the essay to summarize all the information and the analysis. democracy eternity clause referendum constitution constitutional amendment procedure constitution oversight mechanism quorum rules majority requirement mechanism ratification reform demokrati evighetsklausul folkomröstning grundlag grundlagsändringsprocedur konstitution kontrollmekanism kvorumregler majoritetskrav mekanism ratificering reform Law Juridik
2	The liability of trade unions for conduct of their members during industrial action Mlungisi, Ernest Tenza 18 September 2017 (has links) South Africa has been experiencing a number of violent strikes by trade unions in recent times. The issue is not only to hold unions liable for damage caused during strikes, but also to reduce the number of violent strikes. This study investigates if victims of such violence can hold trade unions liable for the violent acts committed by their members during industrial action. The Labour Relations Act, 66 of 1995 (LRA) makes provision for the dismissal of employees who commit misconduct during an unprotected strike. It also provides the remedy of an interdict and a claim for just and equitable compensation which can be made against the union, during an unprotected strike. It is further possible to hold the union together with its members liable for damages in terms of the Regulation of Gatherings Act, 205 of 1993 (RGA). The study argues that a strike or conduct in furtherance of a strike that becomes violent could lose protection and the trade union should consequently be held liable, in terms of the LRA and/ or the RGA, for damages caused by its members. This study investigates the position in Canada, Botswana and Australia to determine if there could be any other basis upon which to hold trade union liable for the conduct of its members. The study recommends that the common law doctrine of vicarious liability should be developed by the courts to allow trade unions to be held liable for damages caused by members during violent industrial action. Policy considerations and changing economic conditions and the nature of strikes in the Republic favours the expansion of the doctrine of vicarious liability to trade union member relationship. / Mercantile Law / LL. D. Industrial action Strike Trade union liability Trade union denial Development of the common law Amendment of the Labour Relations Act Secret ballot requirement Majority requirement for ballot outcome Suspension of industrial action Interest arbitration Picket 344.1892068 Liability (Law) -- South Africa Industrial relations -- South Africa

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Grundlagsändring, en komparativ studie mellan Sverige och Spanien : En komparativrättslig konstitutionell studie om grundlagsändring i Sverige och Spanien

The liability of trade unions for conduct of their members during industrial action