Les propriétés optiques non linéaires du second ordre ont été étudiées dans des matériaux vitreux à base de chalcogénures, dans le but de développer de nouveaux matériaux pour l'intégration dans des systèmes optiques. Un phénomène de génération de second harmonique a été observé dans des verres des systèmes Ge-In-S-CsI et Ge-(Ga,Sb)-S après un traitement de polarisation thermique. La rupture de l'anisotropie des verres, conduisant à une susceptibilité non linéaire d'ordre deux supérieure à 8 pm/V, a été mise en évidence à l'aide de la technique des franges de Maker.<br />Parallèlement, de nouveaux matériaux infrarouges ont été développés. Des vitrocéramiques transparentes dans le domaine infrarouge ont été synthétisées. Elles présentent une non linéarité d'ordre deux permanente, induite par la présence de micro-particules non-centrosymétriques dispersées aléatoirement dans la matrice vitreuse.

Le développement croissant des réseaux de télécommunication de fibre optiques nécessite la mise au point de systèmes optiques intégrés (amplificateurs, switch optique, WDM, DWDM, ...). La découverte de génération de second harmonique dans les verres ouvre de nouvelles perspectives d'application dans le domaine des télécoms. C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons débuté cette thèse par la recherche de nouveaux systèmes vitreux (Nb2O5 – P2O5 – CaO – B2O3 et TeO2 – PbO – P2O5), qui après un traitement de poling présentent une forte susceptibilité non linéaire d'ordre deux. L'étude a porté sur la synthèse, le traitement de poling et les caractérisations physico-chimiques (structurales et optiques) des verres. Une application aux couches minces a été entreprise.

With the recent boom in big data and the continuous need for innovation, Artificial Intelligence is carving out a bigger place in our society. Through its computer-based capabilities, it brings new possibilities to tackle many issues within organizations. It also raises new challenges about its use and limits. This thesis aims to provide a better understanding of the role of humans and Artificial Intelligence in the organizational decision making process. The research focuses on knowledge-intensive firms. The main research question that guides our study is the following one:   How can Artificial Intelligence re-design and develop the process of organizational decision making within knowledge-intensive firms?   We formulated three more detailed questions to guide us: (1) What are the roles of humans and Artificial Intelligence in the decision making process? (2) How can organizational design support the decision making process through the use of Artificial Intelligence? (3) How can Artificial Intelligence help to overcome the challenges experienced by decision makers within knowledge-intensive firms and what are the new challenges that arise from the use of Artificial Intelligence in the decision making process?   We adopted an interpretivist paradigm together with a qualitative study, as presented in section 3. We investigated our research topic within two big IT firms and two real estate startups that are using AI. We conducted six semi-structured interviews to enable us to gain better knowledge and in-depth understanding about the roles of humans and Artificial Intelligence in the decision making process within knowledge-intensive firms. Our review led us to the theoretical framework explained in section 2, on which we based our interviews.   The results and findings that emerged from the interviews follow the same structure than the theoretical review and provide insightful information in order to answer the research question. To analyze and discuss our empirical findings that are summarized in the chapter 5 and in a chart in the appendix 4, we used the general analytical procedure for qualitative studies. The structure of chapter 5 follows the same order than the three sub questions.   The thesis highlights how a deep understanding of Artificial Intelligence and its integration in the process of organizational decision making of knowledge-intensive firms enable humans to be augmented and to make smarter decisions. It appears that Artificial Intelligence is used as a decision making support rather than an autonomous decision maker, and that organizations adopt smoother and more collaborative designs in order to make the best of it within their decision making process. Artificial Intelligence is an efficient tool to deal with complex situations, whereas human capabilities seem to be more relevant in situations of uncertainty and ambiguity. Artificial Intelligence also raises new issues for organizations regarding its responsibility and acceptation by society as there is a grey area surrounding machines in front of ethics and laws.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’analyse du système de santé et des inégalités en matière de santé en Thaïlande. Il s’agit d’abord d’identifier les acteurs politiques du système de santé et les idéologies sur lesquelles ils se fondent, et sur cette base, d’examiner la manière dont les politiques mises en œuvre ont affecté la santé et la distribution de santé. En Thaïlande, la triade nationale "Nation-Bouddhisme-Roi" a imprégné toute la société, y compris le système de santé. Elle a également influencé les acteurs et les décideurs politiques qui ont conçu le système de protection sociale thaïlandais. Influencé par l'utilitarisme-nationalisme, le ministère de la Santé a privilégié l'efficacité plutôt que l'égalité, et a amélioré la santé de la population afin d'augmenter la croissance économique. Influencés par le bouddhisme, certains technocrates ont lancé des politiques de promotion de la santé, basées sur le concept de Karma, qui renforcent la responsabilité individuelle, mais ignorent les inégalités sociales. Les organisations caritatives royales ont fourni des soins de santé pour des groupes marginalisés, mais de nombreux patients n'ont toujours pas été traités. Grâce à ces acteurs, de nombreux indicateurs de santé de la population ont été améliorés, mais parallèlement les disparités de santé ont été renforcées. La réforme de la santé, lancée en 2001 par le parti Thai Rak Thai, a mis en place un nouveau programme d'assurance maladie qui fournit des soins de base à tous les Thaïlandais. Bien que de nombreux bilans aient confirmé la réduction des inégalités et l'amélioration de l'accès aux soins, certains groupes d'intérêts ont largement protesté. Ce nouveau programme, fondé sur l'égalité des chances et le droit à la santé, a involontairement défié les anciens acteurs et les anciennes idéologies. En conséquence, les conflits dans le système de santé et l'instabilité politique ont entravé le développement de nouvelles politiques de santé. / This thesis uses a political economy frame to analyze Thailand’s health system and its inequalities in health. After identifying the political actors of the health care system and the ideologies on which they are based, it examines the way in which the policies put in work have affected the health and the distribution of health. In Thailand, national trilogy "Nation-Buddhism-King" impregnated the whole political pattern, including health system. It also influenced political agents and political decision-makers in building the Thai social protection system. Influenced by utilitarianism and nationalism, the Ministry of Health had prioritized efficiency, rather than equality, and improved population health in order to increase economic growth. Due to Buddhism, some technocrats have launched health promotion policies based on the concept of Karma that reinforced individual responsibility for health, but ignored social inequalities that affected health-risk behaviors. Royal charities have provided health care for marginalized groups for long times, but many patients still were left untreated. Thanks to these actors, many health indicators were improved, but, at the same time, it increased health disparities between rich and poor, rural areas and urban areas, as between Bangkok and the poorest regions, North and Northeast. In 2001, Thai Rak Thai party launched a new health insurance program providing basic health care for all Thais. Although many reports confirmed the good results of a policy that reduced some inequalities and improved health care access for the poor, it raised the opposition from several stake-holders groups. This new program, based on equal opportunities and the right to health, unintentionally challenged the old policies and the old ideologies in health care justice. As a result, conflicts in health system as well as political instability as a whole constrained the development of new health policies for the next generations.

Many concrete problems may be cast in a multi-objective optimisation framework. The redundancy of existing methods for solving multi-objective programming problems susceptible to inconsistencies, coupled with the necessity for making in- herent assumptions before using a given method, make it hard for a nonspecialist to choose a method that ¯ts the situation at hand well. Moreover, using a method blindly, as suggested by the hammer principle (when you only have a hammer, you want everything in your hand to be a nail) is an awkward approach at best and a caricatural one at worst. This brings challenges to the design, development, implementation and deployment of a Decision Support System able to choose a method that is appropriate for a given problem and to apply the chosen method to solve the problem under consideration. The choice of method should be made according to the structure of the problem and the decision maker's opinion. The aim here is to embed a sample of methods representing the main multi-objective programming techniques and to help the decision maker find the most appropriate method for his problem. / Decisions Sciences / M. Sc. (Operations Research )

The diploma thesis discusses the phenomenon of tutorials uploaded on the most visited server for viewing and sharing video content nowadays - YouTube. The term tutorial here is used for referring to the specific instructional video content, which primarily aims to show, by means of the step by step illustration, how to proceed within particular activity that usually requires to adopt a certain extent of specialized knowledge or skills. At the same time, the attention is focused on the graphic design and fine art tutorials. The main goal of the thesis is to answer following question: what motivations might internet users have both for the reception and for the production of tutorials. In other words, the thesis is oriented on searching for the highest possible amount of motives that can lead to the viewing as well as to the shooting of this specific media content. Therefore, this requires examining a given field from two different perspectives: from the perspective of receiving viewers and from the perspective of video makers. Whole thesis structure is then subordinated to these two perspectives. The first part introduces the relevant theoretical approaches related to the tutorial reception/production, whereas the second practical part is devoted to the presentation of particular motivation...

Digital fabrication technologies such as 3D printing is predicted to have a significant impact on our future society. However, the complexity of current 3D modelling softwares  risk deterring novices from engaging with the technology. In this thesis, a series of workshops were conducted to explore the implications for novices to create models out of tangible materials such as clay, paper and LEGO, that were then scanned and printed with a 3D printer. The results show that while the tangible materials create engaging opportunities for novices to engage with digital fabrication technologies such as 3D printing, the materials also provide limitations and constraints depending on their physical properties.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-10-20T15:06:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sophia Ferreira Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 56698362 bytes, checksum: 896097b17235ef4914a076d87608381d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T10:03:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sophia Ferreira Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 56698362 bytes, checksum: 896097b17235ef4914a076d87608381d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T10:03:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sophia Ferreira Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 56698362 bytes, checksum: 896097b17235ef4914a076d87608381d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research study aims to outline the trajectory of indigenous film-maker Patrícia Ferreira Pará Yxapy. Patrícia belongs to the Mbyá-Guarani ethnic group and is currently regarded as the most relevant female figure in Brazilian indigenous filmmaking. I attempt to understand her trajectory from the standpoint of the relations she establishes with images to contribute with research on indigenous women and filmmakers and, hence, to understand the paths available for a female indigenous filmmaker in Brazil. I employ audiovisual methods to verify the passage from the representation of an ‘indian image’ – in view of representations brought forth by stereotypical non-indigenous policies – towards the ‘indigenous gaze’. In other words, by focusing on a self-represented and political image as well as on filmmaking from the standpoint of a shared gaze, repertoires, and her own experiences, Patrícia becomes the leading figure of her claims. Therefore, her work opposes the apparent passiveness which is often assigned to the imagery production relation active/man and passive/woman. She distances herself from a romanticized and exotic view (‘of the other’) through appropriations of her discourses, hence performing her own artistic agency in the production of a female indigenous cinematography. There is a tension between borders and their discursive possibilities which have originated from the appropriation of audiovisual technologies that make up hegemonic stances. It is based on this rupture that I carry out an ethnographic experience of video letters, i.e. exchanged videographic messages about a wide range of topics. In this project, they exist between the two of us to show our relationship through images and sounds. In Patrícia’s own words: ‘what I put out used to be inside me’. / Esta pesquisa procura traçar a trajetória da cineasta indígena Patrícia Ferreira Pará Yxapy. Patrícia é Mbyá-Guarani e é atualmente tida como a mulher mais relevante para o cinema indígena brasileiro. Procuro entender sua trajetória a partir das relações que ela estabelece com as imagens a fim de contribuir com os estudos sobre mulheres e cineastas indígenas e, a partir daí, compreender os caminhos de uma mulher indígena cineasta no Brasil. Utilizo métodos audiovisuais para verificar a passagem da representação da “imagem do índio” – diante das representações realizadas por políticas não indígenas estereotipadas – para “o olhar indígena”. Ou seja, com a imagem autorrepresentada e política e o dispositivo cinematográfico a partir do olhar compartilhado, de repertórios e suas experiências, Patrícia torna-se protagonista de suas reivindicações. Portanto, sua obra contrapõe-se ao pressuposto lugar de passividade que é atribuído, frequentemente, à relação de produção imagética ativa/homem e passiva/mulher. Ela afasta-se da visão romantizada e exótica (“do outro”) por meio das apropriações de seus discursos, empreendendo sua própria agência artística na produção de uma cinematografia indígena feminina. Desse modo, deparamo-nos com uma tensão entre fronteiras e suas possibilidades discursivas abertas pela apropriação de tecnologias audiovisuais constitutivas das posições hegemônicas. É a partir dessa fissura que fazemos uma experiência etnográfica de vídeo-cartas, que constituem trocas de mensagens videográficas dos mais diversos temas. Neste projeto, elas existem entre nós duas a fim de mostrar com imagens e sons nossa relação. Como afirma Patrícia: “o que pus para fora estava dentro de mim”.

Submitted by Helder Antoniazzi (helderua@gmail.com) on 2013-09-11T00:46:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao 10-set-13.pdf: 970680 bytes, checksum: 19edacf9a47e77bc9b873b8e4fac35ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-09-11T13:35:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao 10-set-13.pdf: 970680 bytes, checksum: 19edacf9a47e77bc9b873b8e4fac35ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-11T13:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao 10-set-13.pdf: 970680 bytes, checksum: 19edacf9a47e77bc9b873b8e4fac35ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-21 / The present study analyzes the influence of share's market makers on liquidity, validating a proxy that is able to measure transactions costs into secondary market. Since 1984, important papers face the challenge of measuring liquidity and recently a general review was done to compare different measures, finding the most accurate ones. This article intends to revisit these measures and select a metric most suitable to Brazilian market. Once the proxy is chosen, will be then evaluated the relevance of the market maker in determining transaction costs through a modified version of econometric equation from Sanvicente (2012). Lastly, the great contribution of the article is to identify whether the companies should hire a market maker for their stocks, in order to reduce the costs of trading in its shares. / O trabalho tem por objetivo validar a influência dos formadores de mercado de ações sobre a liquidez, uma proxy capaz de medir os custos de transação no mercado secundário de ações. O desafio de medir corretamente a liquidez teve trabalhos relevantes desde 1984, e recentemente foi alvo de uma revisão geral que comparou diversas medidas e encontrou alguns ganhadores. A proposta do presente trabalho é a de revisitar estas medidas e selecionar a métrica mais adequada ao mercado Brasileiro. Escolhida a proxy mais significativa, será então avaliada a relevância do formador de mercado na determinação dos custos de transação por meio de uma versão modificada da equação econométrica de Sanvicente (2012). Por fim, este trabalho será relevante para identificar se as empresas devem contratar formadores de mercado para suas ações, com o fim de reduzirem os custos da negociação de suas ações.

Despite an increase of biotechnical studies in third world countries, the bioinformatical side is largely lacking. In this paper we attempt to further the bioinformatical capabilities of east Af-rica. The project consisted of two teaching segments for east African doctorates, one as part of an academic workshop at ILRI, Kenya, and one in a small class at SLU, Sweden. The project also included the generation of two simple to use bioinformatical pipelines with the explicit aim to be reused by novice bioinformaticians from the very same region. The viability of the piplines were verified by generating transcriptional expression level differences for Paeni-bacillus polymyxa strain A26 and whole genome annotations for Setaria digitata. Both pipe-lines may have some merit for the collaborative effort between ILRI and SLU to annotate Eleusine coracana, a draught resilient crop, the annotation of which may save lives. The teaching material, source code for the pipelines and overall teaching impression have been included in this paper.