This study will endeavor to point out, discuss, and objectify the more fundamental considerations basic to any investigation of the subject. In conjunction with the above aims, this study will include a description of the problems found in evaluating managerial positions and some of the ways these problems have been met.

India is becoming an important country in economic scene worldwide and will be the most populated country by 2050. With its fast-economic development, women’s place in society does not evolve at the same speed. The aim of this paper is to investigate the presence of gender inequalities in the accession to managerial occupation in the Indian labor market. A lot of studies have been conducted in European and North American countries, but there is not much about Asian countries. For this study, we used data from 2011 and find evidence of gender discrimination against women in their accession to managerial occupations and in terms of remuneration. This paper adds more literature about the gender gap in the Indian labor market and offers some tracks to solve India inequality issues on the labor market. Also, limitations regarding our work will be discussed.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2006 / Numerous programmes addressing performance assessment in the workplace have been designed and implemented in various organizations. In South Africa, public institutions have employed various appraisal systems with mixed results. A new tool for performance assessment has been designed and implemented since 2003 (for the past three years). This tool is called Performance Management Development System (PMDS).This study is based on the performance assessment of women in managerial positions, in the Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality, Capricorn District, Limpopo Province. It explores the views of women managers on the challenges they are faced with, the type of support they receive, the effects of PMDS on work performance and the extent of institutional intervention at workplace. The qualitative techniques were used on the population of 180 women managers. The sample size of 114 was selected using random sampling method. The findings indicate the need to improve Performance Management and Development Systems (PMDS) and Performance Instruments (PIs) in order to create an environment conducive to better performance standards of women managers.

This study sought to find out if there is a correlation between the wellbeing and work performance of Christian managers and support from their families. Based on Don Browning’s revised correlation approach to practical theology, the study employed a mixed methods research design (quantitative and qualitative). This study involved an empirical study with thirty-two (32) Christian managers in Ohangwena Region, Namibia. The participants in the empirical study either completed a questionnaire or participated in an interview. Additionally, six biblical leaders and other key scriptures were selected to draw theological principles related to Christian managers’ wellbeing and work performance in relation to family support. The results revealed that Christian managers’ experiences at work, at home and at church affect their physical, emotional, psychological, social and spiritual wellbeing; wellbeing affects the work performance of Christian managers, family support plays a significant role in the wellbeing and work performance of Christian managers; most Christian managers do receive support from their families, but families can do much more; Christian managers have a role to play in gaining support from their families; the church has a part to play in enhancing family support to address the wellbeing needs and work performance of Christian managers. Based on the findings, the study culminated in the designing of a model to enhance the wellbeing and work performance of Christian managers, which can be used by Christian managers, Christian managers’ families and Christian practitioners such as pastors and counsellors. Osmer’s four tasks of practical theology were found to be especially useful for pastoral intervention. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / University of Pretoria / Practical Theology / PhD / Unrestricted

There has been a rapid shift regarding the gender distribution of management positions within HR. Although the profession is female dominated, most management positions have belonged to men up until a few years back. Today the managerial positions are more equally distributed between the genders. The aim of this study is to get a better understanding of the barriers and enablers that men and women experience in their career development within the HR-branch. Previous research shows that the HR-profession has become more equal, but women and men are still working in different areas within the profession. The study is based on a qualitative research method. Semi structured interviews were held with seven HR-managers from different parts of Sweden. The results show that men encounter more enablers and less barriers in their careers than women. Networking and support from managers are two enablers that both genders experience. Men encounter more enablers because of the way they are socialized to society and women's careers are facilitated by the support from other women within the profession. Barriers that affect both genders are the low status of the HR-profession and the struggle to combine the managerial position with family-life. Men only encounter one barrier in their career development which is that managerial positions in female dominated professions often are reserved for women. Women encounter more barriers, for example they are socialized to a society in which they are supposed to be reserved and therefore they are more reluctant when it comes to applying for higher positions. / Det har skett en snabb förändring gällande könsfördelningen på chefspositioner inom HR. Trots att yrket är kvinnodominerat har männen suttit på majoriteten av chefspositionerna ända fram till för några år sedan. Idag är dock positionerna mer jämnt fördelade mellan könen. Syftet med studien är att få ökad förståelse för vilka hinder och möjligheter som män och kvinnor upplever i sin karriärutveckling inom HR-branschen. Tidigare forskning visar att yrket har genomgått en jämställdhets förändring men att kvinnor och män fortfarande söker sig till olika delar av HR-yrket. Studien är kvalitativ och baseras på sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika HR-chefer runt om i Sverige. Resultatet visar att män möter fler möjligheter och färre hinder i sin karriärutveckling än vad kvinnor gör. Nätverk och chefsstöd är de två faktorer som möjliggör båda könens karriärutveckling. Män möter fler möjligheter på grund av hur de socialiseras in i dagens samhälle och kvinnors karriärer underlättas genom stöd från andra kvinnor inom yrket. Hinder som påverkar båda könen är HR-yrkets låga status och svårigheter med att kombinera chefskapet och familjelivet. Män möter endast ett hinder i sin karriärutveckling i form av att ledarpositioner i kvinnodominerade yrken reserveras för kvinnor. Kvinnor möter fler hinder som exempelvis att de socialiserats in i ett samhälle där de ska vara tillbakadragna och inte ta för sig, vilket gör att de mer sällan söker sig frivilligt till högre chefspositioner.

Thesis (LLD.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The private sector in South Africa lags in proliferating black African women into managerial positions. This is so despite the Employment Equity Act (EEA) requiring that the private sector must ensure that all occupational levels are equitably represented and reflects the demographics of South Africa. Since the EEA, the private sector has been white male-dominated and white females enjoy preference in terms of recruitment compared to black African women. Despite the legislative gaps in South Africa, the South African private sector demonstrates its unwillingness to transform it's by managerial positions by engaging in race-based recruitment, failing to train and develop black African women within the workplace, failing to create pipeline mechanisms into managerial positions and creating a workplace environment that caters for the needs and interest of women at leadership levels. The progression of black African women requires South Africa to adopt a quota system that will result in the private sector being compelled to appoint suitably qualified black African women. The EEA does require the private sector to apply affirmative action measures to achieve equity in the workplace. It is submitted that since 1998 the private sector has been provided with an opportunity to set their targets to achieve equity, 20 years later black African women are excluded in key managerial positions. Some private sector companies engage in fronting practices to obtain a Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) certificate that enables the company to do business with the State. Black African women who are appointed as a ‘front’ do not obtain the necessary experience in managerial levels and as such limits their economic participation. Exposing black African women in managerial levels enhances their skills and increases their prospects to promotions and assuming further leadership roles in the private sector. Without a clear, a quota law in South Africa, the South African private sector would not be persuaded to accelerate the equitable representation at its managerial positions. xiii