CRIME OF MURDER AND CRIME OF MANSLAUGHTER ACCORDING TO § 140 TZ, § 141 TZ The topic of my thesis is the crime of murder (§ 140) and the crime of manslaughter (§ 141 of the Criminal Code). These are the most serious crimes directed against human life. As the topic of human life is very important for my work, the first chapter is focused on the description of the legal regulation of the protection of human life in the terms of Czech and international regulation as well as on definition of the beginning and the end of human life. In this chapter I have also included the infanticide. In the next chapter I dealt with the constituent elements of the crime of murder and manslaughter. Separately, I spoke about the object, the physical element, the subject and the mental element of these crimes. In the section discussing the object I focused on the subject of attack and on the victim, too. Under the discussion about the subject I tried to define the subject of the crime of murder. The fourth chapter is devoted to the classification of crimes of murder and manslaughter under the valid Criminal Code and to comparison of new and old conception of these crimes arising from the new and the old Criminal Codes valid in the Czech republic. The following chapter is focused on the crime of murder. In this chapter I...

(ENG) Crimes of murder and manslaughter under sections 140 and 141 of the Czech criminal code The main objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the codification of crimes of murder and manslaughter. The last recodification from the year of 2009 brought some significant changes into the area of intentional killings, the most important of which is an increased differentiation in the typology of these crimes. The Czech criminal code now differentiates between murder, premeditated murder and manslaughter. These changes can be seen as part of an effort by the Czech legislature to modernize the criminal law along the lines of legal systems typical in Western Europe. On the other hand, it can also be argued that the new Czech codification preserves its unique approach to certain problems. This thesis analyzes individual parts of sections of the Czech criminal code concerned with murder and manslaughter in a systematic manner. The first chapter deals with the historical context of intentional killings as well as providing an analysis of the new arrangement. Chapter two follows by introducing features common along all three types of intentional killings, specifically the actus reus of the crime. The following chapters then describe the different approaches towards intentional...

The criminal law has been critiqued as an unsuitable system to regulate adverse medical events (AME) because the unintentional nature of AME renders it incompatible with the penal objectives of the criminal law. This project uses an interpretivist approach to examine how blameworthiness is constructed in criminal cases involving AME. Situated within a contextual constructionist paradigm, and utilizing a theoretical framework that draws on legal pragmatism, symbolic interactionism, Habermasian thought, and Goffmanian frame analysis, this project employs a case study approach to explore how appellate courts construct AME as a product of fate or agency. The British case of Bawa-Garba v. R. (2016) and the Canadian case of R. v. Javanmardi (2019) are analysed using thematic analysis. It is concluded that the majority of the Supreme Court of Canada in Javanmardi constructed the AME within the realm of fate, contrasting the minority in Javanmardi and full panel of the England and Wales Court of Appeal in Bawa-Garba which constructed the AME within the realm of agency. It is also concluded that the majority in Javanmardi utilised pragmatic adjudication to determine blameworthiness. It is suggested that these findings could reduce fear of criminal liability among Canadian health care professionals. Future research is suggested to examine the legal cultures underlying this variation, critically explore the intersection of race and criminal prosecution of AME, and apply structural violence as a theoretical frame to further interrogate AME as a systemic failure.

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the development of violent crime in the geographical area belonging to the district courts of Mellersta- and Västra Värends, as well as Växjö Magistrate´s Court, during the period 1960—1970. The questions addressed include: What was the demographic distribution among crime victims and perpetrators in terms of gender, age, possible alcohol influence during the crime, and the relationships between the victim and the perpetrator? To what extent were young people perpetrators? How have the number of judgements changed over time? How can crime history be utilized in high school education? The prime material used consists of judgements from court records, and the theoretical frameworks include social vulnerability, peer influence and socialization, among others. The method employed is primarily quantitative, with the results presented in tabular form. The study confirms previous research on violent crimes, revealing that the majority of those convicted or victimized by violence during the period were men. However, one woman faced charges of rape but was ultimately convicted for assault, a charge outside the scope of sexual offences. The highest average age (31,8 years), including both men and women was found in Växjö Magistrate´s Court and stood out in the study. Concerning youth offenders, the study revealed that in Västra Värends district court, the majority (36,6 %) were in the 15—20 age group. Alcohol emerged as a recurring factor in the study. Of the total cases in Mellersta Värends district court, 65,6 % were influenced by alcohol at the time of the defense. In conclusion, the study confirms that socialization, peer influence and alcohol played significant roles in shaping the characteristics of violent crimes during this period.

L'intérêt d'une étude sur la mort découle des contradictions qui l'affectent car seuls les vivants pouvant être créateurs de normes et titulaires de droit, la mort en droit public est par définition un droit des vivants. La mort, prise en considération par le droit public, est un prisme sous lequel se dévoile la construction de l'Etat tout en révélant les lacunes et les fragilités du droit face au mystère de la condition humaine. Oscillant entre une conception de la mort perçue comme un néant et des projections individuelles et collectives conférant, malgré tout, une valeur à la personne et à la vie humaine avant et par-delà le décès, le droit tout en s'émancipant de la religion ne s'est pas déparé complètement de toute dimension "sacrée" et l'Etat doit se confronter à ces projections individuelles et collectives face à la mort. Si l'on a assisté en l'espace de moins d'un siècle à un basculement d'un devoir de ne pas tuer à une obligation de protéger la vie à laquelle la norme juridique fait très largement écho, la nouvelle maîtrise de la vie humaine permise par les avancées scientifiques et médicales transforme également l'expression souveraine de l'Etat. Se voyant reconnaître un pouvoir de protection de la vie, c'est désormais sur la condition biologique des individus elle-même que le droit public étend ses ramifications. / The interest of a study about death comes from the contradictions that affect it. Only the living can create laws and regulations: by definition, death in public law is the law of the living. Death, as managed by public law, is a prism which reveals the construction of the State but also uncovers gaps and weaknesses in the law to deal with the mystery of human condition. The law swings back and forth between a conception of death seen as nothingness and individual and collective beliefs giving nevertheless value to the person and human life before and beyond death. While freeing itself from religion, the law has not completely lost any"sacred" dimension and the State must face these individual and collective beliefs about death. In less than a century, there has been a shift from “do not kill” to an obligation to “protect life”; this shift is now widely integrated in modern law. Scientific and medical advances allow a new control of human life and also change the sovereign expression of the state. Public law is now in charge of a life protection duty and starts to integrate rules about the biological condition of human people itself.

L’oggetto specifico della ricerca è costituito dalle previsioni legislative sulla responsabilità degli enti collettivi per i reati di omicidio colposo e lesioni colpose commessi con violazione delle norme sulla tutela della salute e sicurezza del lavoro. L’indagine analizza la novità normativa in questione, alla luce delle previsioni del t.u. 81/2008, nel quadro generale della responsabilità penale in materia di salute e sicurezza del lavoro e della responsabilità da reato dell’ente. A tale fine, individuato il problema “empirico” degli infortuni sul lavoro e delle malattie professionali e il potenziale criminogeno degli enti collettivi e focalizzata l’attenzione sulle risposte giuridiche invalse in Inghilterra, Francia e Spagna, partendo dall’analisi della responsabilità individuale per i reati di omicidio e lesioni sul terreno della sicurezza del lavoro si procede alla disamina dei rapporti fra i reati presupposto di cui all’art. 25 septies e i criteri generali d’imputazione della responsabilità dell’ente e ad un’analisi specifica dei modelli di organizzazione in materia di sicurezza del lavoro. Infine, vengono tracciate possibili linee di evoluzione del sistema di tutela della salute e della sicurezza del lavoro e dell’assetto della responsabilità da reato dell’ente, anche avendo riguardo alle proposte di legge di modifica del d.lgs. 231/2001. / The research specifically focuses on the statutory provisions on corporations’ liability for offenses of manslaughter and unintentional injuries committed in breach of the rules on protection of work health and safety. The survey analyses the new legislation in this area, in light of the provisions of Italian t.u. 81/2008, within the framework of criminal liability in work health and safety and the related corporate accountability. To this end, having identified the "empirical" problem of work accidents and diseases and the criminal potentiality of corporate bodies, and based on the assessment of the legal responses formulated in England, France and Spain, the research - starting from the analysis of individual liability for crimes of homicide and injury in the field of work safety – proceeds, on one hand, to consider the relationship between the offenses referred to in article 25 septies and the general criteria of attribution of corporate responsibility; on the other, to specifically analyse the business models in the field of work safety. Finally, the research draws the possible trends of development of the health protection and work safety system, and of the legal regime of corporate liability arising out from offenses; in this respect, the statutory proposals for amending the D.Lgs. 231/2001 are also taken into account.

職業災害調查係為勞動檢查之一環，係發生重大職業災害後，所執行之行政調查，為判斷重大職業災害過失責任關係、分析事故發生因素、防範再度發生之預防措施，不僅可以讓勞工及其家屬了解職業災害事故始末，也可透過調查報告書讓有過失責任者受到應有之懲罰，對受職業災害之勞工及其家屬可謂非常重要。職業災害調查通常具備強制性行政調查權，但在調查過程中，並無權限封鎖重大職災現場來保持證據的完整性，本文將探討目前職業災害調查制度之成效？以及目前法院對職業災害調查報告書之見解為何？此外並探討美、日兩國之職業災害調查制度？以上為本文探討重點。 本文發現我國職業災害調查制度雖有不足之處，但目前勞動法令授與勞動檢查員強制性行政檢查權、停工權…等權限，已賦予執行職業災害調查之基本權限，規劃出職業災害調查制度的雛形，本文認為目前雖有不足之處，但已能處理大多數的重大職業災害案件，至於勞動法令是否應讓勞動檢查員，於發生重大職業災害下，得執行特別司法警察官權限進行調查的問題，本文綜觀美、日兩國制度及相關文獻後，認為目前尚不需授與特別司法警察官權限，但必須要加強勞動檢查員與警察、消防機關之職務聯繫及協助，並賦予勞動檢查員行政封鎖之權限，使職業災害調查制度更加完善，能夠妥善處理每一件重大職業災害案件。並提出下列建議： 一、建立職業災害事故現場的行政封鎖制度 二、加強與其他機關的職務協助關係 三、縮短雇主通報義務時間 四、強化專業分工與在職訓練 五、釐清勞動派遣之雇主關係 六、加強雇主預防責任