Orientador: Augusto Caccia-Bava / Banca: Angela Viana Machado Fernandes / Banca: Marisa Feffermann / Resumo: O status da maconha, dada a sua condição ilegal desde a primeira metade do século XX, vem causando polêmicos debates entre os diversos especialistas nos últimos anos. Em meio às conseqüências sociais desastrosas decorrentes da manutenção do circuito ilícito da venda e do consumo de substâncias, os grupos universitários emergem em pesquisas epidemiológicas como os maiores consumidores de maconha em relação a outros grupos sociais. Diante desse contexto, esta pesquisa buscou reconhecer a consciência dos grupos de Centros e Diretórios Acadêmicos das faculdades da UNESP, em Araraquara, a respeito das questões que perpassam o status ilegal da planta, por se caracterizarem como referência cultural e política na universidade. À luz dos conceitos gramscianos de senso comum e bom senso, identificamos em que medida a interlocução das concepções dominantes sobre a planta e as experiências cotidianas desses grupos influenciam no modo como eles se percebem e se colocam frente à questão / Abstract: The status of marijuana, since its illegal condition given in the first half of the 20th century, is causing controversial discussions among several kinds of experts in the last few years. Due to the disastrous social consequences because of the illicit process of selling and buying illegal substances, the groups of students from university in epidemiologic researches appear as the biggest consumers of marijuana among others social groups. Therefore in this context, this research tried to recognize the conscience of the Academic Centers and Directories groups of the UNESP University, in Araraquara, about the questions that refer to the illegal status of the plant, because they are characterized as cultural and political reference in the university. Based on Gramsci's concepts of the commom-sense and good sense, we identified to what extent the dominant conceptions about the plant and the everyday experience of these groups, influence the way they realize and take a position about this question / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pedro_a_me_arafcl.pdf: 1223226 bytes, checksum: e024b55fc13384596d4a5ca9104cd224 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O status da maconha, dada a sua condição ilegal desde a primeira metade do século XX, vem causando polêmicos debates entre os diversos especialistas nos últimos anos. Em meio às conseqüências sociais desastrosas decorrentes da manutenção do circuito ilícito da venda e do consumo de substâncias, os grupos universitários emergem em pesquisas epidemiológicas como os maiores consumidores de maconha em relação a outros grupos sociais. Diante desse contexto, esta pesquisa buscou reconhecer a consciência dos grupos de Centros e Diretórios Acadêmicos das faculdades da UNESP, em Araraquara, a respeito das questões que perpassam o status ilegal da planta, por se caracterizarem como referência cultural e política na universidade. À luz dos conceitos gramscianos de senso comum e bom senso, identificamos em que medida a interlocução das concepções dominantes sobre a planta e as experiências cotidianas desses grupos influenciam no modo como eles se percebem e se colocam frente à questão / The status of marijuana, since its illegal condition given in the first half of the 20th century, is causing controversial discussions among several kinds of experts in the last few years. Due to the disastrous social consequences because of the illicit process of selling and buying illegal substances, the groups of students from university in epidemiologic researches appear as the biggest consumers of marijuana among others social groups. Therefore in this context, this research tried to recognize the conscience of the Academic Centers and Directories groups of the UNESP University, in Araraquara, about the questions that refer to the illegal status of the plant, because they are characterized as cultural and political reference in the university. Based on Gramsci’s concepts of the commom-sense and good sense, we identified to what extent the dominant conceptions about the plant and the everyday experience of these groups, influence the way they realize and take a position about this question

Univerzita Karlova v Praze 1. lékařská fakulta Studijní program: Specializace ve zdravotnictví Studijní obor: NMgr. Adiktologie - kombinovaná forma ID oboru: N5345 Bc. Veronika Havlíčková Preference uživatelů marihuany: srovnání výsledků výzkumů z let 2015 a 2017 Preferences of a marijuana user: comparison of research results from 2015 and 2017 Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Ing. Jiří Vopravil, Ph.D. Praha, 2018 Abstract Background: Marijuana in Europe among the most widely used drugs. Her popularity among young people is increasing. According to research by the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and drug addiction are among the countries with the highest prevalence of cannabis use in Europe. Previous research does not specify consumption and ways to obtain marijuana on the black market, and do not provide much more information on domestic production. In recent years, widespread use of cannabis products used to treat health problems. Objective: The aim of the research was to determine how to change the preferences of active users of marijuana in the past two years in the event that grow cannabis themselves or cater to the black market. The partial aim was to clarify the data already published in the author's bachelor thesis on cannabis cultivation in different regions, cannabis seed types, cultivation...

abstract: Maternal cigarette smoking and marijuana use during pregnancy are risk factors that can adversely affect offspring. Although a large body of empirical literature has examined the adverse health effects of maternal cigarette smoking and marijuana use during pregnancy, few studies have looked at criminological factors associated with prenatal cigarette smoking and marijuana use. This thesis uses strain theory and social learning theory to explain a number of underlying mechanisms behind why some pregnant women decide to smoke tobacco and marijuana cigarettes during pregnancy. Previous drug involvement before pregnancy is also used to determine if it is a predictor of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to analyze data collected from the 1988 National Pregnancy and Infant Health Survey. This data set consists of information gathered from three different national samples of maternal and infant data occurring in 1988, which included 13,417 live births, 4,772 fetal deaths, and 8,166 infant deaths. The mothers in the sample were mailed questionnaires. Results showed that pregnant women who have unexpected pregnancies and experience financial hardship during pregnancy are more likely to smoke cigarettes and use marijuana during pregnancy, which is consistent with the general strain theory. Results also indicate that pregnant women who live in households with other people who smoke are more likely to smoke cigarettes during pregnancy, which may be explained by social learning, and that women who use illegal drugs are less likely to smoke cigarettes during pregnancy, even after controlling for strain and social learning. The practical and theoretical implications for this research are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Criminology and Criminal Justice 2014

nÃo hà / A pesquisa tem como objetivo uma reflexÃo histÃrica sobre os primeiros anos pÃs-criminalizaÃÃo da maconha em Fortaleza (CE) atravÃs dos recortes de jornal da primeira metade do sÃculo XX, sobretudo os anos de 1950, analisando a historicidade social das relaÃÃes entre os grupos de indivÃduos que tinham envolvimento direto ou indireto com a cultura da erva cannabis: usuÃrios, cultivadores, comerciantes e as autoridades que executavam as aÃÃes de proibiÃÃo. à ainda intenÃÃo da proposta, compreender em especÃfico, aspectos higienistas e proibicionistas dos discursos sobre a questÃo da maconha no Brasil, as falas do Ãmbito mÃdico-jurÃdico responsÃvel pela normatizaÃÃo dos instrumentos proibitivos e a aplicabilidade dessas posturas no cotidiano da cidade via ÃrgÃos de polÃcia e demais instrumentos de justiÃa, nessa parte, a problemÃtica central analisa um dado conjunto de fontes: os trabalhos mÃdicos sobre maconha publicados entre 1915 e 1954, e os relatÃrios da ComissÃo Nacional de FiscalizaÃÃo de Entorpecentes, reunidos no livro Maconha: ColetÃnea de Trabalhos Brasileiros. Ambos os pontos serÃo tratados em observÃncia à historiografia do crime e das drogas / A pesquisa tem como objetivo uma reflexÃo histÃrica sobre os primeiros anos pÃs-criminalizaÃÃo da maconha em Fortaleza (CE) atravÃs dos recortes de jornal da primeira metade do sÃculo XX, sobretudo os anos de 1950, analisando a historicidade social das relaÃÃes entre os grupos de indivÃduos que tinham envolvimento direto ou indireto com a cultura da erva cannabis: usuÃrios, cultivadores, comerciantes e as autoridades que executavam as aÃÃes de proibiÃÃo. à ainda intenÃÃo da proposta, compreender em especÃfico, aspectos higienistas e proibicionistas dos discursos sobre a questÃo da maconha no Brasil, as falas do Ãmbito mÃdico-jurÃdico responsÃvel pela normatizaÃÃo dos instrumentos proibitivos e a aplicabilidade dessas posturas no cotidiano da cidade via ÃrgÃos de polÃcia e demais instrumentos de justiÃa, nessa parte, a problemÃtica central analisa um dado conjunto de fontes: os trabalhos mÃdicos sobre maconha publicados entre 1915 e 1954, e os relatÃrios da ComissÃo Nacional de FiscalizaÃÃo de Entorpecentes, reunidos no livro Maconha: ColetÃnea de Trabalhos Brasileiros. Ambos os pontos serÃo tratados em observÃncia à historiografia do crime e das drogas / The research aims at a historical reflection on the first post-criminalization years of marijuana in Fortaleza (CE) through the newspaper clippings of the first half of the XX century, especially the 1950s, analyzing the social historicity of relations between groups of individuals who had direct or indirect involvement with the cannabis herb culture: users, growers, traders, and the authorities performing the prohibition actions. It is also the intention of the proposal, to understand in specific, hygienic and prohibitionist aspects of the discourses on the question of marijuana in Brazil, the statements of the medical-legal scope responsible for the normatization of prohibitive instruments and the applicability of these postures in the daily life of the city via police agencies and other instruments of justice, in this part, the central problem analyzes a given set of sources: the medical works on marijuana published between 1915 and 1954, and the reports of the National Commission of Narcotics Control, gathered in the book Marijuana: Collective of Brazilian Works . Both points will be treated in keeping with the historiography of crime and drugs. / The research aims at a historical reflection on the first post-criminalization years of marijuana in Fortaleza (CE) through the newspaper clippings of the first half of the XX century, especially the 1950s, analyzing the social historicity of relations between groups of individuals who had direct or indirect involvement with the cannabis herb culture: users, growers, traders, and the authorities performing the prohibition actions. It is also the intention of the proposal, to understand in specific, hygienic and prohibitionist aspects of the discourses on the question of marijuana in Brazil, the statements of the medical-legal scope responsible for the normatization of prohibitive instruments and the applicability of these postures in the daily life of the city via police agencies and other instruments of justice, in this part, the central problem analyzes a given set of sources: the medical works on marijuana published between 1915 and 1954, and the reports of the National Commission of Narcotics Control, gathered in the book Marijuana: Collective of Brazilian Works . Both points will be treated in keeping with the historiography of crime and drugs.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre dependência de maconha, transtornos psiquiátricos comórbidos e estágios de mudança em uma amostra de usuários de maconha que procuraram por tratamento. Um total de oitenta pacientes que procuraram por tratamento para dependência de maconha em um ambulatório especializado foram avaliados. Os dados em relação a dependência de maconha e transtornos psiquiátricos comórbidos foram obtidos através de um questionário sociodemográfico e o SCAN (Schedules for Assessment in Neuropsychiatry). A motivação dos pacientes para o tratamento foi avaliada através da URICA (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment). A gravidade da dependência da maconha foi avaliada através da ASI (Addiction Severity Index). Houve alta proporção de comorbidades psiquiátricas na amostra de participantes. O diagnóstico de esquizofrenia foi associado à predominância do estágio de mudança de precontemplação e os diagnósticos de transtornos do humor e ansiedade foram associados aos estágios de contemplação e ação. Conclui-se que pacientes dependentes da maconha que procuram por tratamento têm alta prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos associados e que este fator pode influenciar a motivação para o tratamento. / This study aimed to explore the association among cannabis dependence, concurrent psychiatric disorders, and stages of change in a sample of treatment-seeking patients. A total of eighty patients who sought treatment for cannabis dependence at a specialized outpatient clinic were assessed. Data on cannabis dependence and concurrent disorders were obtained by means of the Schedules for Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Motivation was assessed through the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA). Cannabis dependence severity was assessed through ASI (Addiction Severity Index). There was a high prevalence of concurrent psychiatric disorders in this sample. Diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with lower motivation scores and the precontemplation stage of change. Diagnoses of mood and anxiety disorders were associated with higher motivation scores and contemplation and action stages of change. We concluded that cannabis dependent patients who seek treatment have a high prevalence of concurrent disorders and the diagnosis of a concurrent disorder may influence motivation for treatment.

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar padrões de percepções e de conhecimento sobre maconha em profissionais da área da saúde mental (psiquiatras, psicólogos, assistentes sociais, terapeutas ocupacionais e enfermeiros) em três instituições de diferentes perfis: Hospital Nossa Senhora de Fátima (Hospital filantrópico filiado ao SUS), CAPS-AD (Serviço especializado no atendimento de álcool e drogas do SUS) e Hospital das Clinicas - Instituto de Psiquiatria (Serviço acadêmico e assistencial). Setenta profissionais foram avaliados através de um questionário elaborado pelos pesquisadores composto de trinta e uma afirmativas. Dentre os resultados obtidos, observou-se que os psiquiatras tendem a discordar mais que os outros profissionais quanto à necessidade de tratamento para uso de maconha e que a maconha traz prejuízos cognitivos. Os profissionais do hospital Nossa Senhora de Fátima apresentaram uma percepção mais a favor da proibição da maconha e valorizam mais os possíveis prejuízos associados ao uso comparados aos profissionais das outras duas instituições. Conclui-se que a percepção dos profissionais varia de acordo com a profissão e local de trabalho. / The aim of this study was to compare mental health professionals - psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists and nurses - perception and knowledge standards on marijuana in three institutions with different profiles: Nossa Senhora de Fátima Hospital (Philanthropic Hospital affiliated to SUS), CAPS-AD (service specialized on treating drugs and alcohol dependents - SUS) and the Institute of Psychiatry at the Clinics Hospital (academic and assistance service). Seventy professionals were evaluated through questionnaire developed by the researchers that contains thirty one affirmatives. As part of the results, it was noticeable that the psychiatrists disagreed more often than other health professionals on the need to treat marijuana use and the idea that it causes cognitive damages. The professionals at Nossa Senhora de Fátima Hospital were more in favor of the prohibition of marijuana use and value more the possible damages associated with its use when compared to professionals of the other two institutions. The conclusion is that the perception may vary according to the profession and work place.

Esta dissertação propõe um estudo sobre o interesse dos usuários de internet na Cannabis sativa, ou maconha, a partir da recuperação de buscas de usuários no sistema Google e sobre discussões na comunidade virtual do Facebook Quebrando o Tabu. O texto é dividido em três partes: na primeira, se apresenta a história da cannabis no Brasil e no mundo; na segunda, são expostos os mecanismos de buscas e as redes sociais; na terceira, há aplicações das metodologias propostas. Nesta última parte, usam-­se dados do mecanismo de busca e análise de discurso da comunidade para traçar as especificidades dos usuários de internet na pesquisa e discussão sobre a maconha no Brasil. Deseja-­se, de tal modo, contribuir para o debate acadêmico com a incorporação de análise e dados, além da reflexão sobre questões de legalização e descriminalização da cannabis no país. / This dissertation proposes a study about the interest of internet users on Cannabis sativa (also known as marijuana), based on the retrieval of search query logs in Google system and about the discussion on the Facebook page named Quebrando o Tabu. The text is composed of three parts: the first one presents the history of Cannabis in Brazil and around the world; the second one shows both search engine and social media; the third one develops the proposed methodologies. This last part uses search engine data and discourse analysis to set the distinctiveness of Brazilian internet users into research and discussion about Cannabis. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the academic debate by embodying data and analysis into the reflection about legalization and decriminalization of marijuana in Brazil.

Over the past two decades, a growing body of literature within health economics has provided evidence of the impact of fetal conditions on individual’s health and economic outcomes over the entire life course. This dissertation contributes to the field of health economics by investigating the effects of two distinct types of public policies, antimalarial interventions in sub-Saharan Africa and medical marijuana laws in the United States, on early-life health. Chapter 1 adds to the increased understanding of the impact of in utero exposure to large-scale interventions to combat endemic diseases by examining the effects of antimalarial interventions aimed at preventing and controlling malaria in pregnancy on birth outcomes. Since the year 2000, a coordinated international effort against malaria has led to a significant scale-up of intervention coverage across sub-Saharan Africa. One of the objectives of this undertaking was to improve maternal and early-life health. This chapter investigates the effect of access to malaria prevention and control measures, including insecticide-treated nets, intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, indoor residual spraying, and artemisinin-based combination therapy, on birth weight. I exploit the geographic and time variation in the rollout of antimalarial interventions in sub-Saharan Africa across regions with different levels of initial malaria prevalence to analyze 277,245 live births in 22 countries from 2000 to 2013 in a continuous difference-in-differences estimation framework and find that the diffusion of intermittent preventive treatment among pregnant women contributed to the reduction of low birth weight incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. I do not find other antimalarial interventions to be associated with significant improvements in birth outcomes. Chapter 2 provides an investigation focused on examining the impact of medical marijuana laws in the United States on birth outcomes. As of June 2017, medical marijuana laws which liberalize the cultivation, possession, and use of cannabis for allowable medical purposes have been adopted by 29 states and the District of Columbia. The expansion of state-level legislation allowing for medical marijuana use has fueled an ongoing debate regarding drug policy. Despite a growing interest in investigating and quantifying both direct and indirect effects of marijuana liberalization policies, little is known about how they affect early-life health. Using data on the entire universe of births in the U.S. between 1990 and 2013 and a difference-in-differences research design, I find no evidence to support the hypothesis that medical marijuana laws have a negative impact on birth weight and gestation, however I also find that medical marijuana laws are associated with reductions in Apgar scores.

The aim of this research was to demonstrate the potential of the novel pre-concentration device, capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV), for breath analysis. The CMV offers dynamic sampling of volatile organic compounds with its simple coupling to a GC inlet for GC/MS analysis, avoiding expensive thermal desorption instrumentation needed for sorbent tubes, as well as an increased surface area over a single SPME fiber. CMV collectively identified 119 compounds in the breath of 13 self-reported smokers and 7 nonsmokers. The presence and intensity of twelve compounds were used to classify all the nonsmokers 100% of the time using Principal Component Analysis to elucidate the groupings. In some cases, nicotine was not detected in smokers and they were confused with the nonsmokers. Nicotine was detected in the breath of 69% of smokers with an average mass of 143 ± 31 pg for cigarette smokers from the approximate 5 L sample of breath collected. The successful use of the CMV sampler and preconcentration of breath to distinguish between smokers and nonsmokers served as a proof of concept for future applications of the CMV for detection of marijuana smokers’ breath for impaired driver management.