Quando dois ou mais mercados, anteriormente separados, começam a apresentar certa convergência de preços, diz-se que eles estão integrados. Geralmente, os pesquisadores têm objetivado o estudo da integração entre mercados externos e internos (integração espacial) ou entre os diferentes elos de uma cadeia produtiva (integração vertical), mas de um único produto. Após uma importante mudança na tecnologia, concretizada através do lançamento dos motores flex-fuel no Brasil, a presente pesquisa teve por desafio analisar a existência de integração entre os mercados da gasolina e do etanol, dita como "integração de mercados por substituição". Para tal fim, e depois de filtradas as séries de preços mediante os testes de estacionariedade (Dickey-Fuller Aumentado e Phillips-Perron), foi feito uso de modelos de transmissão de preços, mais especificamente os testes de Cointegração, o do Mecanismo de Correção de Erro (MCE) e o da Causalidade. No período em análise (de março de 2003 até julho de 2008), foi constatada a presença de cointegração entre os dois mercados. Também foi observado que um incremento de 1% no preço da gasolina é responsável por um incremento de 2,74% no preço do etanol. Ainda que tenha sido pequeno o parâmetro do Mecanismo de Correção de Erro obtido, ele indica que é possível relacionar o comportamento de curto com o de longo prazo, nas séries analisadas. Dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os mercados do etanol e da gasolina estão integrados a longo prazo, onde variações no preço da gasolina causam variações no do etanol (GRANGER, 1969). / When two or more markets, previously separated, start showing a price convergence, it is possible to say that they are integrated. Usually, the researchers have focused the integration study between external and internal market (spatial integration) or between the different links of a productive chain (vertical integration), but just of an unique product. After an important technological change, materialized in the releasing of flex-fuel motors in Brazil, this work had as a challenge analyze the existence of the integration between the gasoline and ethanol markets, referred as "integration of substitution markets". Therefore, after filtering the prices series through stationary tests (Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron), it was made the use of price transmission models, specifically the cointegration tests, and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) and the causality. In the analyzed period (from March 2003 to July 2008), it was verified the existence of cointegration between the two markets. Also it was observed that an increase of 1% in the gasoline price is responsible for the increase in 2.74% of the ethanol price. Although it was small the parameter of the correction mechanism in the obtained error, it points out that is possible to relate the behavior in the short and long term, in the analyzed series. Taking in consideration the obtained results, we arrived to the conclusion that the ethanol and gasoline markets are integrated in the long term, where variations in the gasoline price cause variations in the ethanol market.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a interação entre preços internos e externos do algodão para determinar se a abertura comercial ocorrida na década de noventa representou efetivamente um aumento da influência dos preços externos sobre os preços internos da pluma no país. A escolha do algodão deve-se à sua trajetória recente, marcada pela rápida transição de um produto de exportação (ou potencialmente exportável) para um produto de importação durante boa parte da década de noventa. Esta transição foi causada basicamente pela abertura comercial e desregulamentação do mercado ocorridas no início da década que causaram uma maciça entrada do produto estrangeiro no país. A metodologia escolhida foi a análise de co-integração, especificamente o Procedimento de Johansen. A análise de co-integração é recomendável quando são utilizadas variáveis não-estacionárias, o que inviabiliza o uso do modelo de regressão simples para estabelecer a relação entre as variáveis. A não-estacionariedade das variáveis num contexto de regressão linear simples invalida as inferências baseadas nos testes t e F e impede o correto estabelecimento de relações de equilíbrio entre elas. Caso as variáveis sejam co-integradas, entretanto, é possível estabelecer tais relações e analisar o comportamento de curto e longo prazo entre as variáveis. Desta forma, foram escolhidas quatro séries de preços para representarem os preços internos e externos. O preço interno foi representado pela série CONAB e o preço externo pelas séries Cotlook A, Cotlook B e Nova York. Utilizando preços referentes ao período de janeiro de 1982 a setembro de 2001, o mercado brasileiro e o norte-americano, representados pelos índices CONAB e Nova York, foram considerados integrados, ou seja, choques ocorridos em um mercado foram transmitidos ao outro mercado no longo prazo. Testando o grau de integração entre estes mercados, concluímos que eles podem ser considerados perfeitamente integrados neste período, ou seja, a variação no preço de um mercado foi transmitida de maneira completa ao outro mercado no longo prazo. Os resultados referentes à década de oitenta mostraram que o mercado brasileiro de algodão em pluma pode ser considerado como um mercado fechado neste período, pois os preços internos representados pelo índice CONAB não participaram do equilíbrio de longo prazo com os demais preços. Este resultado deve-se à grande intervenção governamental no mercado de algodão observada no período, que impedia que grandes quedas ou aumentos de preços internacionais fossem incorporados aos preços internos. Em relação à década de noventa, os resultados indicam que o mercado brasileiro pode ser considerado integrado aos mercados internacionais. De forma geral, os resultados demonstram empiricamente a modificação ocorrida no mercado brasileiro de algodão na década de noventa, demonstrando que este mercado é significativamente mais integrado às variáveis internacionais do que na década de oitenta. / This study had as objective to analyze the interaction among internal and external prices of cotton to determine if the commercial liberalization occurred in the nineties represented an influence increase of external prices on internal prices of cotton feather in Brazil. The choice of cotton is due to its recent trajectory, marked by fast transition of an export product (or potentially exportable) for an import product during most part of the nineties. This transition was caused basically by the commercial liberalization and market deregulation occurred in the beginning of the decade, which caused a massive entrance of the foreign product in Brazil. The chosen methodology was cointegration analysis, specifically the Johansen Procedure. The cointegration analysis is advisable when nonstationary variables are used, which makes unfeasible to use the simple regression model to establish the relationship among the variables. The nonstationarity of the variables in a context of simple linear regression invalidates the inferences based on the t- and F-tests and it impedes correct establishment of equilibrium relationships among them. If the variables are cointegrated, however, it is possible to establish such relationships and to analyze short and long-term behavior among variables. In this manner, four series were chosen to represent the internal and external prices. The internal price was represented by the CONAB series and the external prices by the series: Cotlook A, Cotlook B and New York. Analyzing the period of January, 1982 to September, 2001, Brazilian and North American market, represented by the series CONAB and New York, were considered integrated, that means, shocks happened in a market were transmitted to the other market in the long-term. Testing the integration degree among these markets, we concluded that they could be considered perfectly integrated in this period, which means, price variation in a market was transmitted to the other market in a complete way in the long-term. The results concerning the eighties showed that cotton Brazilian market can be considered as a closed market in this period, because the internal prices represented by the series CONAB didn't participate of long-term equilibrium with other prices. This result is due to great government intervention in cotton market observed in this period, which impeded that great falls or increases of international prices were incorporate to internal prices. The results concerning the nineties indicate that Brazilian market can be considered integrated to international markets. In a general way, the results demonstrate empirically the modification occurred in cotton Brazilian market in the nineties, demonstrating that this market is significantly more integrated to international variables than in the eighties.

Quando dois ou mais mercados, anteriormente separados, começam a apresentar certa convergência de preços, diz-se que eles estão integrados. Geralmente, os pesquisadores têm objetivado o estudo da integração entre mercados externos e internos (integração espacial) ou entre os diferentes elos de uma cadeia produtiva (integração vertical), mas de um único produto. Após uma importante mudança na tecnologia, concretizada através do lançamento dos motores flex-fuel no Brasil, a presente pesquisa teve por desafio analisar a existência de integração entre os mercados da gasolina e do etanol, dita como "integração de mercados por substituição". Para tal fim, e depois de filtradas as séries de preços mediante os testes de estacionariedade (Dickey-Fuller Aumentado e Phillips-Perron), foi feito uso de modelos de transmissão de preços, mais especificamente os testes de Cointegração, o do Mecanismo de Correção de Erro (MCE) e o da Causalidade. No período em análise (de março de 2003 até julho de 2008), foi constatada a presença de cointegração entre os dois mercados. Também foi observado que um incremento de 1% no preço da gasolina é responsável por um incremento de 2,74% no preço do etanol. Ainda que tenha sido pequeno o parâmetro do Mecanismo de Correção de Erro obtido, ele indica que é possível relacionar o comportamento de curto com o de longo prazo, nas séries analisadas. Dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os mercados do etanol e da gasolina estão integrados a longo prazo, onde variações no preço da gasolina causam variações no do etanol (GRANGER, 1969). / When two or more markets, previously separated, start showing a price convergence, it is possible to say that they are integrated. Usually, the researchers have focused the integration study between external and internal market (spatial integration) or between the different links of a productive chain (vertical integration), but just of an unique product. After an important technological change, materialized in the releasing of flex-fuel motors in Brazil, this work had as a challenge analyze the existence of the integration between the gasoline and ethanol markets, referred as "integration of substitution markets". Therefore, after filtering the prices series through stationary tests (Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron), it was made the use of price transmission models, specifically the cointegration tests, and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) and the causality. In the analyzed period (from March 2003 to July 2008), it was verified the existence of cointegration between the two markets. Also it was observed that an increase of 1% in the gasoline price is responsible for the increase in 2.74% of the ethanol price. Although it was small the parameter of the correction mechanism in the obtained error, it points out that is possible to relate the behavior in the short and long term, in the analyzed series. Taking in consideration the obtained results, we arrived to the conclusion that the ethanol and gasoline markets are integrated in the long term, where variations in the gasoline price cause variations in the ethanol market.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T14:29:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maykon Daniel Gonçalves Silva - 2017.pdf: 1320616 bytes, checksum: 9862182535d5f51ca357251e0f681941 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T14:30:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maykon Daniel Gonçalves Silva - 2017.pdf: 1320616 bytes, checksum: 9862182535d5f51ca357251e0f681941 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T14:30:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maykon Daniel Gonçalves Silva - 2017.pdf: 1320616 bytes, checksum: 9862182535d5f51ca357251e0f681941 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study is to analyze the integration of prices in the Brazilian maize market, considering the transaction costs. The daily maize prices were analyzed from January 2009 to December 2016, in the physical markets of Sorriso - Mato Grosso, Dourados - Mato Grosso do Sul, Paranaguá and Cascavel - Paraná, Rio Verde - Goiás, Passo Fundo - Rio Grande do Sul and Campinas - São Paulo. The methodology consisted of the unit root test, Granger causality, Johansen cointegration, estimation of the linear error correction vector model (VEC) and Threshold (TVEC) with two regimes . The results indicate that Campinas has a bias and a long-term equilibrium relation with the other markets and the estimation of the TVEC model confirms the presence of a threshold. In the Down regimes, where most of the sample percentage is found, the price changes in Campinas affected the prices of Dourados and Triangulo Mineiro only in the short term, i.e., past price variations. In the Up regimes the price changes in Campinas affected in the short and long term the other physical markets. In addition, the threshold parameters indicate the existence of transaction costs in the interrelationships between prices. So that a price shock resulting from excess demand in Campinas, for example, exceeds 1,22%; 1,45%; 1,26%; 0,9%; 1,27%; 1,03% and 1,39% promote a price adjustment in Cascavel, Dourados, Paranaguá, Passo Fundo, Rio Verde, Sorriso and Triângulo Mineiro, respectively. / O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a integração de preços no mercado brasileiro de milho, considerando os custos de transação. Foram analisados preços diários do milho no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2016, nos mercados físicos de Sorriso - Mato Grosso, Dourados - Mato Grosso do Sul, Paranaguá e Cascavel – Paraná, Rio Verde - Goiás, Passo Fundo – Rio Grande do Sul e Campinas – São Paulo. São regiões de maior dinâmica na comercialização do grão no País. A metodologia consistiu no teste de raiz unitária, causalidade de Granger, cointegração de Johansen, estimação do modelo vetorial de correção de erro linear (VEC) e com Threshold (TVEC) dois regimes. Os resultados indicam que Campinas possui uma bicausalidade e uma relação de equilíbrio de longo prazo com os demais mercados e a estimação do modelo TVEC confirma a presença de um threshold. Nos regimes Down, onde a maior parte da porcentagem da amostra se encontra, as variações de preços ocorridas em Campinas afetaram os preços de Dourados e Triangulo Mineiro somente no curto prazo, ou seja, variações de preços passados. Nos regimes Up as variações de preços em Campinas afetaram em curto e em longo prazo os demais mercados físicos. Além disso, os parâmetros threshold, indicam a existência de custos de transação nas inter-relações entre os preços. De modo que um choque de preços resultado por excesso de demanda em Campinas, por exemplo, superior a 1,22%; 1,45%; 1,26%; 0,9%; 1,27%; 1,03% e 1,39% promovem um ajustamento de preços em Cascavel, Dourados, Paranaguá, Passo Fundo, Rio Verde, Sorriso e Triângulo Mineiro, respectivamente.

We examine the relationship between German wind and solar electricity and French spot price volatility. Using hourly data, we find that French imports from Germany driven by German wind and solar electricity sometimes decrease, sometimes increase the volatility of French spot prices. These two opposing effects depend on the shape of the French supply function and on the French demand. We, therefore, estimate different coefficients for imports depending on different demand levels. We acknowledge the endogeneity problem in identifying these effects and employ instrumental variable techniques to circumvent this problem. Our results show the urgent need for further coordination of national energy policies in order to reduce the potential for negative spill over effects of nationally driven energy policies in neighbouring countries as European electricity markets are becoming more integrated. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This study aims to test the performance of agricultural markets in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Although the DRC is classified as the fifth biggest producer of cassava, nearly 70 percent of its population living mainly in urban areas is suffering from food shortages. Since the markets are poorly integrated, food prices are very volatile. Small agricultural producers obtain low prices for their products, while vulnerable household’s consumers experience high prices. Over the last few years, the price of cassava has increased considerably, from US$ 72 per ton in 2007 to US$ 123 per ton in 2009. This dramatic increase in the price of a basic foodstuff has significantly affected poor people in both urban and rural areas. The increase in cassava market prices and the food insecurity level in DRC are an indication that markets have not efficiently performed their fundamental role of connecting producers and consumers. Therefore, understanding the status of value chain development and the degree of market integration is important to improve food security, as well as people’s livelihood in rural areas. Several techniques were identified in the literature for testing agricultural market performance, including: market integration, parity bound analysis, causality, symmetry, error correction mechanisms and value chain analysis. Some studies used mathematical models including deterministic analytical models and stochastic analytical models. For the purpose of this study and because of data limitations, value chain analysis and market integration techniques were applied. The value chain analysis was performed to identify critical issues and constraints that undermine value chain development, as well as to identify business and technological opportunities that can enhance the performance and competitiveness of the sub-sector. The prices of cassava products in the DRC were found to be high, due to the high costs of production, processing and marketing of cassava at different levels of the market chain. Poor market linkages lead to low utilisation of value addition technologies, and this contributes directly to poor market opportunities. This results in a wide range of negative aspects for the sector, such as decreasing incentives for the production and consumption of cassava products and lack of sufficient competitiveness to make cassava a significant commercial commodity. Investment in the sector is considered risky by different chain actors, and is limited as a result of the overall non-competitiveness of the sector. The cassava market in the DRC is organised around Kinshasa in Western Congo, and around Lubumbashi in the South-eastern part of the country. In view of the strategic importance of the two marketplaces, a market integration analysis was conducted to consider whether food policy focusing on those two reference marketplaces would be sufficient to stabilise the cassava supply nationwide, since most of the marketplaces seem to have a strong relationships with these two reference markets. Using co-integration techniques, an error correction mechanism and an index of market connection, the findings established that among the 11 pairs of trading markets, 6 of them were segmented, meaning that price changes in the reference markets were not fully transmitted to the regional markets. Four key factors, including macroeconomic environment, transportation infrastructure, market information flow and distance, played a significant role in price differentials, and caused potential and existing markets to cease to function as efficient generators of wealth and distributors of food. This is apparently one of the most important reasons for increased food insecurity and poverty among food producers and consumers alike. The results confirm the poor value chain status of cassava, which leads to the stagnation of this crop as a semi-commercial crop, and restrains its absorption into the mainstream market chain in local, national and regional markets. The market integration results showed segmented and moderated integrated markets arising from the 11 pairs of trading markets, of which 6 were identified as segmented. The results from the error correction mechanism (ECM) suggest that on average about 30% of past deviations from the long run are corrected each month. Among the 11 paired markets, the highest coefficient of price adjustment in the long run was indicated by the paired markets Bukavu–Goma (43%), Mbujimayi–Kananga (38%) and Matadi-Kinshasa (36%); and the lowest was given by the paired market Kisangani–Kinshasa (15%). In the short run, the IMC of 0.85 suggests a strong market connection between Matadi and Kinshasa, which then suggests that price shocks that occur in the market of Kinshasa affect immediately, and partially, the Matadi markets supplying it. This high IMC coefficient was also found between Bukavu and Goma (0.86), and Kananga and Mbujimay (0.81). None of the other markets trading with Kinshasa and Lubumbashi respond in the short run to price changes in these reference markets. This implies that only 3 market pairs out of 11 hav strong intgration which therefore presents clear evidence of weak market integration between production and deficient areas in the DRC as awhole. This weak linear relationship between markets can be postulated as one of major causes of food insercurity in the country. This understanding of cause of food insecurity and various issues surrounding market integration would futher help policy makers to improve efficiency of cassava marketing system, lower farm to retail price spread and consolidate food security accross the country. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Prolonged and new regional violent conflicts have resulted in the displacement of residents in several countries. The thesis focuses on the people who arrived and applied for asylum in Germany between 2013 and 2016. Aimed to analyse their labour market integration in Germany, the thesis uses micro-data from Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to decompose the wage gap between refugee workers and native workers in 2018. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) is used to match the characteristics of native workers with refugee workers. Five sets are generated at four different matching levels of covariates. It is found that total wage gap reaches the greatest value in the unmatched set. As the two groups' characteristics getting more and more similar, explained wage gap gradually shrinks until it becomes statistically insignificant. However, discriminatory wage gap exists in all sets and cannot be wiped out even if the characteristics get similar. CEM helps to reduce the heterogeneity between the two groups and provides a more balanced dataset and a non-overestimated labour market discrimination value.

This thesis studies the role of the third sector organisation [TSO] in highly skilled refugees' employment integration in Sweden. It attempts to contribute to the migration studies literature and nonprofit sector studies by focusing on the underresearched highly skilled refugees and several TSOs in Sweden, one of the major receiving countries in Europe during the refugee crisis. It discovers the challenges faced by the highly skilled refugees and the TSOs' solution to help them overcome the obstacles using Bourdieusian capital theory. In doing so, the TSOs are also shaping the integration concept of the nation, which is proven to be ambiguous. On the one hand, they preserve the construction of refugees as needing care and their difference from Sweden as weakness. On the other hand, they challenge the idea that integration is primarily refugees' responsibility and attempt to change employers' unwillingness to hire with the concept of diversity as a strength. Despite that, the TSOs do not significantly challenge the dominant integration concept in Sweden and the state. This thesis argues that it may be explained by the strong trust between the government and civil society stemmed from the nation's historical development as an egalitarian welfare state.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19902号 / 農博第2185号 / 新制||農||1044(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5006(農学部図書室) / 32979 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 福井 清一, 教授 伊藤 順一, 准教授 沈 金虎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Swedish workforce has a shortage of practitioner dentists in 18 regions which is expected to last until 2035 (Hall Hoppe, 2022). At the same time, immigrant dentists face many challenges that delay or prevent their integration into the Swedish labour market. This paper investigates the process of immigrant dentists’ integration into the Swedish labour market, what obstacles they encounter, and in their perception, what are the requirements to facilitate their integration into the Swedish labour market. This research paper followed a qualitative method to achieve its aims. In order to obtain the necessary data to conduct the research, in-depth interviews were performed with immigrant dentists who received their education in countries outside the EU/EEA and Switzerland. The main empirical findings reveal the need to transform immigrant dentists' human capital. In light of this, immigrant dentists need to choose one of two routes to be eligible to apply for the Swedish dental license, due to the devaluation of their education. Besides the need to master the Swedish language. There is a lack of support provided for the two routes for acquiring the Swedish dental license. The participants clarify that they need more support in both routes. The Knowledge Exams route lacks guidance, materials, and financial support. while the complementary courses route is limited to three cities which makes it challenging forimmigrant dentists to join if they live in a city that does not offer these courses. It also showed the importance of social connections in the licensing process, while it was not essential in the process of obtaining a job. This study informs policymakers and concerned stakeholders about the barriers and challenges immigrant dentists encounter when integrating into the Swedish labour market. Which contributes to making decisions that will help to facilitate immigrantdentists’ integration into the Swedish labour marke.