Diploma thesis "Supported employment as a option of solution of handicapped people participation at the labour market " attend to supported employment. It is the service, which provide assistance for handicapped people in participation at the open labour market among people without disability. Such employment, in contrast to sheltered employment, offer a possibility to do a meaningful work, space for self-fulfillment, salary and prevent handicapped people from social exclusion. Supported employment provides benefits for disabled people, for their families and also for employers. In the Czech republic is supported employment quite a new service, which is related to some problems. For example financing and absence of skilled workers at agencies for supported employment. Solving problems of the Czech concept of supported employment can be found in systems of supported employment in some developed European country, where is supported employment quite wide-spread, such as Norway. Future trend is oriented to extension of this service and then it will be more available for all of expectants. The main goal is also in increase of meaning about supported employment in society and establishes supported employment as a part of Czech legislation.

This paper investigates occupational mismatch of highly educated refugees in Sweden and aims to study what factors are impacting their labour market integration process. In contrast to the extensive number of quantitative reports based on registered data in the field, this research applies a qualitative approach by conducting interviews with the target group and incorporating a temporal aspect of the process. The results confirm existing theories such as human capital deficit, lack of social capital and signalling issues, but also indicates that contextual factors, being family demands and financial pressure, affect the process. An openness towards a change of field and lack of guidance from authorities emerged as factors for mismatch too. Lastly, feelings of stress and frustration seems to influence the process to a big extent which leads us to the conclusion that the labour market integration process of educated refugees is highly influenced by the aspect of time - and more specifically the lack of it.

Denna uppsats beskriver och analyserar vägen till arbetsmarknadsetablering för den syriska invandrargruppen som sökte asyl i Sverige i samband med den stora flyktingvågen året 2015. Detta har skett genom att intervjua tolv syrier som sökte asyl i Sverige år 2015 på basis av humanitära skäl och som blev etablerade på arbetsmarknaden genom att ha fått en tillsvidareanställning eller genom att ha stadigvarande inkomst genom andra anställningsformer. Fokus ligger på hur informanterna beskriver utmaningarna för att etablera sig på den svenska arbetsmarknaden som nyanlända och vilka faktorer de upplever ha varit avgörande för deras etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Dessutom studeras upplevelser av vilka utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer som funnits för deras arbetsmarknadsetablering.  Data har analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med hjälp av olika teoretiska förklaringsmodeller som integration och assimilation, byråkratiska organisationsformer och human- och socialt kapital teori. Fynden har visat att utmaningarna för syriers arbetsmarknadsetablering ligger både på individ- och samhällsnivå i form av språk, integrationssvårigheter, byråkratiska trösklar, ineffektiv etableringspolitik och svårighet med bostadsanskaffning. Fynden har även visat att hjälpande faktorer för invandrargruppens arbetsmarknadsetablering består av nyanländas effektivitet, humankapital, etableringspolitikens effektiva sida, Arbetsförmedlingens roll och betydelsen av socialt kapital.

The asylum seekers' integration is a vigorous and multidimensional process for which resolute effort of the both target group and the host society is inevitably entailed. Yet, the findings of this study shows that it is not easily achieved due to certain challenges which should be tackled. This research paper concisely aims to examine how the target group experience integration into the Swedish labor market. The study further seeks to explore how the target group perceives the role of NGOs and thier policies adopted to integrate them into the Swedish labor market in Malmo.Through a sound analysis of the primary and secondary material, this study elucidates the NGOs' role and policies in this field. The findings discovered as a result of this inquiry, noticeably depict that the NGOs, through their different measures and diverse policies, have tried to cope with their humanitarian mission; however, the outcome have been divergent.

The thesis will focus on outlooks of the Czech energy system, especially with respect to supply-demand balance and generation adequacy. The current situation in the electricity market will be used as a starting point for projections of future scenarios. The scenarios will look at possible issues and challenges as well as further developments that the Czech energy system will be facing in the near future. These problems and challenges can be defined as the mid-term and long-term ability to balance supply and demand for electricity in the Czech Republic. The increase in production of electricity from renewable resources and the subsequent loss of flexibility of power sources go hand in hand with adverse economic conditions, together worsening the overall risk in the electricity system. At the same time we must take into account changes in EU energy policy and its effect on member countries, such as the planned shutdown of nuclear power plants in Germany, increased taxation of carbon dioxide production, supported production of electricity from renewable resources, and integration of energy markets. We must consider the harmonization of methods that are used to evaluate the adequacy and security of a production portfolio, known as a generation adequacy, while meeting the requirements of the given system and...

Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit europäischer und US-amerikanischer Konjunkturgeschichte und Marktintegration im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Zur Analyse von konjunkturellen Schwankungen stellt sie der weitverbreiteten Historischen Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung (VGR) die Methode dynamischer Faktoranalyse zur Seite, die dazu beiträgt, die begrenzten historischen Zeitreihen effizient zu nutzen. Die nationale und internationale Entwicklung von Weizenmärkten seit dem Ende der Napoleonischen Kriege wird mit einem multivariaten dynamischen Faktormodell untersucht. Spektralanalyse wird zur Berechnung frequenzspezifischer Kohärenz von historischen Börsenindizes und konkurrierenden Schätzungen des Nationalprodukts in Deutschland zwischen 1850 und 1913 herangezogen. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis ist, dass Finanzdaten die Datierung der Konjunktur im Deutschen Kaiserreich erleichtern, was auch durch die Ergebnisse der Faktoranalyse bestätigt wird. Der verwendete Aktienindex, einzelne reale Konjunkturindikatoren und der dynamische Faktor korrelieren eng miteinder. Die Bildung sektoraler Sub-Indizes zeigt, dass der Übergang von einer landwirtschaftlich zu einer industriell geprägten Volkswirtschaft vermutlich früher geschehen ist als Beschäftigungsanteile aus der Historischen VGR vermuten lassen. Die Untersuchung der U.S.-Konjunktur ergibt die Annahme zeitvariierender Strukturparameter eine Erhöhung der Konjunkturschwankungsbreite nach dem 2. Weltkrieg verglichen mit der Zeit vor dem 1. Weltkrieg. Für die Weizenmarktintegration in Europa zeigt sich, dass die Entwicklung vor der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts schneller voran ging als danach, was eine Neuinterpretation der Rolle von Technologien wie dem Metallrumpf und dem Dampfschiff sowie dem Eintritt Amerikas als Weizenproduzenten nahelegt. / This thesis addresses historical business cycles and market integration in Europe and America in the 19th and 20th centuries. For the analysis of historical business cycles, the widely used methodology of historical national accounting is complemented with a dynamic factor model that allows for using scarce historical data efficiently. In order to investigate how national and international markets developed since the early 1800s, a multivariate dynamic factor model is used. Spectral analysis helps in measuring frequency specific correlation between financial indicators and rivaling national income estimates for Germany between 1850 and 1913. One result is that the historical stock market index used helps to discriminate between competing estimates of German national income. A dynamic factor estimated from a broad time series data set confirms this result. Sub-indices for agriculture and industry suggest that the German economy industrialized earlier than evidence from national accounting shows. The finding for the U.S. business cycle is that relaxing the assumption of constant structural parameters yields higher postwar aggregate volatility relative to the period before World War I. Concerning market integration, it is found that European wheat markets integrated faster before mid-19th century than after. Thus, the impact of the metal hull and steam ship as well as the relevance of American wheat for the world wheat market have perhaps been overstated.

Le but de cette étude est d’analyser l’intégration différentielle des régions du Mexique au marché national pendant la période du Porfiriat (1876-1910). La formation d’un marché national ne s’est pas développée de façon harmonieuse ou équilibrée au Mexique pendant cette période. Les hypothèses d’une croissance démographique et d’une urbanisation, d’une spécialisation croissante de la force de travail, d’une création de richesse significative, d’un développement des structures commerciales et d’un réseau de voies de communication sont confrontées à la réalité des chiffres dans deux zones de l’Etat de Guanajuato ayant connu chacune une forme de prospérité pendant le Porfiriat mais ayant suivi, depuis, des trajectoires totalement différentes. Les conclusions que nous tirons de cette analyse comparative ne sont guère édifiantes et montrent que d’un côté comme de l’autre les conditions d’une participation accrue au marché national n’étaient pas ou seulement partiellement, remplies à la fin du Porfiriat. Si l’évolution démographique constatée dans l’une et l’autre de ces régions constitue une variable potentiellement favorable à l’expansion du marché national, la création de richesses nouvelles timide d’un côté et aléatoire de l’autre ne plaide pas en faveur d’une meilleure intégration au marché intérieur de dimension nationale. La faiblesse constatée d’une part, des structures commerciales et l’absence d’autre part de dynamisme des acteurs du commerce freinent considé-rablement le processus. Enfin l’inefficacité économique et l’incohérence des décisions en matière de voies de communication limitent l’impact que des moyens modernes de transport de marchandises pouvaient avoir sur l’ouverture du marché. / These work deals with the analysis of a differential integration of the regions of Mex-ico to a national market during the Porfirian era. The formation of a national market was not a harmonious and equilibrated process during this period of time. The dis-tinct hypothesis of a population growth and urbanization, of a growing specialization of the work force, and of the wealth production, of the development of commercial structures and at last of an efficient transportation link were confronted to the real figures founded in the archive holdings of two regions of the State of Guanajuato who have, each of them, known a certain form of prosperity during the Porfirian pe-riod but then have followed, distinct paths of development. Our conclusions driven by this comparative study are not what we expected and show that the conditions of a growing participation to a national market were not, partly or even entirely fulfilled. If the demographic changes observed in our two zones are a positive indication of a potential integration to the national market, the uncertain creation of wealth in one zone and the fragile and fleeting growth of the production in the other don’t advocate in favour of a best integration to a domestic market of national dimension. On the other hand, the weakness of the commercial structures and the lack of dynamism of the trading community, were responsible for the slowdown of the process. And finally, the economic inefficiency and the inconsistent decisions in terms of transport infrastructure have slowed the impact that modern means of transport could have had on the opening of the market. / El propósito de este trabajo es de analizar la integración diferencial de las regiones de México al mercado nacional durante el Porfiriato (1876-1910). La formación de un mercado nacional nunca fue harmoniosa o equilibrada en México durante este periodo. Las hipótesis de un crecimiento demografico y de una urbanización, de una especialización creciente de la fuerza de trabajo, de la creación significativa de riquezas, del desarrollo de las estructuras comerciales y de una red de vías de comunicación se enfrentan a la realidad de las cifras recopiladas en dos zonas del estado de Guanajuato que han conocida cada una, a su manera una particular forma de prosperidad durante el Porfiriato para seguir después trayectorias totalmente diferentes. Las conclusiones que hemos sacado de este análisis comparativo no son realmente positivas y muestran que, de un lado como del otro, las condiciones de una participación mayor al mercado nacional no estaban (o lo estaban solamente en parte) reunidas al final del Porfiriato. Si la evolución demográfica verificada en cada una de las dos zonas del estudio constituye una variable potencialmente favorable a la integración, la creación tímida de nuevas riquezas de un lado y aleatoria del otro no participa a una mejor integración à un mercado interior de dimensión na-cional. La ausencia verificada de estructuras comerciales de un lado y la falta de dinamismo de otro lado de los actores del comercio frenan consi-derablemente el proceso. En fin, la ineficacia económica y la incoherencia de las decisiones en materia de vías de comunicación limitan el impacto que los medios modernos de transporte de mercancías podían tener sobre la ampliación del mercado.

Cette thèse étudie les évolutions du marché du crédit de long terme (les censos) dans l'Espagne moderne. Après une description des acteurs et du fonctionnement de ces marchés dans le premier chapitre, le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse aux conséquences de la fragmentation juridictionnelle sur l'intégration du marché du crédit. Ensuite, le troisième chapitre étudie le fonctionnement et la gouvernance d'un ordre religieux en particulier et met en évidence le rôle d'intégration joué par les institutions ecclésiastiques. Enfin, le dernier chapitre examine la répression financière exercée par la Couronne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et son rôle déterminant dans le retrait des institutions religieuses des marchés du crédit et la contraction de l'offre de crédit qui s'en est suivie. / This project analyses the evolutions of long-term credit markets (the censos) in eraly modern Spain. After a description of the actors and the functioning of these markets in the first chapter, the second chapter focuses on the consequences of jurisdictional fragmentation on credit market integration. Then, the third chapter examines the functioning and the economic governance of a single religious order and sheds light on the integration role performed by ecclesiastical institutions. The last chapter studies the financial repression implemented by the Crown in the late eighteenth century and its decisive role in the withdrawal of religious institutions from the credit market and the subsequent credit contraction.

This thesis studies the history of the Scandinavian Currency Union, 1873-1924. It is divided into four analytical chapters, each dealing with a different aspect of the Union and each written as a separate paper. The conclusions of the thesis challenge existing views of the Union and examines new aspects of this episode in monetary history. It poses new questions and exploits and evaluates new sources. The first paper offers an original interpretation of the role of Scandinavianism in the monetary reform of 1873-1875. It is argued that its importance has been both exaggerated and misinterpreted. In fact, the monetary integration of those years was principally motivated by economic considerations. The second paper deals with inter Scandinavian monetary cooperation during the period 1873-1914. It argues that the process of monetary integration, later followed by disintegration, during these decades is best understood in the context of a trade off between financial efficiency and national economic vulnerability.  It provides a comprehensive analysis of the motives that underlay the principal extensions of the Union’s institutional framework.This includes, the formation, cancellation and renegotiation of the formal, Union based, clearing agreement, as well as the process leading to the free circulation of all Scandinavian notes throughout the currency area.The third paper studies the level of integration and efficiency of the Scandinavian foreign exchange market throughout the period. The paper applies theories and methods from modern economics and finance on a new set of historical financial data. It concludes that the currency union generally, and the clearing agreement in particular, significantly increased the degree of market integration. It also concludes that, during most of the period, the Scandinavian foreign exchange market was characterized by perfect arbitrage and efficiency. The final paper challenges the prevailing scholarly view of the dissolution of the Union. It argues that the break up resulted from the asymmetric shocks that the three countries experienced during World War I. These shocks, which differed as a result of varying national economic policies and structures, created tensions that required exchange rate adjustments to be resolved. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004</p>

Submitted by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2014-10-21T18:45:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Dominique.pdf: 2899721 bytes, checksum: e06d28c3a380d3af7d793bd8d8660b36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2014-10-21T18:46:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Dominique.pdf: 2899721 bytes, checksum: e06d28c3a380d3af7d793bd8d8660b36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-22T11:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Dominique.pdf: 2899721 bytes, checksum: e06d28c3a380d3af7d793bd8d8660b36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / The thesis analyses the European Unions’ effort to create an integrated pan-European electricity market based on “market coupling” as the proposed allocation mechanism for interconnector transfer capacity. Thus, the thesis’ main focus is if market coupling leads to a price convergence in interlinked markets and how it affects the behavior of electricity price data. The applied research methods are a qualitative, structured literature review and a quantitative analysis of electricity price data. The quantitative analysis relies on descriptive statistics of absolute price differentials and on a Cointegration analysis according to Engle & Granger (1987)’s two step approach. Main findings are that implicit auction mechanisms such as market coupling are more efficient than explicit auctions. Especially the method of price coupling leads to a price convergence in involved markets, to social welfare gains and reduces market power of producers, as shown on the example of the TLC market coupling. The market coupling initiative between Germany and Denmark, on the other hand, is evaluated as less successful and illustrates the complexity and difficulties of implementing market coupling initiatives. The cointegration analysis shows that the time series were already before the coupling date cointegrated, but the statistical significance increased. The thesis suggests that market coupling leads to a price convergence of involved markets and thus functions as method to create a single, integrated European electricity market. / A dissertação analisa o esforço dos sindicatos europeus para criar um mercado pan- europeu de electricidade integrada baseada em 'mercados combinados', como o mecanismo de alocação de capacidade de transferência de energia entre diferentes sistemas. Assim, o foco principal do estudo é se a integração do mercado leva a uma convergência de preços nos mercados interligados, e como isso afeta o comportamento dos preços de energia elétrica. Os métodos de investigação são uma revisão bibliográfica estruturada qualitativa e uma análise quantitativa de dados de preços de energia elétrica. A análise quantitativa se baseia em estatísticas descritivas das diferenças de preços absolutos e em uma análise de cointegração de acordo com a abordagem de Engle e Granger (1987). As principais conclusões são que os mecanismos de leilões implícitos, tais como a integração de mercado são mais eficientes que os leilões explícitos. Especialmente, o método de acoplamento de preços leva a uma convergência de preços nos mercados envolvidos, a ganhos de bem-estar social e reduz a o poder dos produtores no mercado, como mostra o exemplo da integração mercado TLC. A iniciativa mercados combinados entre a Alemanha ea Dinamarca, por outro lado, é avaliada como de menor sucesso e ilustra a complexidade e as dificuldades de implementação de iniciativas de integração de mercado. A análise de cointegração mostra que as séries temporais já estavam cointegradas antes da data de integração, mas a significância estatística aumentou. A tese sugere que a integração do mercado leva a uma convergência dos preços dos mercados envolvidos e, portanto, funciona como método para criar um mercado de eletricidade único e integrado na Europa.