Os fatores genéticos e o meio ambiente são pontos relevantes no que tange a capacidade física do ser humano. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o genótipo dos genes, ACTN3 e da ACE I/D, em lutadores de alto rendimento na modalidade de percussão. Neste estudo fizeram parte do conjunto amostral 15 atletas de alto rendimento da esportes de combate e arte marcial, sendo sendo 6 lutadores de Karatê, 4 lutadores de Taekwondo, 4 lutadores de Muay Thai e 1 lutador de Boxe, todos do sexo masculino com idade média de 25,06 anos, com experiência nacional e internacional em suas respectivas modalidades e categorias de peso. A genotipagem dos polimorfismos do ACTN3 e ACE I/D foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) a partir do DNA genômico. As frequências genotípicas e alélicas foram comparadas com populações controle e de atletas pelos testes do Qui-Quadrado, e exato de Fisher, para todas as análises foi adotado p˂0,05. Os resultados obtidos para as frequências genotípicas e alélicas do ACTN3 (RR=35,71%,RX=57,14% e XX=7,14%; R=64,28% e X=33,71%) e do ACE I/D (DD=30,76%, ID=50,84% e II=15,36%; D=65,2% e I=34,8%) não diferiram significativamente da população controle e com estudos relacionados a força. Em conclusão os dados da presente pesquisa seguem os padrões esperados para população no que tange a frequência genotípicas e em sua distribuição alélica nos genes da ACTN3 e da ACE I/D com lutadores de percussão. / Genetic factors and the environment are relevant points regarding the physical capacity of the human being. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotype of genes, ACTN3 and ACE I / D with fighters in high yield in the form of percussion. In this study were part of the sample set of 15 high-level athletes in combat sports and martial arts, 6 fighters from Karate, 4 fighters Taekwondo, 4 fighters Muay Thai and 1 boxing. All fighters being present, all males with average age of 25.06 years with national and international experience in their respective weight classes and methods. Genotyping of polymorphisms of ACTN3 and ACE I / D was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chain from the genomic DNA. The genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared with control populations and athletes by Qui-Quadrado and Fisher exact tests for all analyzes was adopted P=0.05. The results obtained for genotypic and allelic frequencies of ACTN3 (RR = 35.71%, 57.14% and RX = XX = 7.14%; R = X = 64.28% and 33.71%) and ACE I / D (DD = 30.76%, 50.84% and ID = II = 15.36%; D = I = 65.2% and 34.8%) did not differ significantly from the control population e power sports In conclusion the data of this study follow the expected population in relation to genotypic and allelic frequency distribution in the ACTN3 gene and ACE I / D fighters of percussion.

Title: Body composition in children with different movement programm Objectives: The main objektive of this work is analysis of body composition while using BIA method children of younger school age and consired differences in physical components with regard to different movement programm. Methodes: Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis device Bodystat 1500. Data was processed in Microsoft Excel. Followed parameters are the percentage of body fat, the absolute amount of fat-free mass in kg, the proportion of total body water. The research participated in total 75 probands agend 10-11 years of average height 147,7 cm and weight 42,1 kg. The research includes regularly training 25 children from RC Mountfield Říčany (training 3 times a week + 2x physical education) with a medium to hight intensity exersice of 360 minutes per week, regularly training 25 children from Říčany Fight Club (2x weekly training + 2x physical education) with a medium to hight intensity exersice of 270 minutes per week and 25 children from the Nemo Říčany Elementary School where the physical education 90 minutes per week. The research group is made up of boys only, because girl with a higher percentage of total body fat have a higher BFM then boys. Results: The average proportion of body fat in boys...

Introduction. Metabolic acidosis causes reduced performance in judo and sodium citrate has suggested as a buffering being investigated. Aim. To analyse the effect of sodium citrate oral supplementation (0.5 g.kg-1 of body mass) on the performance of judo contest. Methods. In a double-blind crossover design, 12 highly trained athletes (. purple belt) were select, but only eight completed all stages of this study. Simulation competition was realized (three matches of Five minutes and 15-minute interval) and lactate, blood gases (pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3- and bases), perceived exertion and score by match was measure. After the third match, fighters performed Judogi Handgrip Test, and the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Results. After all the matches, lactate level was higherin Citrate group (p<0,05) and perceived exertion was higher in the Control (p<0,05). After the second and third match the supplemented group showed higher blood concentration of HCO3-, pH and lower base deficit (p<0,05). In the third match, the Control group have significantly more penalty number (10 vs. 3; p<0,05). After the simulated competition, the Citrate group showed better performance for maximum dynamic (16,5 }1,7 vs. 12,8 }1,4 rep.; p<0,05) and static force (47,4 }3,9 vs. 39,5 }4,0, sec.; p<0,05), and lower fatigue index in SJFT (13,5 }0,3 vs. 14,6 }0,3; p<0,05). Only one figther shown na adverse effect from the sodium citrate consumption. Conclusion. Prior intake (60 minutes) of sodium citrate results in better physical and competition performance in judo athletes. / Introdução. Acidose metabólica provoca queda do desempenho no judô e o citrato de sódio tem sido sugerido como um tamponante a ser investigado. Objetivo. Verificar o efeito da suplementação de citrato de sódio (0,5 g.kg-1 massa corporal) sobre o desempenho de lutadores de judô. Métodos. Em um modelo duplo-cego cruzado, 12 competidores altamente treinados (graduação mínima faixa roxa) foram selecionados, destes 8 completaram todas as etapas do estudo. Realizou-se uma simulação de competição (3 lutas com duração de cinco minutos e intervalo de 15 minutos) onde mediram-se as variáveis: lactato, gases sanguíneos (pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3- e bases), percepção subjetiva do esforço e pontuação por combate. Após a terceira luta os lutadores realizaram o Judogi Handgrip Test, em seguida o Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Resultados. Após todas as lutas, os níveis de lactato foram maiores na situação Citrato (p<0,05) e a percepção subjetiva do esforço no Controle (p<0,05). Após a segunda e terceira luta os atletas suplementados apresentaram maior concentração sanguínea de HCO3-, pH e menor déficit de bases (p<0,05). Na terceira luta, a situação controle cometeu significativamente maior quantidade de faltas (10 vs. 3; p<0,05). Após a simulação de competição, a situação Citrato apresentou melhor desempenho para a força estática (47,4±3,9 vs. 39,5±4,0, p<0,05), dinâmica (16,5±1,7 vs. 12,8±1,4, p<0,05) e menor índice de fadiga no SJFT (13,5±0,3 vs. 14,6±0,3; p<0,05). Somente um lutador apresentou efeito adverso decorrente do consumo de citrato de sódio. Conclusão. A ingestão prévia (60 minutos) de citrato de sódio resulta em melhor desempenho físico e competitivo de judocas.

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Pourquoi et comment se battait-on à la fin du Moyen Âge et durant le XVIe siècle ? Avec quelles armes ? Et en suivant quelles règles ou quels principes ?L’objectif de ce travail est de répondre à ces questions en s’interrogeant sur les utilisations théoriques et pratiques de l’armement présent dans les sociétés européennes du Moyen Âge tardif et de la Renaissance. Trois axes principaux seront à l’étude :– tout d’abord, celui de la réalité du terrain à travers l’étude des sources judiciaires, en particulier les lettres de rémission qui attestent de la présence et de l’utilisation d’une arme pouvant conduire à la blessure ou à la mort d’un individu.– ensuite, celui de la théorie des armes à travers l’étude des Fechtbücher, les livres de combat germaniques écrits par les maîtres d’armes du XVe et XVIe siècle. Ces derniers expliquent le maniement des différentes armes tel que celui des épées, des armes d’hast ou de la dague, ainsi que les fondements de l’art de la lutte et de l’escrime à pied et à cheval.– enfin, celui de la pratique contemporaine, c’est-à-dire l’expérimentation gestuelle et la tentative de restitution des techniques et des tactiques anciennes via des méthodes d’enseignement dans un cadre normé. Ceci afin de mieux comprendre les gestes martiaux ludiques du passé.Outre l’apport de la sociologie, ce corpus est complété par l’étude des documents littéraires ou normatifs, illustrant la présence d’armes dans les milieux non militarisés comme ceux des sociétés d’escrimeurs ou des manifestations martiales et sportives. / Why and how we use to fight in the late Middle Ages and during the sixteenth century? With what weapons? Following what rules or principles?The objective of this work is to answer these questions by questioning the theoretical and practical uses of weapons. The ones present in European society in the late Middle Ages and during the Renaissance. Three approaches will be explored :– First, the situation on the ground through the study of legal sources, particularly the remission letters in which the presence and use of a weapon can lead to injury or death of an individual.– Secondly, the theory of weapons through the study of Fechtbücher, Germanic fightbooks written by masters at arms of the fifteenth and sixteenth century. They explain the handling of various weapons such as swords, polearms or daggers. Also the foundations of the art of wrestling and fencing on foot and on horseback.– Finally, the contemporary practice. That is to say, the gesture experimentation and the attempted to return old techniques and tactics through teaching methods in a regulatory framework. The goal is to better understand the playful martial gestures of the past.Besides the contribution of sociology, this corpus is completed by literary or normative documents, showing weapons in non-militarized environments such as corporate fencers or martial and sporting events.

INTRODUCTION: Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a sport in with weight categories. Because of this, they end up using harmful strategies to fit the categories before the competitions. One of the strategies used is reduction of energy intake, including carbohydrate restriction. However, due to the importance of carbohydrate ingestion for performance, little evidence is available to support effectiveness of carbohydrate restriction for combat athletes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the nutritional status and strategies adopted by Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes; to analyze the effect of two hypocaloric dietary strategies with different proportions of carbohydrate in weight loss and in biochemical markers; to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate reduction on performance and blood markers of energy metabolism and muscle injury. METHODOLOGY: Data will be presented in the format of three articles. Study 1 refers to the nutritional profile and weight loss strategies most adopted by battling athletes. For that, a weight loss questionnaire was applied and the nutritional status, body composition, and hormonal and lipid markers were evaluated. Article 2 is a randomized clinical trial with a monitored dietary intervention of 4 weeks. The sample was distributed in two groups (R-CHO- moderate reduction of carbohydrate and A-CHO- adequate carbohydrate). Before and after the intervention were measured body weight, skinfolds, the concentrations of hematological, immunological markers and serum cholesterol and fractions were measured. Article 3 is a randomized clinical trial, in which athletes were submitted to two protocols of nutritional intervention with duration of 4 weeks: one with moderate reduction of carbohydrates (R-CHO) and another with adequate carbohydrate levels (A-CHO) . Before and after the dietary intervention, the athletes underwent four physical tests to evaluate the performance and before and after the tests, a blood collection was performed to evaluate the markers of energy metabolism and cell injury. RESULTS: A total of 35 athletes participated in study 1, of which 21 (60%) had already used strategies for weight loss. The athletes with higher body mass and higher percentage of fat had higher levels of VLDL and triglycerides, and lower levels of testosterone. In study 2, 18 athletes completed the intervention. Both R-CHO (n = 10) and A-CHO (n = 8) presented weight reduction, BMI and fat percentage, without altering the integrity of hematological and immunological markers. As for cardiometabolic data, the A-CHO group presented elevation in VLDL and triglyceride levels. Regarding study 3, both strategies promoted weight loss without altering athletes' performance. The glycemia increased in both groups only at the pre-intervention time. As for the other markers of energy metabolism, the R-CHO (n=10) group had higher values of lactate and creatinine post-physical test compared to A-CHO (n=6). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of individuals using strategies for rapid weight loss. With this, it is necessary to propose the adoption of efficient and safe methods for gradual weight loss. In this sense, carbohydrate reduction proved to be an efficient and safe strategy, since it promoted weight loss without affecting performance and without altering the integrity of hematological, immunological and cardiometabolic markers. / INTRODUÇÃO: O brazilian jiu-jitsu é um esporte de luta no qual os competidores são distribuídos de acordo com categorias de peso. Por isso, acabam utilizando estratégias, muitas vezes prejudiciais, para se adequarem às categorias antes das competições. Uma das estratégias utilizadas é a redução da ingestão energética. Neste âmbito, a restrição de carboidratos vem sendo amplamente utilizada. Entretanto, devido a importância do carboidrato para a prática da modalidade, a sua utilização em atletas de brazilian jiu-jitsu ainda necessita ser estudada. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o estado nutricional e as estratégias adotadas por atletas de brazilian jiu-jitsu; analisar o efeito de duas estratégias alimentares hipocalóricas com proporções distintas de carboidrato na perda de peso e em marcadores bioquímicos; avaliar o efeito da redução de carboidratos no desempenho e em marcadores sanguíneos do metabolismo energético e de lesão muscular. METODOLOGIA: Tratam-se de três estudos. O estudo 1 refere-se ao perfil nutricional e às estratégias de perda de peso mais adotadas por atletas de luta. Para tanto, foi aplicado um questionário de perda de peso e foram avaliados o estado nutricional, composição corporal e marcadores hormonais e lipídicos. O artigo 2 trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, com intervenção dietética monitorada de 4 semanas. A amostra foi distribuída em dois grupos (R-CHO- redução moderada de carboidrato e A-CHO- adequado carboidrato). Antes e após a intervenção foram aferidos peso e dobras cutâneas. Foram medidas as concetrações de marcadores hematológicos, imunológicos e colesterol sérico e frações. O artigo 3 é um ensaio clínico randomizado, no qual os atletas foram submetidos a dois protocolos de intervenção nutricional com duração de 4 semanas: um com redução moderada de carboidratos (R-CHO) e outro com teores adequados de carboidrato (A-CHO). Antes a após a intervenção dietética os atletas foram submetidos a quatro testes físicos para a avaliação do desempenho e antes e após a realização dos testes, foi realizada uma coleta sanguínea para avaliação dos marcadores de metabolismo energético e de lesão celular. RESULTADOS: Um total de 35 atletas participou do estudo 1, destes 21 (60%) já haviam utilizado estratégias para perda de peso. Os atletas com maior massa corpórea e maior percentual de gordura apresentaram maiores níveis de VLDL e triglicérides, e menores de testosterona. No estudo 2, 18 atletas concluíram a intervenção dietética de 28 dias. Tanto o R-CHO (n=10) quanto o A-CHO (n=8) apresentaram redução de peso, IMC e percentual de gordura, sem alteração da integridade dos marcadores hematológicos e imunológicos. Quanto aos dados cardiometabólicos, o grupo A-CHO apresentou elevação nos valores de VLDL e triglicérides. No estudo 3, observou-se que ambas estratégias promoveram perda de peso sem alterar o desempenho dos atletas. A glicemia aumentou nos dois grupos apenas no momento pré-intervenção. Com relação aos outros marcadores do metabolismo energético, o grupo R-CHO apresentou maiores valores de lactato e creatinina pós-teste físico comparado ao A-CHO. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma elevada prevalência de indivíduos que utilizam estratégias para a perda rápida de peso. Com isso, é necessário propor a adoção de métodos eficientes e seguros para a perda de peso gradual. Neste sentido, a redução de carboidratos mostrou-se uma estratégia eficiente e segura, visto que promoveu a perda de peso, sem afetar o desempenho e sem alterar a integridade de marcadores hematológicos, imunológicos e cardiometabólicos. / São Cristóvão, SE

Au cours des dernières années, les commotions cérébrales d’origine sportive (CCOS) dans les sports de combat ont suscité un intérêt croissant de la part du public et de la communauté scientifique en raison de leur fréquence ainsi que de leurs conséquences parfois dramatiques et saisissant. Bien que ce genre de blessure affecte presque toutes les régions du cerveau, certaines régions semblent plus vulnérables que d’autres et plus souvent affectées. En étudiant ces régions, certains chercheurs ont remarqué que les CCOS ont un impact principalement sur les mêmes régions du cerveau que celles impliquées dans la régulation des émotions (RÉ) et la réactivité émotionnelle (RéaÉ). Étant donné leur rôle dans l’affect d’une personne, il est possible que les processus de RÉ et de la RéaÉ jouent un rôle dans l’apparition de symptômes psychologiques. Des dysfonctionnements dans les processus de régulation des émotions et les processus de réactivité émotionnelle peuvent même être au cœur du développement et du maintien de nombreux troubles mentaux tels que les troubles de l’humeur, la labilité émotionnelle, l’anxiété et la dépression. Afin de favoriser le dépistage précoce des troubles émotionnels post-CCOS, d’optimiser les stratégies thérapeutiques, et réduire les risques de troubles émotionnels à long terme ainsi que d’améliorer la prise en charge de ces troubles le cas échéant, il est crucial de mieux comprendre les altérations des processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ par les CCOS. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a comme objectif d’examiner les conséquences des CCOS sur les processus de RÉ et de la RéaÉ dans une population de combattants sportifs et d’artistes martiaux de plusieurs façons. Plus précisément, à l’aide de mesures subjectives (questionnaires) et objectives (mesures comportementales et physiologiques), nous vérifierons l’existence de perturbations des processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ puis nous mesurerons de façon objective ces perturbations lors de deux articles. Le premier article de cette thèse a comme objectif d’identifier les différences entre les processus de RÉ d’athlètes en sports de combat ayant un antécédent de commotion cérébrale de ceux qui n’en ont pas subi. Les résultats indiquent que les athlètes de sports de combat développent une plus grande susceptibilité aux événements négatifs de la vie, ce qui pourrait potentiellement les amener à développer une aversion au risque. Ils ne semblent cependant pas conscients que leurs processus de RÉ fonctionnent différemment de ceux du groupe contrôle lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à des situations négatives. Le deuxième article vise à mieux comprendre l’impact des commotions cérébrales sur les processus de RéaÉ d’athlètes en sports de combat. Les résultats indiquent que même si les athlètes ne rapportent pas de changements dans leurs RéaÉ, ils sont moins réactifs sur le plan physiologique dans certains contextes sociaux complexes un an après la blessure. Mises ensemble, nos études sur les processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ chez les combattants sportifs ayant subi des commotions cérébrales ont mis en évidence que même si l’expérience subjective des émotions chez ces athlètes est similaire à celle d’un groupe témoin, il y existe des différences dans les comportements et les réactions physiologiques émotionnelles à la suite de la blessure. Ces différences restent en dessous du seuil clinique, mais sont statistiquement visibles jusqu’à un an après la blessure. Cette thèse démontre l’importance d’améliorer notre compréhension de l’impact des CCOS sur l’affect des individus, un aspect souvent négligé malgré son importance dans la qualité de vie des personnes touchées par une CCOS. Elle démontre aussi qu’il est crucial d’utiliser plusieurs angles de recherche lors de l’étude des altérations des processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ. Cette thèse met aussi en évidence plusieurs pistes de recherche pour l’étude de l’impact des CCOS sur les processus affectifs. En effet, nos résultats illustrent l’importance d’étudier les processus affectifs dans leur ensemble, plutôt que de se concentrer sur des concepts individuels tels que l’humeur ou l’émotion. Ils montrent aussi qu’il faut que les futurs chercheurs fassent bien la distinction entre les différents concepts affectifs et les définissent de manière systématique. Enfin, cette thèse souligne que les études futures devraient plus souvent examiner les effets des commotions cérébrales dans des situations de la vie réelle et plus chargée en émotions. Ces études permettront en fin de compte d’en apprendre plus sur le fonctionnement des processus affectifs suivant une CCOS, ce qui permettrait d’optimiser les interventions cliniques et offrir des conditions favorables au rétablissement des athlètes et à leur épanouissement. / In recent years, sports-related concussions (SRC) in combat sports have attracted increasing interest from the public and the scientific community due to their frequency as well as their sometimes dramatic and startling consequences. Although this type of injury affects almost all regions of the brain, some regions seem to be more vulnerable than others and more often affected. In studying these regions, some researchers have noted that SRCs impact primarily the same brain regions involved in emotion regulation (ER) and emotional reactivity (REa). Given their role in a person's affect, it is possible that both ER and REa processes play a role in the development of psychological symptoms. Dysfunctions in emotion regulation and emotional reactivity processes may even be central to the development and maintenance of many mental disorders such as mood disorders, emotional lability, anxiety and depression. In order to promote early detection of post-SRC emotional disorders, to optimize therapeutic strategies, and to reduce the risk of long-term emotional disorders as well as to improve the management of these disorders when they occur, it is crucial to better understand the alterations of ER and REa processes by SRC. With this in mind, the purpose of this dissertation is to examine the impact of SRCs on ER and REa processes in a population of sport fighters and martial artists in several ways. Specifically, using subjective (questionnaires) and objective (behavioral and physiological measures) measures, we will verify the existence of disruptions to the processes of ER and REa and then objectively measure these disruptions in two papers. The first paper in this thesis aims to identify differences in the ER processes of combat sports athletes with a history of concussion and those without. The results indicate that combat sports athletes develop a greater susceptibility to negative life events, which could potentially lead them to develop risk aversion. However, they do not appear to be aware that their ER processes function differently than those of the control group when faced with negative situations. The second paper aimed to better understand the impact of concussions on the REa processes of combat sport athletes. The results indicate that although athletes do not report changes in their REa, they are less physiologically responsive in certain complex social contexts one year after injury. Taken together, our studies of ER and REa processes in concussed sport fighters have highlighted that although the subjective experience of emotion in these athletes is similar to that of a control group, there are differences in emotional behaviors and physiological responses following injury. These differences remain below the clinical threshold, but are statistically evident up to one year post-injury. This thesis demonstrates the importance of improving our understanding of the impact of SRCs on individual affect, an aspect that is often overlooked despite its importance in the quality of life of those affected by an SRC. It also demonstrates that it is crucial to use multiple research angles when studying alterations in the ER and REa processes. This thesis also highlights several avenues of research for studying the impact of SRC on affective processes. Indeed, our results illustrate the importance of studying affective processes as a whole, rather than focusing on individual concepts such as mood or emotion. They also demonstrate the need for future researchers to clearly distinguish between different affective concepts and define them in a systematic way. Finally, this thesis emphasizes that future studies should more often examine the effects of concussions in real-life, more emotionally charged situations. Ultimately, these studies will allow us to learn more about the functioning of affective processes following SRC, which would allow us to optimize clinical interventions and provide conditions that are conducive to athletes' recovery and development.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine idiomatic structures with ki in the ki-wo [transitive verb] and ki-ga [intransitive verb] constructions. It is argued that for Japanese language learners, it is crucial to be able to understand and produce ki idioms, because they are frequently used in everyday speech. There are often misconceptions regarding ki in the West for those who are fans of Japanese culture due to the influence of martial arts and anime, which paint ki as a spiritual energy that can be controlled and developed. However, upon examining the above mentioned idiomatic structures with ki, it is clear that ki can be expressed as both controllable by the subject of ki (transitive), as well as a thing that acts of its own accord and is spontaneous (intransitive). This thesis somewhat corroborates the studies of W. M. Jacobson, Zoe Pei Sui Luk , and Yoshihiko Ikegami by arguing that intransitive constructions are often used in Japanese, and examining both transitive and intransitive expressions with ki is significant to understanding the meanings produced in ki expressions. It is hoped that analyzing 37 transitive and intransitive idiomatic structures with ki will help Japanese language learners not only understand the syntactic and semantic aspects of transitivity in the Japanese language, but also to help these L2 learners conceptualize the abstract noun ki, which can be defined in so many different ways in a dictionary.