The purpose of this study seeks to uncover the relationship between the political objectives of the primary Palestinian political entities, the methods used by those entities to pursue their goals, and the socio-cultural fluctuation vis-á-vis the acceptability of, and participation in, suicide terrorism that has occured as a result.

Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur les manifestations, la participation des femmes au marché du travail et la migration de retour. Le premier chapitre examine l’impact des manifestations égyptiennes de 2011 sur les conditions du marché du travail des femmes en utilisant des données en panel d’avant et d’après la révolution. En utilisant la méthode des doubles différences ainsi que des données sur les «martyrs» de la révolution égyptienne, les résultats suggèrent que les manifestations de 2011 ont réduit les écarts homme-femme en termes de participation au marché du travail au sein du ménage, à travers l’effet du travailleur additionnel. Le deuxième chapitre examine l’impact de la migration temporaire sur la mobilité professionnelle des migrants de retour vis-à-vis des non-migrants. En employant l’approche de variable instrumentale, des doubles différences et des doubles différences combinées avec la méthode d’appariement, les résultats mettent en avant un effet positif de la migration de retour sur la mobilité professionnelle et surtout, pour les migrants de retour les plus éduqués. Le troisième chapitre examine l’impact des première et deuxième vagues de manifestations égyptiennes sur les résultats électoraux durant les premières élections libres et compétitives égyptiennes. Le résultat principal est qu’une exposition élevée aux manifestations mène à un pourcentage de votes plus élevé pour les candidats de l’ancien régime durant les deux tours de scrutin. Les résultats mettent aussi en lumière que les manifestions ont eu des répercussions conservatrices, aux côtés de prévisions économiques négatives, de l’insatisfaction générale à l’égard de la performance du gouvernement, de la réduction des niveaux de confiance envers les institutions publiques et de la reconnaissance croissante des limitations aux libertés civiles et politiques. / This thesis contributes to the literature on protests, women’s labor force participation and return migration. The first chapter examines the effects of the 2011 Egyptian protests on the relative labor market conditions of women using panel data from before and after the protests. Using Difference-in-Differences approach and a unique dataset on the Egyptian “martyrs", the results suggest that the 2011 protests have reduced intra-household differences in labor force participation between husband and wife, through an added-worker effect. The second chapter examines whether temporary international migration enables returnees to climb the occupational ladder compared to non-migrants. Using an instrumental variable approach, Difference-in-Differences and Difference-in-Differences matching techniques, the results suggest that return migration increases the probability of upward occupational mobility, in particular for returnees who belong to the upper end of the educational distribution. The third chapter examines the effects of the first and second waves of Egyptian protests, on voting outcomes during Egypt’s first free presidential elections. The main finding of this chapter is that higher exposure to protests’ intensity leads to a higher share of votes for former regime candidates, both during the first and second rounds of Egypt’s first presidential elections after the uprisings. Results also suggest that the protests led to a conservative backlash, alongside negative economic expectations, general dissatisfaction with government performance, decreasing levels of trust towards public institutions, and increasing recognition of limitations on civil and political liberties.

This MA thesis will discuss the reception of common, non-scholarly polytheists (pagans) to the persecution of Christians from the early empire until the Great Persecution (303-313, 322-324). Though modern scholars have addressed this issue and asserted that there was a change in attitude, many have not developed this into anything more than a passing statement. When chronologically analyzing the Christian acts, passions, letters, and speeches recounting the deaths of martyrs deemed historically authentic, and accounting for the literary and biblical topoi, we can demonstrate that the position of non-Christians changed. The methodology of this thesis will chronologically assess the martyr acts, passions, speeches, and letters which are historically accurate after literary and biblical topoi are addressed. These sources are available in the appendix. Throughout this analysis, we will see two currents. The primary current will seek to discern the change in pagan reception of anti-Christian persecution, while the second current will draw attention to the Roman concept of religio and superstitio, both important in understanding civic religion which upheld the pax deorum and defined loyalty to the Roman order through material sacrifices and closely connected to one's citizenship. Religio commonly denoted proper ritual practices, while superstitio defined irregular forms of worship which may endanger the state. As we will see, Christians were feared and persecuted because it was believed that their cult would anger the gods and disrupt the cosmological order. The analysis will begin with a discussion centered on the "accusatory" approach to the Christian church during the first two centuries when the Roman state relied on provincial delatores (denounces) to legislate against the cult. During the first two centuries persecution was mostly provincial, sporadic and was not centrally-directed. We will see that provincial mobs were the most violent during the first two centuries. During the third century the actions of the imperial authority changed and began following an "inquisitorial" approach with the accession of Emperors Decius and Valerian, the former enacting an edict of universal sacrifices while the latter undertook the first Empire-wide initiative to crush the Christian community. It is during the third century that the attitude of non-elite pagans may have begun to change. This will be suggested when discussing the martyrdom of Pionius. When discussing the fourth century Great Persecution under the Diocletianic tetrarchy, it will be suggested that the pagan populace may have begun to look upon the small Christian community sympathetically. The thesis will conclude with the victory of Constantine over Licinius and the slow but steady rise of Christianity to prominence, becoming the official religio of the empire with traditional paganism relegated to the status of a superstitio.

A cartografia produzida por membros da Companhia de Jesus foi essencial para o conhecimento geográfico de diversas partes do mundo. Os religiosos tinham contato, muitas vezes de maneira informal, com as práticas envolvidas no ofício cartográfico, dentro das possibilidades e necessidades de cada contexto de missionação. No caso da Província Jesuítica do Paraguai, a matemática, a astronomia e os relatos geográficos deram à ordem religiosa a possibilidade de criar uma representação da região que figurou como a mais importante fonte de informações sobre o local para os geógrafos europeus dos séculos XVII e XVIII. As representações espaciais do Paraguai dos jesuítas estão consubstanciadas na série de mapas da \"Paraquariae Provinciae\". Tal documentação fortaleceu a justificativa para a missionação na região. No século das Luzes, a presença da Companhia de Jesus no Paraguai foi duramente questionada pelos filósofos e administradores ilustrados. Esta investigação sobre a representação da Província Jesuítica do Paraguai na cartografia missionária evidencia como tais imagens foram reproduzidas pelos críticos da Ordem religiosa, tendo sido reelaboradas pela proapaganda antijesuítica. / The maps produced by members of the Society of Jesus was essentials to the geographical knowledge of various parts of the world. The priests had contact, often informally, with the pratices involved in the cartography profession, within the possibilities and needs of each missionary zeal surrounding context. In the case of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, mathematics, astronomy and geography reports, gave the possibility of creating a representation of the region which ranked as the most important source of information about the region for the european geographers of the XVII and XVIII centuries. The spatial representations of the Jesuits of Paraguay, is embodied in a series of maps \"Paraquariae Provinciae\". Such documentation strenghtened the justification for the missionary presence in the region. In the age of Enlightenment, the presence of the Jesuits in Paraguai was harshly questioned by philosophers and administrators illustrated. This research on the representation of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay in the mapping, shows how the se images were reproduced by critics of the Society of Jesus, having been re-developed by jesuit enemies.

No description available.

A cartografia produzida por membros da Companhia de Jesus foi essencial para o conhecimento geográfico de diversas partes do mundo. Os religiosos tinham contato, muitas vezes de maneira informal, com as práticas envolvidas no ofício cartográfico, dentro das possibilidades e necessidades de cada contexto de missionação. No caso da Província Jesuítica do Paraguai, a matemática, a astronomia e os relatos geográficos deram à ordem religiosa a possibilidade de criar uma representação da região que figurou como a mais importante fonte de informações sobre o local para os geógrafos europeus dos séculos XVII e XVIII. As representações espaciais do Paraguai dos jesuítas estão consubstanciadas na série de mapas da \"Paraquariae Provinciae\". Tal documentação fortaleceu a justificativa para a missionação na região. No século das Luzes, a presença da Companhia de Jesus no Paraguai foi duramente questionada pelos filósofos e administradores ilustrados. Esta investigação sobre a representação da Província Jesuítica do Paraguai na cartografia missionária evidencia como tais imagens foram reproduzidas pelos críticos da Ordem religiosa, tendo sido reelaboradas pela proapaganda antijesuítica. / The maps produced by members of the Society of Jesus was essentials to the geographical knowledge of various parts of the world. The priests had contact, often informally, with the pratices involved in the cartography profession, within the possibilities and needs of each missionary zeal surrounding context. In the case of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, mathematics, astronomy and geography reports, gave the possibility of creating a representation of the region which ranked as the most important source of information about the region for the european geographers of the XVII and XVIII centuries. The spatial representations of the Jesuits of Paraguay, is embodied in a series of maps \"Paraquariae Provinciae\". Such documentation strenghtened the justification for the missionary presence in the region. In the age of Enlightenment, the presence of the Jesuits in Paraguai was harshly questioned by philosophers and administrators illustrated. This research on the representation of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay in the mapping, shows how the se images were reproduced by critics of the Society of Jesus, having been re-developed by jesuit enemies.

Cette recherche est une étude de cas du Concours d'idée en planification urbaine pour la reconstruction de la Place des Martyrs, un concours international tenu à Beyrouth en 2004-2005. Partant d'une posture sociologique, l'étude s'intéresse à l'architecture, et tout particulièrement à la transformation de la forme et du rôle de la place publique, comme étant autant de phénomènes révélateurs de l'évolution de la question mémorielle dans le contexte de la reconstruction nationale depuis la fin de la guerre civile libanaise en 1990. La Place des Martyrs, de par sa situation exceptionnelle au centre-ville de Beyrouth, et par son rôle historique de haut-lieu de la sociabilité, constitue le coeur de la nation libanaise et incarne, sur le plan symbolique, l'espoir d'une réconciliation d'envergure entre toutes les factions de la société libanaise. Cependant, le processus de reconstruction du centre-ville de Beyrouth prend un virage inattendu en étant confié, au milieu des années 1990, à une société foncière, ce qui menace de faire tomber dans la désuétude des enjeux de nature sociologique au profit d'une logique purement spéculative. Face à cette menace, cette recherche met en avant deux critères permettant de mesurer l'atteinte des objectifs de l'architecture quant aux enjeux propres à la reconstruction de la Place des Martyrs, et qui sont l'exigence de créer, simultanément, un lieu de mémoire et un lieu de rencontre. Les trois propositions gagnantes au concours font l'objet d'une analyse poussée s'effectuant en deux volets: une analyse de discours pour le texte accompagnant chaque proposition, et une lecture de l'espace des plans et des projections 3D. Les résultats de la recherche mettent en lumière trois modalités de traitement de l'espace qui constituent, en lien avec les textes justificatifs les accompagnant, de véritables discours sur la ville et la mémoire. Face au défi de reconstruire un espace public surchargé sur le plan symbolique, les équipes d'architectes à l'étude dans cette recherche choisissent, respectivement, de faire imploser la place publique, de la niveler et de la fragmenter, ce qui renvoie à des considérations générales quant à l'évolution de la pensée architecturale contemporaine. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Beyrouth, Liban, Place des Martyrs, Mémoire, Rencontre, Place publique, Espace public, Concours d'architecture, Reconstruction, Guerre civile, Architecture, Planification urbaine, Occultation, Lecture de l'espace.

Thesis (D.Min.)--South Florida Center for Theological Studies, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.P.S.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [63]-64).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-192).