When a temperature differential is applied across a semiconductor, a thermal voltage develops across it in response. The ratio of this thermal voltage to the applied temperature differential is the Seebeck coefficient, a transport coefficient that complements measurements of electrical and thermal conductivity. The physical interpretation of the Seebeck coefficient is the entropy per charge carrier divided by its charge and is hence a direct measurement of the carrier entropy in the solid state. This PhD thesis has three major outcomes. The first major outcome is a demonstration of how the Seebeck coefficient can be used as a tool to quantify the role of energetic disorder in organic semiconductors. To this end, a microfabricated chip was designed to perform accurate measurements of the Seebeck coefficient within the channel of the active layer in a field-effect transistor (FET). When measured within an FET, the Seebeck coefficient can be modulated using the gate electrode. The extent to which the Seebeck coefficient is modulated gives a clear idea of charge carrier trapping and the distribution of the density of states within the organic semiconductor. The second major outcome of this work is the observation that organic semiconducting polymers show Seebeck coefficients that are temperature independent and strongly gate voltage modulated. The extent to which the Seebeck coefficient is modulated in the polymer PBTTT is found to be larger than that in the polymer IDTBT. Taken together with conventional charge transport measurements on IDTBT, the voltage modulated Seebeck coefficient confirms the existence of a vanishingly small energetic disorder in this material. In the third and final outcome of this thesis, the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient is shown to be larger for organic small molecules as compared to organic polymers. The basis for this is not yet clear. There are reports that such an observation is substantiated through a larger contribution from vibrational entropy that adds to the so called entropy-of-mixing contribution so as to boost the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient in organic small molecules. As of now, this remains an open question and is a potential starting point for future work. The practical implications of this PhD thesis lie in building cost-effective and environmentally friendly waste-heat to useful energy converters based on organic polymers. The efficiency of heat to energy conversion by organic polymers tends to be higher than that for conventional semiconductors owing to the presence of narrow bands in organic polymer semiconductors.

LL.M. (International Commercial Law) / Legal judgements against unsuccessful defendants are handed down around the world on a daily basis, but their enforcement can become a complicated matter when the enforcement of the judgement must occur outside the territorial boundaries of the state from which it emanates. The purpose of this paper is to determine the enforceability of judgements of the European courts whereby the jurisdiction of the court was determined in terms of Brussels I. This paper begins with an in-depth discussion of the principles of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements and the purpose it serves within the context of private international law. The second chapter discusses recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements in South Africa. The requirements and the criteria necessary to fulfil such requirements will be discussed under this heading. The third chapter considers the various grounds of jurisdiction available to the plaintiff in approaching a court of a European Union State. Each ground will be followed by a discussion on the enforceability of a judgement, founded on such a ground of jurisdiction, in terms of the South African principles of recognition and enforcements of foreign judgements and whether the requirements discussed in the preceding chapter have been met. Chapter 4 provides concluding remarks relating to the matters discussed in the body of this paper.

Examination of the relationship of musicianship and educatorship of teacher and students as interacting partners in a specific musical context proceeded with investigation of how formal, informal, impressionistic, and supervisory musical and educational knowledge were evidenced in rehearsal. Attention was also given to how the teaching strategies of modeling, coaching, scaffolding, fading, articulating, reflecting comparatively, and exploring were used to develop student musicianship. The research methodology may best be described as an inductive analytical case study approach. Multiple data sources included: videotaped observations of 19 bi-weekly rehearsals, audio taped interviews of the 12 participants, supplemental materials, (a published interview, journal articles, rehearsal schedules), and member checking with the teacher and David Elliott. Rehearsal data were initially organized into categories identified in David J. Elliott's (1995) model. The relationship of teacher and student musicianship, and teacher educatorship emerged during analysis. Musical details of problem finding, reducing and solving were also identified. Three themes emerged from the student interviews: their perceptions of the teacher's musicianship, general rehearsal strategies, and the teacher's use of specific teaching strategies. Interviews with the teacher illuminated his perception of musicianship and teaching strategies employed in the context. The findings confirmed that as music making transpired in the rehearsals, the kinds of knowing present in the musicianship of teacher and students and the teacher's educatorship were not only intertwined but were utilized at the same time. The level of student musicianship was allied to the relationship of the teacher's musicianship and educatorship. The intricate relationship between the kinds of procedural knowledge that Elliott identifies as integral to music making and music teaching are illustrated in a set of diagrams. Additionally, they show the wide range of technical and musical problems the teacher and students solved together in order for the multifarious nature of the vocal jazz repertoire to be performed effectively in a series of concerts.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study intends to analyze the educational subjects in the Cidade Nova magazine, within the period of 1980 through 2005, based on articles and letters of the readers. It has as theoretical support the categories of representation, appropriation and materiality, of Roger Chartier; civilization, of Norbert Elias; field, of Pierre Bourdieu and charism, of Max Weber; beyond the local and national production on educational and catholic periodic press. The investigation is associated to estimated matters on the New Cultural History and the History of the Education and contributes for the understanding of the linkings between educational practices and printed matters in the analyzed period. / O presente estudo pretende analisar os temas educacionais publicados na revista Cidade Nova , no período de 1980 a 2005, através dos artigos e das cartas de seus leitores. Tem como aportes teóricos as categorias de representação, apropriação e materialidade, de Roger Chartier; civilização, de Norbert Elias; campo, de Pierre Bourdieu e carisma, de Max Weber; além da produção local e nacional sobre imprensa periódica educacional e católica. A investigação vincula-se aos pressupostos da Nova História Cultural e da História da Educação e contribui para a compreensão das relações entre práticas educacionais e impressos no período analisado.

La matière particulaire est un agent nocif pour la santé humaine et la réduction de sa concentration atmosphérique est nécessaire dans une approche de santé publique. L’atteinte de cet objectif passe par, entre autres, la captation des particules par la végétation. La question que nous nous sommes posés est: quel est le potentiel de captation des arbres publics dans la ville de Montréal. Comme site à l’étude, nous avons choisi les grands parcs, car leur végétation arborescente couvre un pourcentage important de leur surface. Le modèle de captation de la matière particulaire du logiciel i-Tree a été utilisé pour définir la capacité de purification de l’air selon les caractéristiques spécifiques de chaque parc. Ces caractéristiques comprennent l’indice de surface foliaire des arbres (LAI) et l’étendue des canopées, les conditions météorologiques ainsi que les concentrations des particules dans l’air. Plusieurs méthodes et techniques de calcul de ces paramètres ont été testés et les plus appropriées retenues pour le calcul des intrants. Les calculs ont été faits sur une base journalière pour l’ensemble de l’année 2017. Les résultats montrent que le total des particules captées pendant l’année 2017 s’élève à un peu plus que 3.5 tonnes pour les quatorze parcs évalués. Selon nos calculs, la majeure partie de ces particules a été lessivée au sol par les pluies et un faible pourcentage a été remis en circulation. Un test de validation des résultats in situ n’a pas été concluant. Il n’en demeure pas moins que les résultats sont similaires aux résultats des recherches effectuées dans d’autres villes Nord-Américaines avec le modèle d’i-Tree. Ces résultats montrent que le rôle des arbres pour la purification de l’air est important tout au moins localement. Les possibilités d’améliorer les méthodes de calcul des intrants du modèle de captation sont également discutées. / Particulate matter is an agent harmful to human health and reducing its atmospheric concentration is necessary from a public health approach. Achieving this objective requires, among other things, the capture of particles by vegetation. Our research question was what is the potential of public trees in the city of Montreal for capturing such particles. We chose large parks as our study site, because trees cover a significant percentage of their surface. The particulate matter capture model of the i-Tree software was used to define the air purification capacity according to the specific characteristics of each park. These characteristics include tree leaf area index (LAI) and canopy extent, weather conditions, and particulate matter concentrations in the air. Several methods and techniques for calculating these parameters were tested and the most appropriate ones used for the calculation of inputs to the model. Calculations were made on a daily basis for the whole of 2017. The results show that just over 3.5 tonnes of particles were captured for the fourteen parks evaluated over this period. According to our calculations, most of these particles were leached to the ground by rain and a small percentage were put back into circulation. A validation test of the results in situ was inconclusive. The fact remains that the results are similar to those of research carried out in other North American cities with the i-Tree model. These results show that the role of trees for air purification is important at least locally. Possibilities for improving the methods of calculating the inputs for the capture model are also discussed.

Plea-bargaining and sentencing agreement is a worldwide phenomenon. Most of the jurisdictions more particularly in the so-called developed countries have adopted and incorporated into their criminal justice system the concept of plea-bargaining and sentence agreement. Same has properly been legislated and documented. In the United States for example, more than 80 per cent of the criminal matters are disposed of through plea-bargaining between the prosecution authority and the defendants. This system of disposing of criminal matters through plea-bargaining and sentence agreement has saved states resources and saved courts’ time. Although the system causes the accused to face a dilemma whenever he or she is supposed to make a choice between waiving his or her constitutional right to trial and pleading guilty. The plea-bargaining system has proved itself in many jurisdictions to be very efficient particularly in completing criminal cases without inordinate delays / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Government of Botswana / Procedural Law / LLM / unrestricted

This dissertation provides a comprehensive account of diversions in the criminal proceedings, which constitute an important part of the modern criminal process. The introduction of the dissertation deals with the reasons for introducing of alternative ways of dealing with criminal matters into Czech criminal law and its current taxonomy. This is followed by a broad description of the development of the term "diversion" in the criminal proceedings and the current understanding of this term in Czech law (where is a plurality of opinion in this respect). In connection therewith, the author presents her opinion on the elements of a diversion, and subsequently questions, whether several instruments used in the criminal proceedings should be categorized as a diversion. The aforementioned is followed by a theoretical treatise on the international initiatives in the area of diversions in the criminal proceedings, after which the most significant milestones in the genesis of the various forms of diversion in Czech criminal proceedings are already mentioned; at the same time the constitutional and international limitations connected with these institutes are discussed. The thesis also deals in detail with the very nature and purpose of diversions in the criminal proceedings. The second part of the thesis is...

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This diploma thesis deals with counselling management for families of deceased persons in practical matters. The goal of the work is to to describe the contemporary practical reality of social services in counselling for families and survivors. Another aim is to identify the matters in which help for survivors is most necessary. The research in this thesis is qualitative and uses semi-structured interviews as a primary method. It focuses on two groups of respondents, one of which consists of social services managers, while the other includes survivors who have experienced the practical matters of caring for a family member or their decease. The semi-structured interviews are analysed using open coding and subsequently split into categories which emerged from data analysis. Recommendations for social service managers are presented in the conclusion of the thesis based on the results of research surveys. These recommendations include suggestions on counselling for survivors in practical matters. Keywords: expert social counselling, counselling for survivors, paliative care, social services, practical matters

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