This master thesis describes a study of the main battle tank dynamics in order to investigate the fire precision when a tank is driving in terrain. A model has been developed to simulate the dynamic interaction between the tank's hull and the ground irregularity in MATLAB and SIMULINK through the modelling of the tank's dynamics. Two different models of suspension system have been analysed. One linear model and one hydro-pneumatic model. Further the contribution from the cannon's recoil has been modelled to investigate its contribution to the dynamics of the vehicle. The models developed are on system level and is to be implemented in a larger model. Therefore are the models simplified and the thesis investigates to what degree of simplification the models will accurately predict the movement of the tank. / Denna examensarbete beskriver en studie på stridsvagnsdynamik för att undersöka precision av målträff när stridsvagnen framförs i terräng. En modell har utvecklats för att simulera hur stridsvagnar påverkas av underlagets variation i MATLAB och SIMULINK genom att modellera stridsvagnens dynamik. Två olika former av stötdämpare har undersökts, en linjär modell samt en hydro-pneumatisk modell. Även bidraget från kanonen's avfyrning har modellerats för att se hur rekylens bidrag påverkar rörelsen av stridsvagnen. Målet med studien var att ta fram en så förenklad modell som möjligt. Flera modeller har därför utvecklats för att jämföra förenklingsgraden.

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With modern computer systems becoming more and more complicated, theimportance of rigorous testing to ensure the quality of the product increases.This, however, means that the cost to perform tests also increases. In orderto address this problem, a lot of research has been conducted during thelast years to find a more automated way of testing software systems. Inthis thesis, different algorithms to automatically explore and test a systemhave been implemented and evaluated. In addition to this, a second setof algorithms have been implemented with the objective to isolate whichinteractions with the system were responsible for a failure. These algorithmswere also evaluated and compared against each other. In the first evaluationtwo explorers, which I called DeBruijn and LStarExplorer, were consideredsuperior to the other. The first used a DeBruijn sequence to brute forcea solution while the second used the L*-algorithm to build an FSM overthe system under test. This FSM could then be used to provide a moreaccurate description for when the failure occurred. The result from thesecond evaluation were two reducers which both tried to recreate a failureby first applying interactions performed just before the failure occurred. Ifthis was not successful, they tried interactions further and further away, untilthe failure was triggered. In addition to this, the thesis contains descriptionsabout the framework used to run the different strategies. / D ̊a v ̊ara moderna datasystem blir allt mer komplicerade,  ̈okar detta st ̈andigtbehovet av rigor ̈osa tester f ̈or att s ̈akerst ̈alla kvaliteten p ̊a den slutgiltiga pro-dukten. Det h ̈ar inneb ̈ar dock att kostnaden f ̈or att utf ̈ora testerna ocks ̊ao  ̈ kar. F ̈or att f ̈ors ̈oka hitta en l ̈osning p ̊a det h ̈ar problemet har forsknin-gen under senare tid arbetat med att ta fram automatiserade metoder atttesta mjukvarusystem. I den h ̈ar uppsatsen har olika algoritmer, f ̈or attutforska och testa ett system, implementerats och utv ̈arderats. D ̈arut ̈overhar ocks ̊a en grupp algoritmer implementerats som ska kunna isolera vilkainteraktioner med ett system som f ̊ar det att fallera.  ̈aven dessa algoritmerhar utv ̈arderats och testats mot varandra. Resultatet fr ̊an det f ̈orsta ex-perimentet var tv ̊a explorers, h ̈ar kallade DeBruijn och LStarExplorer, somvisade sig vara b ̈attre  ̈an de andra. Den f ̈orsta av dessa anv ̈ande en DeBruijn-sekvens f ̈or att hitta felen, medan den andra anv ̈ande en L*-algoritm f ̈or attbygga upp en FSM  ̈over systemet. Den h ̈ar FSM:en kunde sedan anv ̈andasf ̈or att mer precist beskriva n ̈ar felet uppstod. Resultatet fr ̊an det andraexperimentet var tv ̊a reducers, vilka b ̊ada f ̈ors ̈okte  ̊aterskapa fel genom attf ̈orst applicera interaktioner som ursprungligen utf ̈ordes percis innan feletuppstod. Om felet inte kunde  ̊aterskapas p ̊a detta s ̈att, fortsatte de medatt applicera interaktioner l ̈angre bort tills felet kunde  ̊aterskapas. Ut ̈overdetta inneh ̊aller uppsatsen ocks ̊a beskrivningar av ramverken som anv ̈andsf ̈or att k ̈ora de olika strategierna.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-27T18:21:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LAÍSA HELENA OLIVEIRA DO NASCIMENTO - DISS PPGCC 2008..pdf: 1446971 bytes, checksum: 3622ab4c366ab0a686c4f32d688c13b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:21:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAÍSA HELENA OLIVEIRA DO NASCIMENTO - DISS PPGCC 2008..pdf: 1446971 bytes, checksum: 3622ab4c366ab0a686c4f32d688c13b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Processos de teste de software vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaço na indústria. Empresas têm investindo na definição e formalização dos seus processos e em meio a essa mudança de comportamento, Model-Based Testing (MBT) apresenta-se como uma técnica promissora de teste. No entanto, a utilização de MBT ainda é baixa e pesquisadores têm focado em maneiras de superar as barreiras para que se obtenha uma adoção maior por parte da indústria. O mundo empresarial é movido a processos e resultados. Dessa forma, o uso de MBT precisa se adaptar aos processos existentes, e estudos de caso que evidenciem as vantagens de sua utilização precisam ser conduzidos. Neste trabalho, o paradigma Goal Question Metric é utilizado na definição de modelos de medição que têm como foco principal a avaliação e o acompanhamento do desempenho de MBT sem causar impacto ao processo de teste já existente. Os modelos de medição consideram métricas como esforço, percentual de requisitos testáveis cobertos, percentual de casos de teste modificados, percentual de falhas,dentre outros. Os modelos não estão atrelados ao processo de MBT apresentado, podendo ser aplicados em qualquer processo que permita a coleta dos dados necessários para o cálculo das métricas. Para validar os modelos, estudos de caso foram conduzidos dentro do ambiente de testes da Motorola. / Software testing processes have become more common in industry. Companies are investing on the definition and the formalization of their test processes and, in this context, Model-Based Testing (MBT) appears as an interesting testing technique. However, industrial adoption of MBT remains low and researchers are also focusing on how to beat the barriers to wide adoption. Processes and results move the business world so, MBT processes must be adaptable to actual testing processes. For this, experiments to evaluate the results achieved with its use must be conduct. In this work, measurement models based on the Goal Question Metric methodology are proposed. The purpose is evaluating the use of MBT without increasing actual testing process costs. The models focus on aspects as effort, testable requirements coverage, modified test cases, failures, among others. The models are not associated with the MBT process presented. They can be applied with any process that allows metrics collection. In order to validate the measurement models, case studies were conducted into Motorola testing environment.

L'urée, apportée dans les engrais, fournit aux plantes l'azote nécessaire à leur croissance. Dans le sol, elle est convertie en ammoniac par les uréases, puis, via le procédé de nitrification, est oxydée en nitrites, puis en nitrates, éléments essentiels pour la nutrition des plantes. Mais, cet apport artificiel conduit à de nombreux déséquilibres écologiques dus à d'importants rejets d'azote au niveau atmosphérique et aquatique. C'est pourquoi les inhibiteurs d'uréases et de la nitrification, qui régulent la présence des différentes formes de l'azote dans le sol, sont d'un intérêt majeur en agriculture. Dans le cadre du projet AZOSTIMER, nous avons voulu améliorer l'efficacité du MBT, inhibiteur de la nitrification, et du NBPT, inhibiteur d'uréases. Nous avons tout d'abord souhaité améliorer l'hydrosolubilité, et ainsi la biodisponibilité du MBT et d'un homologue, le MBI, par mise à profit du concept de prodrogue. Ces molécules ont été conjuguées à des sucres par synthèse glycosidique et une famille d'inhibiteurs glycosylés a été préparée. Par la suite, les propriétés physico-chimiques (solubilité, stabilité), biologiques (écotoxicité, activité) et le comportement dans les sols (dégradabilité, mobilité) ont été évalués. Dans un second temps, nous avons voulu prolonger l'activité du NBPT dans les sols acides en limitant sa dégradation, soit par encapsulation dans une formulation, soit par modulations chimiques. De nombreuses formulations du NBPT ont été développées puis évaluées (stabilité en milieu acide, activité dans les sols). Des phosphoramides ont été synthétisés et évalués afin de mettre en évidence des relations structure-stabilité chimique et structure-activité.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T20:00:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO GOMES DE OLIVEIRA NETO - TESE PPGCC 2014..pdf: 5163454 bytes, checksum: 228c1fc4f2dc9aad01698011238cfde1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T20:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO GOMES DE OLIVEIRA NETO - TESE PPGCC 2014..pdf: 5163454 bytes, checksum: 228c1fc4f2dc9aad01698011238cfde1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / uring software maintenance, several modifications can be performed in a specification model in order to satisfy new requirements. Perform regression testing on modified software is known to be a costly and laborious task. Test case selection, test case prioritization, test suite minimisation,among other methods,aim to reduce these costs by selecting or prioritizing a subset of test cases so that less time, effort and thus money are involved in performing regression testing. In this doctorate research, we explore the general problem of automatically selecting test cases in a model-based testing (MBT) process where specification models were modified. Our technique, named Similarity Approach for Regression Testing (SART), selects subset of test cases traversing modified regions of a software system’s specification model. That strategy relies on similarity-based test case selection where similarities between test cases from different software versions are analysed to identify modified elements in a model. In addition, we propose an evaluation approach named Search Based Model Generation for Technology Evaluation (SBMTE) that is based on stochastic model generation and search-based techniques to generate large samples of realistic models to allow experiments with model-based techniques. Based on SBMTE,researchers are able to develop model generator tools to create a space of models based on statistics from real industrial models, and eventually generate samples from that space in order to perform experiments. Here we developed a generator to create instances of Annotated Labelled Transitions Systems (ALTS), to be used as input for our MBT process and then perform an experiment with SART.In this experiment, we were able to conclude that SART’s percentage of test suite size reduction is robust and able to select a sub set with an average of 92% less test cases, while ensuring coverage of all model modification and revealing defects linked to model modifications. Both SART and our experiment are executable through the LTS-BT tool, enabling researchers to use our selections trategy andr eproduce our experiment. / During software maintenance, several modifications can be performed in a specification model in order to satisfy new requirements. Perform regression testing on modified software is known to be a costly and laborious task. Test case selection, test case prioritization, test suite minimisation,among other methods,aim to reduce these costs by selecting or prioritizing a subset of test cases so that less time, effort and thus money are involved in performing regression testing. In this doctorate research, we explore the general problem of automatically selecting test cases in a model-based testing (MBT) process where specification models were modified. Our technique, named Similarity Approach for Regression Testing (SART), selects subset of test cases traversing modified regions of a software system’s specification model. That strategy relies on similarity-based test case selection where similarities between test cases from different software versions are analysed to identify modified elements in a model. In addition, we propose an evaluation approach named Search Based Model Generation for Technology Evaluation (SBMTE) that is based on stochastic model generation and search-based techniques to generate large samples of realistic models to allow experiments with model-based techniques. Based on SBMTE,researchers are able to develop model generator tools to create a space of models based on statistics from real industrial models, and eventually generate samples from that space in order to perform experiments. Here we developed a generator to create instances of Annotated Labelled Transitions Systems (ALTS), to be used as input for our MBT process and then perform an experiment with SART.In this experiment, we were able to conclude that SART’s percentage of test suite size reduction is robust and able to select a sub set with an average of 92% less test cases, while ensuring coverage of all model modification and revealing defects linked to model modifications. Both SART and our experiment are executable through the LTS-BT tool, enabling researchers to use our selections trategy andr eproduce our experiment.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-04T22:31:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA EMÍLIA VICTOR BARBOSA COUTINHO - TESE PPGCC 2015..pdf: 3805756 bytes, checksum: 2bee7d8777dfd753eb994680cd2bb6c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-04T22:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA EMÍLIA VICTOR BARBOSA COUTINHO - TESE PPGCC 2015..pdf: 3805756 bytes, checksum: 2bee7d8777dfd753eb994680cd2bb6c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / Capes

Software testing is considered as one of the key phases in the software-development life cycle (SDLC). The main objective of software testing is to detect the faults either through manual testing or with automated testing approach. The most commonly adopted software testing approach in industries is test case based testing (TCBT) which is usually done manually. TCBT is mainly used by the software testers to formalize and guide their testing activities and set theoretical principals for testing. On the other hand, model based testing (MBT) is widely used automation software testing technique to generate and execute the tests. Both techniques are showing their prominence in real time with some pros and cons. However, there is no formal comparison available between these two techniques. The main objective of this thesis work is to find out the difference in test cases in TCBT and MBT in terms of providing better test coverage ( Statement, Branch and Path), requirement traceability, cost and time. To fulfill the aims of the research we have conducted interviews for static validation, and later we did an experiment for validating those results dynamically. The analysis of experiment results showed that the requirement traceability in MBT generated test cases are very hard to make the test cases traceable to the requirements, particularly with the open-source tool Model J-Unit. However, this can be done by using other commercial tools like Microsoft Spec Explorer or Conformiq Qtronic. Furthermore, we found by conducting experiment, that MBT consumes less time thus it is cost-effective as compared to TCBT and also MBT show better test coverage than TCBT. Moreover, we found that, in our case, requirement traceability is better in traditional TCBT approach as compared to MBT. / +4746851975

Large and complex software that is frequently changed leads to testing challenges. It is well established that the later a fault is detected in software development, the more it costs to fix. This thesis aims to research and develop a method of generating relevant and non-redundant test cases for a regression test suite, to catch bugs as early in the development process as possible. The research was executed at Axis Communications AB with their products and systems in mind. The approach utilizes user data to dynamically generate a Markov chain model and with a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, strengthen that model. The model generates test case proposals, detects test gaps, and identifies redundant test cases based on the user data and data from a test suite. The sampling in the Markov chain Monte Carlo method can be modified to bias the model for test coverage or relevancy. The model is generated generically and can therefore be implemented in other API-driven systems. The model was designed with scalability in mind and further implementations can be made to increase the complexity and further specialize the model for individual needs.

Under två decennier har utvecklare inom mjukvarutestning utvecklat testtekniken Modell-baseradtestning. Tekniken bygger på att man genererar testfall från en modell (tex i UML), istället föratt manuallet skriva testfall. Detta kan göra testprocessen mer effektiv, vilket leder till att merarbeten kan göras på kortare tid. Det kan också ses som en ekonomiskt fördel för företag därtestning är huvudområdet. Modell-baserad testning har goda omdömen och teorin för teknikenär väl dokumenterad i artiklar, arbeten samt böcker. Mycket tyder på att tekniken rent teoretisktär användbar i praktiken dessutom finns det väldigt lite kritik mot tekniken. Men trots alltdetta har Modell-baserad testning inte blomstrat inom IT-industrin.Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på vad anledningarna skulle kunna vara till att MBT intelyckats bättre inom industrin. I arbetet används tre olika MBT-verktyg för att testa och sedanjämföra om resultatet i praktiken blir som teorin beskriver tekniken. Studiens resultat pekar påatt tekniken fortfarande är omogen och många brister kring Modell-baserad testning stöts på. / For two decades, software testing developers have developed the Model-based testing technique.The technology is based on generating test cases from a model (e.g. in UML) instead of manuallywriting test cases. This can make the test process more efficient, which leads to more workcan be done in less time. It can also be seen as an economic benefit for companies where testingis the main area. Model-based testing has good reviews and the theory of the technique is welldocumented in articles, works and books. There are many indications that the technology istheoretically useful in practice, with a very few criticisms of the technology. Despite all this,Model-based testing has not expanded in the IT industry.The purpose of this study is to find out what the reasons could be to the fact that MBTdid not succeed better in the industry. In this thesis, three different MBT tools are used totest and then compare whether the result in practice becomes as the theory describes the technique.The result of the study indicates the opposite direction and many shortcomings regardingModel-based testing come across.