Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-230).

The aim of this thesis is to examine the topic of nature in novelistic oeuvre of American author Cormac McCarthy. This thesis pursues all ten novels, which are divided into three sections according to the region they are associated with. Ecocriticism was chosen as an approach; therefore, the first chapter deals with a short introduction to this interdisciplinary field. The aim of this thesis is to prove that the nature is a core aspect in Cormac McCarthy's novels, the significance of which lays both in description of American spaces and an ecological appeal on transformation of the anthropocentric perspective on the environment.

M.A. / Even at a superficial glance there seems to be remarkable similarities between the "Border trilogy" of the American author Cormac McCarthy and the work of the Afrikaans author Alexander Strachan. The last three novels by McCarthy, All the Pretty Horses (1992), The Crossing (1994) and Cities of the Plain (1999), are referred to as the "Border trilogy". The first three novels by Strachan are also sometimes referred to as a "trilogy". Frontiers/borders are important in the novels under discussion: The Crossing (1994), Die jakkalsjagter (1990) and Die werfbobbejaan (1994). The Crossing is the second novel of the 'Border trilogy". The title of Strachan's fist work is 'n Wereld sonder grense ("A world without borders"). In The Crossing tracking a wolf plays an important role while Die jakkalsjagter is about hunting a jackal. Die werfbobbejaan is about hunting down a baboon. Both McCarthy's and Strachan's works have been compared to the Western (films/novels dealing with the cowboys of North America). These superficial similarities seem to invite further comparison. The following themes are present in both authors' works and are compared in this study: The world can never be known The world is incomprehensible. It is constantly changing and always out of reach. The world is like "a snowflake" and like "breath" and cannot be held, because it only exists in people's hearts. The world is also incomprehensible in Strachan's work, because all certainties are undermined. Khera cannot understand Zuhiland in the same "logical" way that she could understand her world in Cape Town. The strange stories told by the people in Zululand (izinganekwane) make her aware of supernatural powers. Nothing can really be known about the world. The story that the witness tells becomes the world All objects are without meaning unless their stories are known. Truth is only to be found in narration. The world exists in narration. Therefore "the witness is all". Free will and predetermination The view of the world and our destiny in the world in The Crossing is compared with the view of the world in Die jakkalsjagter and Die werfbobbejaan. There is not one final answer to the question of determinism and free will in The Crossing. On the one hand it seems that history happens according to a predetermined plan of God. On the other hand it seems that human beings can make decisions and be in control. In this novel we find the idea that the future and the past can only be known as it exists in the present. The Strachan novels, Die jakkalsjagter en Die werfbobbejaan, reflect a certain determinism. Everything heads towards a final showdown with the death of the old man in the sod house. Khera's actions are predetermined. Things happen without her intention. The importance of stories is found in all three novels under discussion, The Crossing, Die jakkalsjagter and Die werfbobbejaan. "Things separate from their stories have no meaning. They are only shapes. Of a certain size and color. A certain weight. When their meaning has become lost to us they no longer have even a name. The story on the other hand can never be lost from its place in the world for it is that place" (Crossing: 142-143). The importance of the story is that it gives meaning to the things. All stories are the same story. The izinganekwane could be parallelled to the corrido (Spanish tales). Both are part of a hostile country, a different language and both are old tales that seem to determine the future.

Denna uppsats undersöker intertextualitet i två texter; en multimodal text i form av ett digitalt spel och en roman. Det intertextuella begreppet utgår i huvudsak från Bakhtin och Barthes. Analysen finner åtskilliga intertextuella samband i motiv och teman mellan de båda texterna. Efter analysen följer en diskussion om implementeringen av denna form av komparativ analys i en klassrumsmiljö, där diskussionen i huvudsak utgår från Olin-Scheller.

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Following the growth of criticism related to Cormac McCarthy, this study examines the author's early works in such a way that treats the different novels as a group, deriving a worldview that functions for McCarthy's works when viewed together, as opposed to treating each novel separately as has been the only previous mode of criticism for this award-winning author. Specifically, the study examines three main themes of the first five novels in McCarthy's oeuvre: The Orchard Keeper, Outer Dark, Child of God, Suttree, and Blood Meridian: Or the Evening Redness in the West. In order, the themes are ontological equality, survival of "ruder forms," and time as it relates to permanence and transience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's texts regarding the concepts of rationality, morality, war, and philosophy itself greatly inform parts of this study, especially relating to the fifth novel, Blood Meridian. Nietzsche's notion of rationality and morality (pre-revaluation) as inimical to survival ( and his conception of war, albeit as a metaphor) directly corresponds to how McCarthy's universe functions as constructed by the characters and action of the novels.

Bakgrund: Marknadsföringen har under det senaste decenniet genomgått fundamentala förändringar och digitaliseringen har varit en del i den utvecklingen. Borden var först med att presentera marknadsföringsmixen som koncept på 1950-talet. Bordens koncept utgick från tolv punkter som praktiker kan använda sig av vid utformningen av sin marknadsföring. McCarthy utvecklade Bordens koncept och definierade marknadsföringsmixen som 4P; Produkt, Pris, Påverkan och Plats. Kotler fortsatte sedan att utveckla modellen till det som idag är en av de centrala delarna inom marknadsföring. McCarthys traditionella marknadsföringsmix med 4P används än idag, däremot har modellen inte utvecklats i samma takt som digitaliseringen. Därför anser forskare att 4P-modellen inte är aktuell i dagens marknadsföring och att modellen har begränsat utvecklingen av disciplinen. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om digitaliseringen skapat ett behov av att utveckla den traditionella marknadsföringsmixen. Metod: Uppsatsen använder en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och angriper vetenskapen med ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts vid insamling av primärdata för att sedan analyseras och tolkas i relation till sekundärdata. Analys och slutsatser: Den traditionella marknadsföringsmixen används idag som en enkel och lättförståelig grund för att operationalisera marknadsföringen. Den tillämpas däremot inte utifrån den traditionella utformningen, då den inte är anpassad efter digitaliseringen. Kunden utgör i dagens marknadsföring en större roll och digitaliseringen har möjliggjort nya sätt att nå ut till och kommunicera med kunden. Relationen mellan företag och kund är idag mer viktig och nödvändig för företagets långsiktiga tillväxt. Slutligen presenterar uppsatsen en vidareutvecklad marknadsföringsmix modell, där kunden och företaget är det centrala och att aspekter som kunderbjudande, kommunikation och relationer är viktiga komplement till denna kundorienterade modell. / Background: Marketing has over the past decade undergone fundamental changes, and the digitalization has been a part of this development. Borden was the first to present the marketing mix as a concept in the 1950s. The concept consisted of twelve factors that marketing practitioners can use in developing their marketing strategy. McCarthy developed the concept further and defined the marketing mix as 4P; Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Kotler developed McCarthy’s 4P-model to one of the most used marketing models today. The 4P- model has not developed in the same rate as the digitalization, however it is still used by practitioners and researchers today. Furthermore, some researchers consider that the 4P-model is not essential for today's marketing and claims that it has limited the development of the discipline. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to investigate whether or not the digitalization has created a need to develop the traditional marketing mix. Methodology: This paper applies a qualitative research method and uses a deductive approach to science. The primary data has been collected through semi-structured interviews, and later been analyzed and interpreted in relation to the secondary data. Analysis and conclusions: The traditional marketing mix is today used as a simple and easy-to- understand basis for operationalization of marketing. Due to the digitalization practitioners do not apply the model based on its traditional design. The customer has a major role in today's marketing and the digitalization has created new ways for businesses to reach out and communicate with the customer. The B2C-relationship is more important today and necessary for businesses long-term growth. Finally, the paper presents a further developed a customer- oriented marketing mix model where the customer and the business are surrounded by customer offering, communication and relationships.

THESIS ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the problematics and the role of American frontier and American West in Cormac McCarthy's border trilogy consisting of All the Pretty Horses (1992), The Crossing (1994) and Cities of the Plain (1999). The reading proper focuses mainly on the second novel of the trilogy, making frequent references to both the other two volumes of the trilogy and to Blood Meridian (1985), a novel directly preceding the trilogy itself. The main goal of the thesis is to demonstrate that the trilogy not only critically engages with the American nationalist ideology represented by a nostalgically conceptualized myths of the American frontier, but that it also offers its own alternative vision of the concept of the frontier and of American national identity. The thesis further claims that McCarthy's critical approach to the mythical representations of the American history bears strong resemblance to the philosophy of American pragmatism as defined by a French philosopher Giles Deleuze in his works dedicated to American thinking and culture. In his pragmatic view of American identity the frontier ceases to function in its traditional, nationalistic sense as a line of separation that divides the social and political space into binary categories, and instead it is understood as an open and...