The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to study how race is represented in four of Försvarsmakten’s video commercials published between 2016 and 2020. Försvarsmakten is a Swedish authority that in recent years has focused on increasing gender and ethnic equality within the organization, which interests us to examine if and how their efforts are transformed in their marketing communication. Considering media’s influence on the ideals and norms that exist in our society, media representations make an interesting and important area to critically study and question. Especially as previous research has shown that ethnic minorities are underrepresented or portrayed in a stereotypical or negative way that upholds racial discrimination, both in media and in reality. The aim of this essay is therefore to study if there is a difference in the representation of white people and people of color (POC) in the selected video commercials, as well as to interpret potential underlying messages and ideologies. The theory and method that will be applied is postcolonial theory and multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA). A positive tendency is shown in the final results with both white people and POC acting in leading roles and background roles. However, there is no interaction between whites and POC in any scene, and in most cases they are represented in homogeneous groups which can indicate segregation. Further on we can distinguish a difference among the roles that the characters play. Whereas POC are portrayed as civilians in all commercials, white people are portrayed as soldiers in two of the commercials. The commercials are seen as inclusive to some extent, but they don’t fully represent an integrated and equal society from a multicultural perspective. Rather, they give the impression of focusing more on gender equality within the organization as women frequently are pictured in the commercials, even as soldiers

Studien ”När den anklagade blir till offer” ämnar belysa och problematisera mediernas roll när det gäller representationen av sexualbrottsanklagelser. Medierna kan ha potentialen att påverka den allmänna opinionen om sexualbrott och det är därmed viktigt att uppmärksamma hur representationer förmedlas. Studien undersöker olika diskurser och myter i dokumentären Persona non grata som skildrar Soran Ismails mediala och personliga fall efter de våldtäktsanklagelser han mottog under 2017. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgår ifrån representationsteorin, genus och könsmaktsordningen samt våldtäktsmyter. I vår analys har metoden multimodal kritisk diskursanalys använts tillsammans med analysverktygen lexikala val, attribut och scenmiljö, sociala aktörer samt kategoriseringar inom våldtäktsmyter. Analysen resulterade i att vi kunde utläsa tre diskursiva teman som bidrog till en ojämlik representation av sexualbrottsanklagelser i dokumentären, där offrens perspektiv uteslöts. Resultatet visade att den anklagade porträtteras som offer genom de sociala aktörernas roller, samt i de kommunikativa valen när han bemöter anklagelserna. Vi fann även flera våldtäktsmyter som bidrar till hur den anklagade representeras i dokumentären — 1) Förövare utgörs enbart av enstöringar, 2) Förövare utgörs endast av underklass, 3) Förövaren är motiverad av lust, 4) Våldtäkt är lika med sex, och 5) Kvinnor använder våldtäktsanklagelser för att få uppmärksamhet. / The study "When the accused turns into the victim" intends to shed light on and problematize the media's role in the representation of sexual crime allegations. Media may have the potential to influence public opinion on sexual crime and it is therefore important to pay attention to how representations are conveyed. This study examines various discourses and myths in the documentary Persona non grata which portrays Soran Ismail's medial and personal collapse after the rape allegations he received in 2017. The study's theoretical framework is based on representation theory, gender studies and gender power structures, and rape myths. In the analysis, the method multimodal critical discourse analysis has been used together with the analysis tools lexical choices, attributes and stage environment, social actors, and categories within rape myths. The analysis resulted in three discursive themes that contributed to an unequal representation of sexual crime allegations in the documentary, where the victims' perspectives were excluded. The results showed that the accused is portrayed as a victim through the roles of the social actors, as well as in the communicative choices when responding to the accusations. Several rape myths were found that contribute to how the accused is represented in the documentary - 1) The perpetrator consists only of solitary confinement, 2) The perpetrator consists only of the underclass, 3) The perpetrator is motivated by lust, 4) Rape is equal to sex, and 5) Women uses rape allegations to get attention.

<p dir="ltr">Highway safety continues to pose a serious challenge to the social sustainability of transportation systems, and initiatives are being pursued at all levels of government to reduce the high fatality count of 42,000. At the same time, it is sought to ensure higher travel efficiency in order to increase economic productivity. The emergence of automated transportation provides great promise to mitigate these ills of the transportation sector that have persisted for so many decades. With regards to safety, such promise is rooted in the capability of autonomous vehicles to self-drive some or all of the time, thus reducing the impact of inherently errant human driving to which 95% of all crashes have been attributed. With regards to mobility, such promise is guided by the capability of the autonomous vehicle to carry out path planning, navigation, and vehicle controls in ways that are far more efficient than the human brain, thereby facilitating mobility and reducing congestion-related issues such as delay, emissions, driver frustration, and so on.</p><p dir="ltr">Unfortunately, the two key outcomes (safety and mobility) are reciprocal in the sense that navigation solutions that enhance safety generally tend to reduce mobility, and vice versa. As such, there is a need to assign values explicit to these performance criteria in order to develop balanced solutions for AV decisions. Most existing machine-learning-based path planning algorithms derive these weights using a learning approach. Unfortunately, the stability of these weights across time, individuals, and trip types, is not guaranteed. It is necessary to develop weights and processes that are trip situation-specific. Secondly, user trust in automation remains a key issue, given the relatively recent emergence of this technology and a few highly-publicized crashes, which has led to reservations among potential users.</p><p dir="ltr">To address these research questions, this thesis identifies various situational contexts of the problem, identifies the alternatives (the viable trajectories by fitting curves between the vehicle maneuver’s initial and final positions), develops the decision criteria (safety, mobility, comfort), carries out weighting of the criteria to reflect their relative significance, and scales the criteria to develop dimensionless equivalents of their raw values. Finally, a process for amalgamating the overall impacts of each driving decision alternative is developed based on the weighted and scaled criteria, to identify the best decision (optimal trajectory path). This multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem involves the collection of data through questionnaire surveys.</p><p dir="ltr">The weights obtained early in the MCDM process could be integrated into any one of two types of planning algorithms. First, they could be incorporated into interpolating curve-based planning algorithms, to identify the optimal trajectory based on human preferences. Additionally, they can be integrated into optimization-based planning algorithms to allocate weights to the various functions used.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, this research aims to align the behavior of autonomous vehicles closely with human-driven vehicles, serving two primary purposes: first, facilitating their seamless coexistence on mixed-traffic roads and second, enhancing public acceptance of autonomous vehicles.</p>

Along with an increased online presence, as well as expanded trade agreement between EU countries, the Swedish online gambling market has been facilitated and made more accessible than ever before. As a consequence, this growing gambling market has also correlated with increased gambling-related health- and economical issues amongst Swedish gamblers. At the same time online gambling companies keep increasing their investments in external communication and marketing activities. In order to protect the public, the governmental initiative “Spelinspektionen” initiated the new law, spellagen (2018:1138), which from the 1st of January 2019 is supposed to regulate marketing from online gambling companies. Based on a multimodal critical discourse analysis, the purpose of this study is to examine how spellagen (2018:1138) has affected marketing strategies from three different gambling companies; Leovegas, Ninja Casino and No Account Casino. The analysis studies a material based on six movies before the introduction of spellagen, and six movies after the introduction. Four central discourses has been identified, called The Hero, Action, Escapism, and Alonetime. Based on these discourses, the analysis used different tools from a multimodal discourse analysis in order to distinguish the strategies upon which the hidden- or open message was communicated. The analysis found that the gambling companies regularly used Per Binde ́s motives for gambling in their commercials. At least three out of five motives were identified through identity-creating strategies and emotional strategies which could be connected to Bindes motives “chances of winning”, “the jackpot-dream” and “moodswings”. The most prominent strategy for all of the commercials was the use of symbols and representation, which allows the company to communicate hidden or subtle meanings through connotations the company know that their target group will make. This main strategy did not make any drastic changes after the introduction of spellagen (2018:1138). The same message was still communicated, but now more often through visual elements rather than linguistic ones. The conclusion pointed out that in order for spelinspektionen to protect Swedish gamblers, spellagen (2018:1138) must be more concrete and descriptive, so that no alternative interpretations can be made. Other measures for spelinspektionen to consider is the amount of gambling commercials which the Swedish public are exposed to today.

Na literatura vários estudos discutem uma previsão de aumento da demanda por soja no mercado mundial, como também enfatizam o aumento da safra brasileira para os próximos anos. Apesar destas previsões otimistas, insuficientes ou inadequadas, condições de infraestrutura em capacidade de armazenagem, de transportes e de portos no Brasil têm sido levadas em consideração na elaboração do Planejamento de Longo Prazo pelas empresas que comercializam soja. Esta pesquisa faz um levantamento dos principais atributos que compõem a decisão de armazenagem de soja a granel com o objetivo de construir um modelo que auxilie o processo de tomada de decisão sobre investimento em projeto de armazenagem de soja em grão, sob a visão de uma trading. A abordagem multicritério se faz necessária devido à complexidade envolvida na cadeia de soja e na escolha de um projeto propriamente dito. A seleção do método de análise multicritério foi fundamentada e direcionada através de uma análise bibliométrica sobre o assunto. O método utilizado é baseado na Teoria de Valor Multi-Atributo e foi construído no software V.I.S.A. para eleger um projeto dentre as alternativas disponíveis. Os pesos dos critérios representam as preferências de um grupo coletadas a partir da aplicação de questionários a dez profissionais do setor. Os valores dos pesos resultaram da comparação paritária proposta pelo método Processo Analítica Hierárquico (AHP) e agregados pelo método de Agregação Individual de Prioridades. A árvore da decisão obtida foi composta pelos critérios: localização e transporte, estudo de mercado, infraestruturas e aspectos regionais, aspectos de engenharia, análise de viabilidade econômica e capacidade e eficiência operacional. Os resultados foram complementados por um exemplo hipotético elaborado para validar o modelo construído através de análises de sensibilidade e robustez. Conclui-se que o modelo se mostra coerente em relação ao perfil das alternativas criadas e recomenda-se sua utilização por tomadores de decisão de uma trading como referência para compor a sua própria árvore de decisão, e as preferências obtidas podem auxiliar processos de tomadas de decisão reais. / Several studies in literature discuss an increasing demand for soybean worldwide and increasing supply of Brazilian grain harvest for the next few years. Despite these optimistic forecasts, insufficient or inadequate infrastructure in terms of storage capacity, transportation system and ports elevation in Brazil have been taken into account in Long Term Planning of agribusiness companies. This research is a survey of the main attributes in decision-making process of bulk warehouse for soybeans in order to build a model of this specific process under the vision of a trading company. A multicriteria approach is necessary due to the complexity involved in the soy supply chain and project selection itself. The multicriteria decision method (MCDM) selection was based and directed through a bibliometric analysis about the MCDM topic. The method used is based on the Theory of Multi-Attribute Value and was built in software VISA to choose a project among the available alternatives. The weights of each criteria were compound of a group decision that was obtained from the questionnaires of eleven professionals. The responses of the weights were based on pair-wise comparison proposed by the Analytic Hierarchy Process method, known as AHP and aggregated by Aggregation of Individual Priorities method. The decision tree of this study was composed by the criteria: \"location and transportation\", \"market research\", \"infrastructure and regional aspects\", \"engineering aspects\", \"economic viability analysis\" and \"capacity and operational efficiency.\" Besides a hypothetical example were designed to validate the model using sensitivity and robustness analysis. It is concluded that the model is consistent over the profile among created alternatives and this study is recommended as reference for decision makers of a trading company to build its own tree decision. And preferences used in this study may help in real world of decision-making processes.

Som följd av mediernas felaktiga publiceringar av anklagelser mot Fredrik Virtanen under metoo-hösten 2017, gjorde Uppdrag granskning ett program där de granskade mediernaspubliceringar, som mötte stor kritik. Kritiken väckte vårt forskningsintresse för att genomföradenna studie. Syftet är att studera Uppdrag gransknings program “#metoo och FredrikVirtanen” med metoden MCDA för att ta reda på hur anklagelserna och de sociala aktörernablir representerade. Studiens vetenskapliga perspektiv grundas i genusteorin med fokus på hurkvinnor blir representerade vid sexualbrott. Tidigare forskning visar hur rape myths kommertill uttryck vid nyhetsrapportering av sexualbrott och det använder vi sedan för att sätta vårtresultat i relation till. Vi har utformat två frågeställningar för att reda på hurrepresentationerna i avsnittet ser ut. I analysen finner vi tecken på en orättvis representationav de sociala aktörerna. Däremot visar vårt resultat att Uppdrag granskning inte gör sigskyldiga till reproduktion av rape myths.

Praktická implementace simplexové metody, metody větvení a mezí a především algoritmů spojitého vícekriteriálního rozhodování v jazyce Pascal

In the Australian wine industry, cold stabilisation is a widely used industrial process to prevent tartrate instability in bottled wines. This process involves cooling the wine close to its freezing point for extended periods, thereby inducing tartrate precipitation. However, it has several important disadvantages. Consequently, alternative methods to cold stabilisation have been developed. This includes electrodialysis, nanofiltration and contact processes. In this study, current knowledge regarding performance and cost of cold stabilisation and alternative technologies for tartrate stabilisation is reviewed. Whilst there have been occasional cost comparisons between cold stabilisation and alternative technologies, existing data is not suitable for properly evaluating the relative economics of the different process options. Therefore, alternative technologies to cold stabilisation, including the Westfalia process, nanofiltration and electrodialysis were compared for both technical and economic performance. Berri Estates Winery was used as the basis for engineering calculations and conceptual cost estimates. This is the first time that such a comprehensive evaluation has been undertaken of a broad range of alternative technologies for tartrate stabilisation during wine production. Product loss was a key cost driver in differentiating tartrate stabilisation processes. Cold stabilisation was found to be the most economic treatment process irrespective of scale or winery size. The Westfalia process and nanofiltration were the next most cost effective options. Data for economic evaluation and environmental assessment were summarised in a survey form that was circulated to technical experts from Hardy Wine Company, the Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) and the University of Adelaide. The purpose of the survey was to obtain the experts’ opinions on the merits of the alternative technologies. The results of this survey were used for comparison between current cold stabilisation and alternative technologies, by performing multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). This represents an original application of MCDA techniques to decision making in the wine industry. The MCDA analysis identified a strong preference by experts for nanofiltration combined with centrifugation as an alternative to cold stabilisation. As a consequence, laboratory investigations and field testing of nanofiltration were conducted to obtain new and practical information which was not presently available and relevant to understanding and implementing this process for tartrate stabilisation of wine. The laboratory experiments were performed with a range of membranes and tartrate unstable wines (i.e. Semillon, Colombard and Shiraz) using a purpose-designed laboratory-scale continuously-stirred batch-test membrane cell. The results showed that a range of commercial nanofiltration membranes with a nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) between 200 and 500 Daltons (Da) were able to achieve tartrate stabilisation of all wines tested. This was achieved at moderate pressures less than 20 bar with a recovery of at least 50 %. It was also observed that seeding of wine following nanofiltration might reduce the holding time required to achieve stability and also enable reductions in the recovery rate to values of less than 50 %. The field testing was performed at Berri Estates Winery in the Riverland region of South Australia. The testing was performed using an existing commercial membrane system. This membrane system was already used for juice/wine concentration. The nanofiltration membranes had a nominal MWCO of 300 Da. The testing was conducted on Colombard and Shiraz wines. The field tests confirmed that nanofiltration could successfully tartrate stabilise Colombard and Shiraz wines at recoveries of 50 %; without seeding; within relatively short holding periods of less than four hours; and at flux rates between 5 and 10 L/m²/h. Crystallisation kinetics were also studied. At low recovery, the crystallisation was initially controlled by diffusion step, then surface integration. However, at high recovery, the crystallisation was controlled solely by surface integration. Sensory testing (by duo-trio difference tests) produced adverse sensory outcomes when compared with treatment of the same wines by cold stabilisation. Unfortunately, it could not be established whether this problem was inherent to the process or arose from unrelated factors. Setting aside the adverse sensory result, this is the first time that technical feasibility of nanofiltration for tartrate stabilisation has been successfully demonstrated. Further field testing and sensory evaluation of nano-filtered wines should be carried out to verify the effect of nanofiltration on wines. If the process is successful and favourable, the process design for implementation of a production scale nanofiltration for tartrate stabilisation should then be optimised. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1292872 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2007.

In the Australian wine industry, cold stabilisation is a widely used industrial process to prevent tartrate instability in bottled wines. This process involves cooling the wine close to its freezing point for extended periods, thereby inducing tartrate precipitation. However, it has several important disadvantages. Consequently, alternative methods to cold stabilisation have been developed. This includes electrodialysis, nanofiltration and contact processes. In this study, current knowledge regarding performance and cost of cold stabilisation and alternative technologies for tartrate stabilisation is reviewed. Whilst there have been occasional cost comparisons between cold stabilisation and alternative technologies, existing data is not suitable for properly evaluating the relative economics of the different process options. Therefore, alternative technologies to cold stabilisation, including the Westfalia process, nanofiltration and electrodialysis were compared for both technical and economic performance. Berri Estates Winery was used as the basis for engineering calculations and conceptual cost estimates. This is the first time that such a comprehensive evaluation has been undertaken of a broad range of alternative technologies for tartrate stabilisation during wine production. Product loss was a key cost driver in differentiating tartrate stabilisation processes. Cold stabilisation was found to be the most economic treatment process irrespective of scale or winery size. The Westfalia process and nanofiltration were the next most cost effective options. Data for economic evaluation and environmental assessment were summarised in a survey form that was circulated to technical experts from Hardy Wine Company, the Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) and the University of Adelaide. The purpose of the survey was to obtain the experts’ opinions on the merits of the alternative technologies. The results of this survey were used for comparison between current cold stabilisation and alternative technologies, by performing multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). This represents an original application of MCDA techniques to decision making in the wine industry. The MCDA analysis identified a strong preference by experts for nanofiltration combined with centrifugation as an alternative to cold stabilisation. As a consequence, laboratory investigations and field testing of nanofiltration were conducted to obtain new and practical information which was not presently available and relevant to understanding and implementing this process for tartrate stabilisation of wine. The laboratory experiments were performed with a range of membranes and tartrate unstable wines (i.e. Semillon, Colombard and Shiraz) using a purpose-designed laboratory-scale continuously-stirred batch-test membrane cell. The results showed that a range of commercial nanofiltration membranes with a nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) between 200 and 500 Daltons (Da) were able to achieve tartrate stabilisation of all wines tested. This was achieved at moderate pressures less than 20 bar with a recovery of at least 50 %. It was also observed that seeding of wine following nanofiltration might reduce the holding time required to achieve stability and also enable reductions in the recovery rate to values of less than 50 %. The field testing was performed at Berri Estates Winery in the Riverland region of South Australia. The testing was performed using an existing commercial membrane system. This membrane system was already used for juice/wine concentration. The nanofiltration membranes had a nominal MWCO of 300 Da. The testing was conducted on Colombard and Shiraz wines. The field tests confirmed that nanofiltration could successfully tartrate stabilise Colombard and Shiraz wines at recoveries of 50 %; without seeding; within relatively short holding periods of less than four hours; and at flux rates between 5 and 10 L/m²/h. Crystallisation kinetics were also studied. At low recovery, the crystallisation was initially controlled by diffusion step, then surface integration. However, at high recovery, the crystallisation was controlled solely by surface integration. Sensory testing (by duo-trio difference tests) produced adverse sensory outcomes when compared with treatment of the same wines by cold stabilisation. Unfortunately, it could not be established whether this problem was inherent to the process or arose from unrelated factors. Setting aside the adverse sensory result, this is the first time that technical feasibility of nanofiltration for tartrate stabilisation has been successfully demonstrated. Further field testing and sensory evaluation of nano-filtered wines should be carried out to verify the effect of nanofiltration on wines. If the process is successful and favourable, the process design for implementation of a production scale nanofiltration for tartrate stabilisation should then be optimised. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1292872 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2007.

<p>There are a number of decision making problems in which Geographical Information System (GIS) has employed to organize and facilitate the procedure of analyzing the problem. These GIS-based decision problems which typically include a number of different criteria and alternatives are generally analyzed by Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA).Different locations within a geographical area represent the alternatives by which the overall goal of the project is achieved. The quality of achieving the goal is evaluated by a set of criteria which should be considered in the work. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is a powerful method of MCDA generally can organize spatial problems and decides which alternatives are most suitable for the defined problems. However due to some intrinsic uncertainty in the method, a number of authors suggest fuzzifying the method while others are against fuzzification of the AHP.</p><p>The debate over fuzzifying AHP is going on and attempt for finding that was mostly in theory, and little, if any; practical comparison between the AHP and fuzzified AHP has done. This work presents a practical comparison of AHP and fuzzy AHP in a GIS-based problem, case study, for locating a dam in Costa Rica, considering different criteria. In order to perform the AHP and fuzzy AHP in the GIS-based problem and calculating weights of the criteria by the methods, some computer codes have written and developed in MATLAB.</p><p>The comparisons between the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods are done on result weights and on the result final maps. The comparison between the weights is repeated on different levels of uncertainty in fuzzy AHP then all the results are compared with the result of AHP method. Also this study for checking the effect of fuzzification on results is suggested Chi-Square test as a suitable tool.</p><p>Comparisons between the resulting weights of the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods show some differences between the methods. Furthermore, the Chi-Square test shows that the higher level of uncertainty in the fuzzy AHP, the greater the difference in results between the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods.</p>