O câncer de mama é uma neoplasia altamente maligna e continua a ser a segunda principal causa de mortalidade entre as mulheres. Os efeitos antitumorais de metaloproteinases e desintegrinas de veneno de serpentes têm sido investigados em vários tipos de células tumorais. Neste estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos antitumorais e anti-angiogênicos induzidos pela Bothropoidina, uma metaloproteinase desintegrina-like isolada da peçonha de Bothrops pauloensis em células de câncer de mama humano MDA-MB-231 e células endoteliais. Após 24 horas de tratamento com 100pg/mL de Bothropoidina foi constatado um efeito citotóxico moderado de 30% em MDA-MB-231 contra 10% de citotoxicidade em MCF10A (uma linha de células da mama não tumorigênica), uma diferença significativa que sugere uma possível preferência desta proteína por alvos em células tumorais. Observou-se apoptose e apoptose tardia após tratamento com Bothropoidina (10pg/mL e 40pg/mL) em células MDA-MB-231. Além disso, esta toxina não só inibiu a adesão de células MDA-MB-231 de uma forma dose dependente, como a migração celular em aproximadamente 45%. Bothropoidina reduziu a viabilidade e adesão de células endoteliais em Matrigel e inibiu a angiogênese in vitro estimulada por bFGF em Matrigel, mostrando um número de vasos formados significativamente menor em relação ao controle. Os resultados demonstraram que Bothropoidina tem um potente efeito antitumoral e antiangiogênico in vitro, representando uma ferramenta biotecnológica para elucidar o efeito antitumoral de metaloproteinases desintegrinas-like em células cancerígenas. / Breast cancer is a highly malignant carcinoma and remains the second leading cause of mortality among women. The antitumor effects of metalloproteinases and disintegrins from snake venom on various types of cancer cells have been investigated. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor and antiangiogenic effects on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and endothelial cells induced by Bothropoidin, a disintegrin-like metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. At 24h after treatment at 100pg/mL, Bothropoidin exerted a moderate cytotoxic effect of 30% on MDA-MB-231 versus 10% cytotoxicity against MCF10A (a non-tumorigenic breast cell line), a significant difference that suggests a possible preference by this protein for targets in cancer cells. Early and late apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 was observed after Bothropoidin treatment (10gg/mL and 40gg/mL). Furthermore, this toxin inhibited not only the adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner but also cell migration by approximately 45%. In addition, Bothropoidin decreased endothelial cells viability and adhesion in Matrigel and inhibited in vitro angiogenesis in Matrigel stimulated by bFGF, showing significantly fewer formed vessels. The results demonstrated that Bothropoidin has potent in vitro antitumor and antiangiogenic effect and represents a biotechnological tool for elucidating the antitumor effect of disintegrins-like metalloproteinases in cancer cells. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Melo.pdf: 2880047 bytes, checksum: c872dc02c29d736c1cca896ec5a17ea2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-02 / In this work, we develop a medical information system to support medical diagnosis based on an approach oriented to models, in which the system allows sharing of information between physically scattered specialists. The development of a medical information system is done using MDA (Model Drive Architecture) in which the PIM (Platform Independent Model) is created with UML (Unified Modeling Language), and the PSMs (Platform Specific Model) is done according to Web Services Platforms. To implement this system, we devised meta model s for the Web Services, JWSDP (Java Web Services Developement Pack) and WSOracle. Thus, we provide definitions of transformation of UML for the Web Services, JWSDP and WSOracle. The development of the system puts in evidence the process of transformation of PIM for PSM used in MDA. / Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um sistema de informação médica de auxílio no diagnóstico médico, baseado em uma abordagem orientada a modelos, no qual o sistema permite o compartilhamento de informações entre especialistas fisicamente dispersos. O desenvolvimento do sistema de informação médica foi feito usando MDA (Arquitetura Dirigida a Modelo) em que o PIM (Modelo Independente da Plataforma) foi feito conforme a UML (Linguagem de Modelagem Unificada), e os PSMs (Modelos Específico da Plataforma) conforme as Plataformas dos Web Services. Para implementar este sistema de informação médica, provemos metamodelos para os Web Services, JWSDP (Java Web Services Developer Pack) e WSOracle. Assim, provemos definições de transformação de UML para os Web Services, JWSDP e WSOracle. O desenvolvimento do sistema coloca em evidência o processo de transformação de PIM para PSM, utilizado em MDA.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauro Lopes.pdf: 3194169 bytes, checksum: 5496ba534a60c6689d7701eda431ad46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 / In the current state of the Internet, information security presents a permanent concern. In many cases, information security is vital a maintenance and continuity of the businesses. The organizations have used the Internet as one of the main points for rendering of services for other organizations as well as for their final users. We can cite some organizations such as Banks, Institutions of Education, Administrators of Credit cards and the Federal Government. The use of Security policies associated with a set of tools such as Firewall, Antivirus and IDS (Intrusion Detection System) have helped organizations to achieve some security and thus allowing the continuity of the businesses. On the other extremity of the rendering of services for organizations we have the final users. The necessity for effectiveness in computational security to the final users has increased in function of the considerable growth on the occurrence of attacks to this type of user. This problem creates a niche for the research in security directed to the final user. This work is motivated by the above problem. Our work consists of a proposal of a model and an implementation of a Remote IDS (Intrusion Detection System) using the technology of Multi-agent Systems, Web Services and MDA (Model-Driven Architecture). This model adapts and extends the NIDIA (Network Intrusion Detection System based on Intelligent Agents) to provide a remote IDS on the Internet. The purpose is that users that do not have a local IDS can use the services provided by a remote IDS (e.g. NIDIA). NIDIA is an IDS whose architecture consists of a set of cooperative agents. The Remote IDS functionalities are provided as a set of accessible services on the Internet through Web Services. The architecture of our IDS uses MDA to support metadata management such as profiles of configurations, profiles of users and profiles of services. The prototype of the proposed model and the tests demonstrate the viability of our solution. An illustrative example of the execution of the Remote IDS is presented. / No atual contexto da Internet, a segurança da informação constitui-se uma preocupação permanente. Em muitos casos, a segurança da informação é vital para a manutenção e continuidade dos negócios. As organizações têm usado a Internet como um dos principais pontos para a prestação de serviços para outras organizações assim como para seus usuários finais. Podemos citar algumas organizações como Bancos, Instituições de Ensino, Administradoras de Cartões de Crédito e o Governo Federal. O uso de Políticas de Segurança associado ao uso de um conjunto de ferramentas, como Firewall, Antivírus e IDS (Intrusion Detection System) tem apoiado as organizações no objetivo de manter a segurança e desta forma a continuidade dos negócios. Na outra extremidade da prestação de serviços pelas organizações temos os usuários finais. A necessidade por eficácia em segurança computacional aos usuários finais tem aumentado em função do crescimento considerável na ocorrência de ataques a este tipo de usuário. Este problema cria um nicho para a pesquisa em segurança voltada ao usuário final. Esta dissertação tem por motivação esse cenário, consistindo na proposta do modelo e a implementação de um IDS Remoto usando a tecnologia de Sistemas Multiagentes, Web services e MDA (Model-Driven Architecture). O modelo adapta e extende o NIDIA (Network Intrusion Detection System based on Intelligent Agents) para prover um IDS remoto na Internet. A proposta é que usuários que não têm um IDS local possam usar os serviços providos por nosso IDS Remoto. O NIDIA é um IDS cuja arquitetura consiste em um conjunto de agentes cooperativos. As funcionalidades do IDS Remoto são providas como um conjunto de serviços acessíveis na Internet através de Web services. O nosso modelo de IDS usa MDA para suportar o gerenciamento de metadados tais como profiles de configuração, profiles de usuários e profiles de serviços. A implementação do protótipo do modelo proposto e os testes realizados demonstram a viabilidade da solução. Desta forma, um exemplo ilustrativo do funcionamento do IDS Remoto é apresentado.

O crescimento do mercado de alimentos funcionais e orgânicos, assim como a maior conscientização do consumidor em relação aos efeitos tóxicos e mutagênicos de alguns aditivos artificiais, tem impulsionado a indústria a substituir compostos artificiais por naturais. Emulsões alimentícias, como salsichas e maionese, são sistemas bifásicos altamente suscetíveis às reações de oxidação lipídica responsável pela degradação da coloração dos produtos e formação de off-flavors desagradáveis. Para retardar ou inibir a oxidação e aumentar o sheff fife das emulsões, a indústria alimentícia faz uso de compostos sintéticos artificiais. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi de, inicialmente, avaliar a atividade antioxidante de vinte e dois compostos (artificiais e naturais), classificando-os de acordo com a atividade antioxidante determinada através de cinco diferentes metodologias in vitro. As amostras foram classificadas em três clusters de acordo com os resultados expressos como equivalentes de trolox (TE) observados nos diferentes métodos. A aplicação das técnicas estatísticas multivariadas sugeriu que dentre os compostos que apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante, a partir dos métodos DPPH, FRAP, TBARS e ORAC, foram ácido cafeico, ácido carnósico, genisteína e resveratrol. Essa propriedade apresentou correlação significativa com o número de anéis fenólicos e estrutura catecólica presentes nessas moléculas. Baseando-se nessa classificação, e na hipótese de interações positivas para a resposta antioxidante foram selecionados três compostos hidrossolúveis (ácido cafeico, ácido carnósico e glutationa) e três lipossolúveis (quercetina, rutina e genisteína) para composição de duas misturas. A proporção de cada composto foi otimizada a partir da metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR) avaliando-se a atividade antioxidante por três metodologias in vitro. A otimização do modelo polinomial sugeriu que as misturas contendo 47% de ácido cafeico e 53% de ácido carnósico ou 67% de quercetina e 33% de rutina apresentaram sinergismo, tornando essas combinações potencialmente interessantes para futura aplicação em matrizes alimentícias. A efetividade antioxidante das misturas otimizadas em relação a um composto artificial foi avaliada em uma emulsão alimentícia (salsicha) na proporção 5OO e 800 mg/Kg. Ambas misturas (hidro e lipossolúveis) em ambas dosagens apresentaram menores concentrações de TBARS que a amostra formulada com o eritorbato de sódio durante o sheff fife. Considerando-se o resultado da análise sensorial como critério de viabilidade, a mistura quercetina + rutina (5OO mg/Kg), apresentou-se como melhor alternativa de substituição do eritorbato de sódio na formulação de salsichas tipo hot dog. / The growth of the functional and organic food market combined with customer awareness about the toxicological and mutagenic effects observed in some artificial additives have stimulated the companies to replace artificial with natural compounds in the food formulation. Emulsions are biphasic systems that are highly susceptible to Iipid oxidation which is able to cause damage to the color of products and the formation of undesirable bad flavors. In order to retard or inhibit the oxidation and extend the emulsions shelf-life companies have applied synthetic artificial compounds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of twenty two compounds (artificial and natural) and classify them according to their antioxidant activity as measured by tive different in vitro methodologies. The samples were classified into three clusters in function of their antioxidant activity expressed as Trolox equivalents (TE). The application of multivariate statistical techniques suggested that caffeic acid, carnosic acid, genistein and resveratrol showed greater antioxidant activity when evaluated by DPPH, FRAP, TBARS and ORAC methodologies. The antioxidant activity of these compounds showed a significant positive correlation with the number of phenolic rings and cathecol structures present in these molecules. Three hydrosolube compounds (caffeic acid, carnosic acid and gluthatione) and three liposoluble compounds (quercetin, rutin and genistein) were selected to prepare two assays based on the multivariate classification and on the hypothesis of positive interactions to the antioxidant response. The proportion of each compound in the mixture was optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) on the results obtained from three in vitro methodologies. The optimization of the polynomial models suggested that mixtures containing 47% caffeic acid and 53% carnosic acid, or 67% quercetin and 33% rutin showed synergism making these mixtures potentially viable solutions for applications in the food matrix. The antioxidant effectiveness of the optimized mixtures compared to an artificial compound was evaluated in the food emulsion (sausages) in two dosages (500 and 800 mg/Kg). Both mixtures (hydrosoluble and liposoluble) in both dosages, promoted lower TBARS concentration than the sample formulated with sodium erythorbate during a shelf-life of 45 days under refrigeration. However, using into sensory results as selection criteria, the mixture containing quercetin and rutin at dosage of 500 mg/kg, proved to be the best alternative to replace sodium erythorbate in the sausage formulations.

Software development is a complex task. Executable applications comprise a mutlitude of diverse components that are developed with various frameworks, libraries, or communication platforms. The technical complexity in development retains resources, hampers efficient problem solving, and thus increases the overall cost of software production. Another significant challenge in market-driven software engineering is the variety of customer needs. It necessitates a maximum of flexibility in software implementations to facilitate the deployment of different products that are based on one single core. To reduce technical complexity, the paradigm of Model-Driven Software Development (MDSD) facilitates the abstract specification of software based on modeling languages. Corresponding models are used to generate actual programming code without the need for creating manually written, error-prone assets. Modeling languages that are tailored towards a particular domain are called domain-specific languages (DSLs). Domain-specific modeling (DSM) approximates technical solutions with intentional problems and fosters the unfolding of specialized expertise. To cope with feature diversity in applications, the Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) community provides means for the management of variability in software products, such as feature models and appropriate tools for mapping features to implementation assets. Model-driven development, domain-specific modeling, and the dedicated management of variability in SPLE are vital for the success of software enterprises. Yet, these paradigms exist in isolation and need to be integrated in order to exhaust the advantages of every single approach. In this thesis, we propose a way to do so. We introduce the paradigm of Multi-Domain Engineering (MDE) which means model-driven development with multiple domain-specific languages in variability-intensive scenarios. MDE strongly emphasize the advantages of MDSD with multiple DSLs as a neccessity for efficiency in software development and treats the paradigm of SPLE as indispensable means to achieve a maximum degree of reuse and flexibility. We present HybridMDSD as our solution approach to implement the MDE paradigm. The core idea of HybidMDSD is to capture the semantics of particular DSLs based on properly defined semantics for software models contained in a central upper ontology. Then, the resulting semantic foundation can be used to establish references between arbitrary domain-specific models (DSMs) and sophisticated instance level reasoning ensures integrity and allows to handle partiucular change adaptation scenarios. Moreover, we present an approach to automatically generate composition code that integrates generated assets from separate DSLs. All necessary development tasks are arranged in a comprehensive development process. Finally, we validate the introduced approach with a profound prototypical implementation and an industrial-scale case study. / Softwareentwicklung ist komplex: ausführbare Anwendungen beinhalten und vereinen eine Vielzahl an Komponenten, die mit unterschiedlichen Frameworks, Bibliotheken oder Kommunikationsplattformen entwickelt werden. Die technische Komplexität in der Entwicklung bindet Ressourcen, verhindert effiziente Problemlösung und führt zu insgesamt hohen Kosten bei der Produktion von Software. Zusätzliche Herausforderungen entstehen durch die Vielfalt und Unterschiedlichkeit an Kundenwünschen, die der Entwicklung ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität in Software-Implementierungen abverlangen und die Auslieferung verschiedener Produkte auf Grundlage einer Basis-Implementierung nötig machen. Zur Reduktion der technischen Komplexität bietet sich das Paradigma der modellgetriebenen Softwareentwicklung (MDSD) an. Software-Spezifikationen in Form abstrakter Modelle werden hier verwendet um Programmcode zu generieren, was die fehleranfällige, manuelle Programmierung ähnlicher Komponenten überflüssig macht. Modellierungssprachen, die auf eine bestimmte Problemdomäne zugeschnitten sind, nennt man domänenspezifische Sprachen (DSLs). Domänenspezifische Modellierung (DSM) vereint technische Lösungen mit intentionalen Problemen und ermöglicht die Entfaltung spezialisierter Expertise. Um der Funktionsvielfalt in Software Herr zu werden, bietet der Forschungszweig der Softwareproduktlinienentwicklung (SPLE) verschiedene Mittel zur Verwaltung von Variabilität in Software-Produkten an. Hierzu zählen Feature-Modelle sowie passende Werkzeuge, um Features auf Implementierungsbestandteile abzubilden. Modellgetriebene Entwicklung, domänenspezifische Modellierung und eine spezielle Handhabung von Variabilität in Softwareproduktlinien sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für den Erfolg von Softwarefirmen. Zur Zeit bestehen diese Paradigmen losgelöst voneinander und müssen integriert werden, damit die Vorteile jedes einzelnen für die Gesamtheit der Softwareentwicklung entfaltet werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der dies ermöglicht. Es wird das Multi-Domain Engineering Paradigma (MDE) eingeführt, welches die modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung mit mehreren domänenspezifischen Sprachen in variabilitätszentrierten Szenarien beschreibt. MDE stellt die Vorteile modellgetriebener Entwicklung mit mehreren DSLs als eine Notwendigkeit für Effizienz in der Entwicklung heraus und betrachtet das SPLE-Paradigma als unabdingbares Mittel um ein Maximum an Wiederverwendbarkeit und Flexibilität zu erzielen. In der Arbeit wird ein Ansatz zur Implementierung des MDE-Paradigmas, mit dem Namen HybridMDSD, vorgestellt.

[pt] A incorporação de dados de produção a modelos de reservatórios é uma etapa fundamental para se estimar adequadamente a recuperação de uma jazida de petróleo e, na última década, o método ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (ES-MDA) tem se destacado dentre as estratégias disponíveis para realizar tal tarefa. Entretanto, este é um método que apresenta melhores resultados quando os parâmetros a serem ajustados no modelo são caracterizados por uma distribuição de probabilidades próxima à gaussiana, apresentando um desempenho reduzido ao lidar com o ajuste de parâmetros categóricos, como por exemplo as fácies geológicas. Uma proposta para lidar com esse problema é recorrer a redes de aprendizado profundo, em particular redes para tradução imagem-imagem (I2I), valendo-se da analogia existente entre a representação matricial de imagem e a estrutura em malha das propriedades de um modelo de reservatórios. Assim, é possível adaptar a arquitetura de redes I2I disponíveis e treiná-las para, a partir de uma matriz de parâmetros contínuos que serão ajustados pelo método ES-MDA (como porosidade e permeabilidade), gerar a representação matricial do parâmetro categórico correspondente (fácies), de forma similar à tarefa de segmentação semântica no contexto de imagens. Portanto, o parâmetro categórico seria atualizado de maneira indireta pelo método ES-MDA, sendo a sua reconstrução realizada pela rede I2I. / [en] Reservoir model data assimilation is a key step to properly estimate the final recovery of an oil field and, in the last decade, the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation method (ES-MDA) has stood out among all available strategies to perform this task. However, this method achieves better results when model parameters are described by an approximately Gaussian distribution and hence presents reduced performance when dealing with categorical parameters, such as geological facies. An alternative to deal with this issue is to adopt a deep learning based approach, particularly using image-to-image translation (I2I) networks and taking into account the analogy between the matrix representation of images and the reservoir model grid properties. Thus, it is possible to adapt I2I network architectures, training them to generate the categorical parameter (facies) from its correlated continuous properties modified by the ES-MDA method (such as porosity and permeability), similar to semantic segmentation tasks in an image translation context. Therefore, the categorical parameter would be indirectly updated by the ES-MDA method, with its reconstruction carried out by the I2I network.

Thesis (DLitt (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The dissertation focuses on literary representation of female characters in selected novels by three particular South African writers working within the transitional phase (from the formal ending of apartheid up to the present) of South African history. By means of textual analysis, the study investigates how the representation of numerous female characters in these texts reflects on and reflects the sector of South African society that forms the social setting of each text. This thesis explores the portrayal of female characters in selected fictional works by examining the ways in which the novelists Mandla Langa, Zakes Mda (both of them black and male writers) and Nadine Gordimer (a white and female novelist) characterise women in novels depicting this adapting society. In scrutinising these texts of the transition period, the thesis writer employs detailed individual delineation of female characters, to some extent by means of a comparative approach, with emphasis on parallels between as well as differences among the abovementioned authors’ ways of describing South African women’s circumstances and responses to their social predicaments. In this study literary representations of women are examined in order to evaluate the effects of social and cultural transformation in post-apartheid South Africa. This is done by analysing these authors’ portrayals of women’s circumstances both in the private and public spheres. The thesis therefore contributes to the movement towards a greater recognition of women’s crucial, catalytic function in the achievement of social development and delineates these authors’ expressed awareness of many women’s actual direct involvement in the struggle against all forms of discrimination in society. This research project has been undertaken as an opportunity to investigate the different qualities and types of conduct attributed to female characters in ten selected novels of the transition, on the assumption that the texts reflect something of the way women are perceived and are playing new roles in a changing society. In studying how three significant ‘post-apartheid’ authors depict women affecting and affected by the social conditions of this period, the thesis traces the way the focus of more recent South African writing has shifted from an apartheid-era preoccupation with racial-political issues towards the depiction of private and public, rural and urban social and gender roles available to some contemporary South African women – and of those factors still constraining some other women. Taking in these authors’ portrayals of female political activism and leadership, the thesis also balances previous preoccupation (in South African English literature) with depictions of male political activity.

Student Number : 0401052V - MA research report - School of Literature and Language Studies - Faculty of Humanities / This research report analyzes the representation of violence in Zakes Mda’s Ways of Dying and She Plays with the Darkness. Ways of Dying questions whether social stability and democracy would be fully realized in post-apartheid South Africa as is predicted in Black South African literature written between 1970 and 1994. Mda’s disillusionment is shown in his examination of undemocratic and violent practices committed within the liberation movement against the oppressed and of “black-on-black” violence in South Africa. She Plays with Darkness posits that political corruption and repression in Lesotho occurred as a result of the erosion of African values and traditions, which caused political leaders and the middleclass to dismiss the well-being of their society for personal gains. For Mda, however, societies and individuals can be redeemed from violence through memory, testimony, fantasy and art. Both novels reveal his endeavor to creatively narrate the experience of violence.

A deficiência de ferro é o resultado de um longo período de balanço negativo do ferro, culminando na exaustão do estoque de ferro do organismo. Isto é revelado quando a concentração de hemoglobina declina para valores abaixo dos limites normais e então aparece a anemia, que ocorre devido à deficiente síntese de hemoglobina, com diminuição da proliferação eritrocitária. A anemia ferropênica é considerada o maior problema de saúde no idoso e está associada com várias complicações, incluindo doença cardiovascular, disfunção cognitiva, aumento no risco de morte, e principalmente tem um significante efeito na qualidade de vida. Estudos revelam que a anemia por deficiência de ferro causa maior susceptibilidade aos agentes oxidantes. Utilizando técnica espectrofotométrica, foram determinadas as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e superóxido dismutase (SOD) e quantificada a glutationa total (GSH) nos eritrócitos dos pacientes. Também determinou-se o dano oxidativo nas proteínas plasmáticas e no hemolisado celular pelo método do carbonil a 360 nm. Os níveis da peroxidação lipídica (MDA) e da vitamina C foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPLC). Os participantes da pesquisa foram selecionados de Ambulatórios de Atenção Básica de Saúde da Região Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que 17 indivíduos apresentaram anemia ferropênica e hipertensão primária e 18 apenas hipertensão primária devido à dificuldade de selecionar pacientes sem nenhuma patologia associada. Todos os indivíduos assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os dados obtidos foram expressos como médias ± desvio padrão e analisados utilizando-se o Teste t-Student. Os resultados do trabalho mostram que os indivíduos com anemia ferropênica apresentam atividade significativamente elevada da SOD e da CAT em relação aos indivíduos controle, mas não apresentaram diferença na atividade da GPx nem da GSH. Observamos também, dano oxidativo em proteínas plasmáticas, mas não no hemolisado celular. Os pacientes com anemia ferropênica mostraram dano oxidativo em proteínas plasmáticas significativamente maiores, assim como um aumento significativo da produção de MDA no soro, como um indicativo do aumento da auto-oxidação dos lipídios sob condições de estresse oxidativo. Os níveis séricos da vitamina C não mostraram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Estes dados revelam o envolvimento de espécies reativas de oxigênio no agravamento da anemia carencial. Sendo assim, reforça-se a necessidade de diagnosticar e tratar esses pacientes precocemente, diminuindo a magnitude dos efeitos da anemia na saúde do idoso. / Iron deficiency is the outcome of a long period of negative iron balance, culminating in exhaustion of the body’s iron stores. This is revealed when hemoglobin concentration declines to values below normal levels and anaemia is detected, due to a deficient synthesis of hemoglobin, with decrease in eritrocitary proliferation. Iron deficiency anaemia is considered the most important health problem in elderly and it is associated with various complications, including cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, increased risk of death and, mostly, it has a meaningful effect in the quality of life. Studies reveal that iron deficiency anaemia cause higher susceptibility to oxidant agents. Using spectrophotometric techniques, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total glutathione (GSH) were quantified in the erythrocytes of the patients. We also determined oxidative damage of plasma proteins and in hemolysate using the carbonyl assay at 360 nm. The levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and vitamin C were determined by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Participants in this study were selected in Ambulatories of Basic Health Attention in the North of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. 17 individuals presented iron deficiency anaemia and primary hypertension and 18 only primary hypertension, because it was difficult to select patients without any associated deficiency. All individuals signed the term of free and clarified consent to participate in this study. Data were analyzed using t- Student Test. Results show that individuals with iron deficiency anaemia show significantly higher activity of SOD and CAT when compared with those from the control group, but they do not show difference in the activity of GPx or GSH. Oxidative damage was also observed in plasma proteins, but not in the cellular hemolysate. Patients with iron deficiency anaemia showed oxidative damage in plasma proteins significantly higher when compared with the control group. And they also showed a significant increase in the production of MDA in the serum as an indicative of the increased auto-oxidation of lipids under oxidative stress. Serum vitamin C levels did not show significant difference between the groups. These data reveal the involvement of the reactive oxygen species in carential anaemia. Therefore, we reinforce the need to diagnose and treat these patients early to reduce the magnitude of the effects of anaemia on the heath of the elderly.

La especificación Model Driven Architecture (MDA), es una especialización del desarrollo dirigido por modelos que separa la lógica del negocio del software y las plataformas tecnológicas. Para ello MDA define tres tipos de modelos. Los CIM, Computation Independent Model, asociados al dominio del negocio, los PIM, Platform Independent Model, asociados a modelos abstractos del software, y los PSM, Platform Specific Model, relacionados con modelos de software específicos de plataformas tecnológicas. Sin embargo MDA no detalla cómo deben ser los modelos CIM y tampoco describe cómo deben ser transformados a modelos PIM. Como solución a dicho problema, esta tesis presenta una recomendación que propone un proceso de desarrollo de software basado en la creación de modelos de procesos del negocio, clasificados como CIM, que son asociados a los modelos iniciales del software, considerados PIM. Partiendo de una interpretación válida de MDA, la recomendación propuesta se apoya además en la aplicación de otras disciplinas de gran actualidad. Entre ellas destacamos el uso de desarrollo ágil de software, para la definición adecuada de los procesos del negocio.