The aim of this study is to understand which strategies helped women escape honourbased violence, by reading the autobiographies of seven women. Honourbased violence is a relatively new problem in Sweden, but it has existed for a long time. According to FN (2012) 5000 women are murdered every year in the name of honour. Honourbased violence is about maintaining the honour of the family. Womens sexuality is connected to men´s honour, and because of that they are not allowed to express it. They are being under constant control and surveillance by their family, to make sure they don´t violate the line. The father of the family has the right to make all the decisions of the whole family. In some cases, this leads to woman wanting liberation and successfully escape, starting a new life. In this study we wanted to investigate which persons and organizations meant the most to those women, during their journey. The study also investigates which strategies they used to become free. To help us analyze our result we used a theory based on power. We mean that honourbased violence rely on power and it´s structures, to maintain men´s power over women. We used a qualitative method using textual analyses. Results show that both single individuals and also organizations helped them escape. The most important strategies turned out to be hope, acceptance, denial, isolation, escape, resistance and even suicide attempt.

無 / The current study is aimed to more closely examine the gendered coverage for basketball in Taiwan’s newspapers. Newspaper coverage of the Jones Cup from 2007-2009 was content analyzed, along with in-depth interviews with the reporters and editors. The results revealed that quantitatively, news coverage on women’s basketball has greatly improved in comparison with data in the past literature. However, qualitatively, the gendered values proved, such as infantilization and sexualization, still exist and are embedded in sports news nowadays. The examples of better the reporting patterns for women’ws basketball were identified with the principle of emphasizing on sports performance. In addition, there are a few consensuses among the interviewees on the challenges and suggestions for women’s basketball in Taiwan, including (1) the current system, (2) marketing and (3) media relations. In short, the purpose of the current study provides and offers practical suggestions of how to fairly report women basketball games and other women sports.

Thesis (MVerbruikerswet)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The retail environment in South Africa is dynamic and complex. The apparel retailing industry functions within an emergent economic milieu, and the consumers it targets are exposed to various factors that influence their shopping behaviour. Some of these factors are shopping orientation, patronage behaviour, lifestyle, and shopping mall behaviour. Male apparel shopping behaviour can therefore be regarded as a complex phenomenon. The aim of this study was to identify those factors that influence male apparel shopping behaviour and to determine whether distinct clusters of male apparel shoppers could be identified. Theoretical models in the study discipline of Consumer Behaviour were investigated. The information was synthesised into an expanded conceptual model of variables influencing male apparel shopping behaviour. The variables that are relevant to this study, include demographic characteristics, lifestyle, shopping orientation, patronage behaviour, and shopping mall behaviour. Information for this exploratory study was generated by means of a store-intercept interview. The questionnaire was based on previous research. Trained fieldworkers conducted the interviews with 297 male apparel shoppers. Eight lifestyle components were identified and labelled as follows: Apparel oriented lifestyle; Performing arts defined lifestyle; Media oriented lifestyle; Socialising lifestyle; Sport oriented lifestyle; Published information oriented lifestyle; Relaxing oriented lifestyle as well as Family/community oriented lifestyle. The three shopping orientation components identified were labelled Local store patronage; Credit prone, Brand conscious and fashion innovating; as well as Shopping self-confidence and enjoyment. Four cluster profiles of male apparel shoppers were formed by means of cluster analysis, according to the eight lifestyles components and three shopping orientation components, as well as the 11 patronage behaviour items. Demographic characteristics describing each cluster profile completed the typology of the four male apparel shopper groups. Cluster 1 was the largest (38%) and was labelled Traditionalists. Its members were classified under Consumer Scope Lifestyle Level 4. Cluster 2 was labelled Shopping enthusiasts, and its members were classified under Consumer Scope Lifestyle Level 3; they comprised 19% of the total group. Cluster 3 was the second largest (30%) cluster and was identified as Dynamics, and its members were classified under Consumer Scope Lifestyle Level 3 and 4. Cluster 4 (13%) was labelled as Laggards, and its members were classified under Consumer Scope Lifestyle Level 2. It was evident that the male apparel market is not homogeneous and that it could be clustered into distinct segments of male apparel shoppers with similar characteristics. The following can be regarded as the main implications for retailers, shopping mall management, and marketers: • In order to make retailers’ marketing plan more focused and strategic, marketers could make use of the proposed expanded conceptual model that provides them with an overall view of variables influencing male apparel shopping behaviour within a shopping mall environment. The identified profiles of male apparel shoppers could serve as point of departure when composing marketing strategies. • Advertising and promotional campaigns must be versatile in order to cater for the identified cluster profiles of male apparel consumers. • Male apparel consumers behave differently within different retail stores and shopping malls. Retailers and shopping mall management should therefore attempt to understand their consumers’ needs, wants and, more importantly, prerequisites for patronising their stores and/or shopping malls. South African male apparel consumers should not be considered a homogenous group. Further research should be done across various cultural and ethnic groups, as well as across different gender and age groups. This study focused only on a few concepts pertaining to male apparel shoppers aged 20-35. As, a result, further research is needed to assess the impact of these variables on a wider spectrum of apparel consumers, such as males outside this age demarcation, females or teenagers, and mature shoppers. Recommendations for future research were made which can guide and encourage further scientific research in the field of apparel shopping behaviour. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika beskik oor ‘n dinamiese en komplekse kleinhandelomgewing. Die klerekleinhandelindustrie funksioneer binne ‘n ontwikkelende ekonomiese milieu, en ‘n verskeidenheid faktore beinvloed die teikenverbruikers se koopgedrag. Sommige van die faktore is koop-oriëntasie, winkelvoorkeurgedrag, lewenstyl en winkelsentrumgedrag. Mansklerekoopgedrag kan dus as a komplekse verskynsel beskou word. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die veranderlikes wat mansklerekoopgedrag beïnvloed te identifiseer, en om te bepaal of die onderskeibare groepe van mansklereverbruikers geïdentifiseer kan word. Teoretiese modelle in die studieveld van Verbruikergedrag is bestudeer. Die inligting is verfyn en verder ontwikkel tot ‘n omvattende konseptuele model van veranderlikes wat mansklerekoopgedrag beïnvloed. Die veranderlikes relevant vir hierdie studie sluit in: die demografiese eienskappe, lewenstyl, kooporiëntasie, winkelvoorkeurgedrag, asook winkelsentrumgedrag. Data vir hierdie verkennende studie is verkry deur respondente in winkels te nader vir ‘n onderhoud (store intercept interview). Die vraelys is op vorige navorsing gebaseer. Opgeleide veldwerkers het 297 onderhoude gevoer met mansklereverbruikers. Agt lewenstylkomponente is geïdentifiseer en soos volg benoem: Klere-georiënteerde lewenstyl; Uitvoerende kunste-georënteerde lewenstyl; Mediageoriënteerde lewenstyl; Sosialiserings-georiënteerde lewenstyl; Sport-georiënteerde lewenstyl; Gepubiseerde informasie-georiënteerde lewenstyl; Ontspannings-georiënteerde lewenstyl asook Familie/gemeenskaps-georiënteerde lewenstyl. Die drie kooporiëntasie-komponente was benoem as plaaslike winkelvoorkeuroriëntasie; krediet-geneigdheid, handelsmerk en mode-innoverende oriëntasie, asook aankoop-selfvertroue en genot-oriëntasie. Vier groepe profiele van mansklereverbruikers is deur middel van trosanalise gevorm. Die trosanalise is gedoen op grond van die agt lewenstylkomponente, die drie kooporiëntasie komponente asook die 11 winkelvoorkeurgedrag-items. Die tipering van die vier groepe is afgerond deur die demografiese eienskappe: Groep 1 was die grootste (38%) en is Traditionalists genoem, en is geklassifiseer as Consumer Scope Lifestyle Level 4. Groep 2 is Shopping enthusiasts genoem en maak 19% van die totale groep uit. Hulle is geklassifiseer as Consumer Scope Lifestyle Level 3. Groep 3 was die tweede grootste (30%) groep en is Dynamics genoem, en is geklassifiseer as Consumer Scope Lifestyle Levels 3 en 4. Groep 4 (13%) is Laggards genoem en geklassifiseer as Consumer Scope Lifestyle Level 2. Dit is dus duidelik dat die mansklere-aankopersmark nie homogeen is nie en dat hulle in onderskeibare segmente van mansklere-aankopers met ooreenkomstige eienskappe gegroepeer kan word. Die volgende kan beskou word as die belangrikste implikasies vir kleinhandelaars, winkelsentrumbestuur en bemarkers: • Om kleinhandelaars se bemarkingsplan ‘n meer gefokusde en strategiese wending te gee, kan hulle gebruik maak van die voorgestelde uitgebreide konseptuele model wat hul van ‘n oorsig voorsien oor die veranderlikes wat mansklere-aankoopgedrag binne ‘n winkelsentrumomgewing beïnvloed. Die geïdentifiseerde profiele van mansklere-aankopers kan as vertrekpunt dien wanneer bemarkingstrategieë saamgestel word. • Advertensie- en promosieveldtogte moet veelsydig wees om vir die geïdentifiseerde groepe van mansklereverbruikers of -aankopers te voorsien. • Mansklereverbruikers toon verskillende soorte gedrag in verskillende kleinhandelwinkels en winkelsentrums. Kleinhandelaars en winkelsentrumbestuur moet ‘n poging aanwend om hul verbruikers se behoeftes en begeertes, maar bowenal in hul voorkeurgedrag vir winkels/winkelsentrums, te voorsien. Suid-Afrikaanse mansklereverbruikers moet nie as ‘n homogene groep beskou word nie. Verdere navorsing moet oor verskeie kulturele en etniese groepe heen, asook oor verskillende geslags- en ouderdomsgroepe, gedoen word. Hierdie studie fokus alleenlik op ‘n paar konsepte wat betrekking het op mansklereverbruikers tussen 20 en 35 jaar. Gevolglik word verdere navorsing benodig om die impak van hierdie veranderlikes op ‘n wyer spektrum van verbruikers te beraam, byvoorbeeld mans buite die ouderdomsperk, vrouens, tienderjariges, en bejaarde verbruikers. Aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing word gemaak wat verdere wetenskaplike navorsing in die studieveld van klereaankoopgedrag kan rig en aanmoedig.

Submitted by FABIANA DA SILVA FRANÇA (fabiana21franca@gmail.com) on 2018-02-08T13:48:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivo Total.pdf: 2033854 bytes, checksum: 2c9fff6500db9886cada67079bd5c89a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T13:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivo Total.pdf: 2033854 bytes, checksum: 2c9fff6500db9886cada67079bd5c89a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 / This study aimed to analyze the process of sexual division of labor and gender relations that shape the professional trajectories of female teachers in the courses of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, considered the most masculine in a Federal Institution of Higher Education of the Brazilian Northeast. Some questions guided this research: how are drawn both the professional and life trajectories of female teachers in male areas? How did gender relations affected the careers of these college professors? Based on the assumption that there is hierarchy, prestige and status in the distribution of academic activities between men and women, how do these divisions occur in the departments researched? Do these teachers perceive gender and sex discrimination in the relationship with co-workers and students? In order to understand the central subject of the study, I reviewed its theoretical foundation, addressing studies on women in academy, especially in the departments where they are a minority, highlighting the literature on gender, sexual division of labor, habitus, culture and academic field. As evidence, narrative interviews were conducted with eleven female teachers from those areas were carried out. In this qualitative investigation, the narratives gave support to the construction those teachers’ biographies and discourse analysis was used as a tool to support the analysis of the data. The results indicate that there are obstacles in the career development of these women teachers who do not occupy prestige and power spaces in respective areas. In the relationship with male pairs and students, both career and teachers’ behavior are influenced by gender division as well as by male habitus in the academic field. In addition, it has been observed that it is difficult for the interviewees to balance work and family life, since the domestic tasks and care for the family continue to be an obstacle to the full professional development of women. This research concluded that these teachers, despite a solid academic background, some with more than one postdoctoral degree, are kept out of the center of production and academic prestige. Thus, it is evident that the relations of male domination are far from being abolished from the academy. Finally, some recommendations were presented, aiming to contribute to the development of research involving knowledge in the area of gender studies, academic careers and labor relations, and on the relationships between men and women in the context of Brazilian higher education. / Este estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar o processo de divisão sexual do trabalho e as relações de gênero que configuram as trajetórias profissionais de mulheres docentes nos cursos de Engenharia Mecânica, Física e Matemática, considerados os mais masculinos em uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior do nordeste brasileiro. Algumas questões nortearam esta investigação: como são desenhadas as trajetórias profissionais e de vida das docentes em departamentos masculinos? Como as relações de gênero afetaram as carreiras dessas docentes? Partindo do pressuposto de que ha hierarquização, prestigio e status na distribuição das atividades acadêmicas entre homens e mulheres, como essas divisões ocorrem nos departamentos pesquisados? Estas docentes percebem a discriminação de sexo e gênero na relação com os colegas de trabalho e com os alunos? Para compreender a temática central do estudo, realizei uma fundamentação teórica, abordando estudos sobre as mulheres na academia, principalmente nos departamentos em que elas são minoria, destacando a literatura sobre gênero, divisão sexual do trabalho, habitus, cultura e campo acadêmico. E como evidencias foram realizadas entrevistas narrativas com onze mulheres docentes desses departamentos. Nesta investigação qualitativa, as narrativas deram suporte para a construção das biografias docentes e foi empregada a análise de discurso como ferramenta para dar suporte à análise dos dados. Os resultados apontam que existem obstáculos e desenvolvimento da carreira destas docentes que não ocupam espaços de prestígio e poder nos departamentos. Na relação com os pares masculinos e discentes são influenciadas pela divisão de gênero e o habitus masculino do campo acadêmico influencia tanto na carreira quanto no comportamento das docentes. Além disso, foi observado que é difícil para as entrevistadas conseguirem equilibrar a vida pessoal e familiar, uma vez que as tarefas domésticas e o cuidado com a família continuam sendo empecilho ao pleno desenvolvimento profissional das mulheres. Concluiu-se que essas docentes, apesar de uma formação acadêmica sólida, algumas com mais de um pós-doutorado, são mantidas fora do centro de produção e prestígio acadêmico. Com isso, fica evidente que as relações de dominação masculina estão longe de serem abolidas da academia. Por fim, foram apresentadas algumas recomendações, objetivando contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estudos envolvendo conhecimentos na área dos estudos de gênero, carreiras acadêmicas e relações de trabalho, e sobre as relações entre homens e mulheres no contexto do ensino superior brasileiro.

This thesis is an exploration of the classed and gendered trajectories that lead to 'revolving door' incarceration for a group of men from working class backgrounds. Considering that men commit most crime and, in the UK, account for over 95% of the prison population, there is relatively little scholarship that explores the links between masculinity and crime and almost a dearth of ethnographic enquiry into the links between the social construction of masculinities and incarceration. In response, this study, employing qualitative in-depth life history interviews with thirty male prisoners housed in an East Yorkshire prison, examines the cyclical interrelations between cultural representations of masculinity, place, schooling, employment, crime and incarceration. Influenced by Connell's theoretical framework, including the relational concept of protest masculinities, and by the Teesside School's work on transitions and alternative careers, the main aim of this research is to examine if, and to what extent, significant cultural and institutional spaces were complicit in the construction and maintenance of versions of protest masculinities. The study reveals that masculinities negotiated over interconnecting sites of deprived neighbourhoods, inadequate children's residential 'care' homes and failing schools better prepared most respondents to serve time in prison than to work in contemporary deindustrialised labour markets. Formative teenage years spent negotiating impoverished prison regimes and living up to extreme prison masculinities contributed to many of the respondents spending more time inside prison than 'on the out'. The thesis concludes with recommendations for policy approaches to better facilitate crucial sites, such as schools and prisons, undoing, rather than reinforcing, troubling gender performances for young boys and men like these respondents. Reducing rising male prison populations, mainly made up of men from deprived neighbourhoods, might be more effectively tackled through innovative, gender informed, policy, ensuring that institutional spaces of learning, 'care', punishment and rehabilitation work harder to open up more positive avenues to doing masculinity.

This study proposes a loyalty segmentation model for the South African men's retail credit fashion industry. Retailers operate in a highly competitive market where competitors strive for share-of-wallet of the same customer. The likely victor in this battle is the retailer who best understands customer needs, purchase behaviour and utilises this information to influence customer's spending patterns. The research method comprised a postal survey to randomly selected customers. The process included the construct of the loyalty model which comprised four input models, namely the Competitiveness, Brand experience, Referral and Credit appeal models as well as a number of customer demographics. The Desert scenario, where extreme conditions exist, is used as the analogy for the Segmentation model, with four macro segments (Desert, Oasis, Sand Storm, Rain clouds) being used to categorise respondents along two criteria, namely that of value and relative risk. Segment characteristics are used to segment the retailer's database. / Business Management / MCom (Business Management)

No envelhecer, os homens se deparam com desafios particulares, ao lidar com uma dualidade de exigências: as sociais e as de saúde. Os mandatórios do modelo de masculinidade hegemônico, não mais possíveis de serem alcançados em sua plenitude - seja pela vivência do adoecimento crônico ou pelas dificuldades nas atividades laborais - despertam diferentes reações, que ora podem pender para ajustamentos, ora para negação das normas geradas pelo envelhecer. Nessa experiência, as relações sociais, a depender do que colocam em circulação, contribuem para a geração de situações de cuidado ou de sofrimento que repercutem na saúde, e é sob essa perspectiva que se assenta este estudo. Com a finalidade de contribuir para a temática pertinente à saúde do homem em sua diversidade, propôs-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo cenário focalizou uma comunidade rural de um pequeno município pertencente ao Vale da Luz/RS. As informações produziram-se entre os meses de dezembro de 2015 e setembro de 2016, por meio da aplicação de entrevistas abertas a dez homens idosos e da composição de diários de campo. O processo analítico teve como referenciais de gênero o estudo de Scott, e a Teoria de Reconhecimento, de Honneth. Do encontro entre masculinidade e envelhecimento, revelou-se assincronia entre os ciclos vitais e as expectativas do modelo de masculinidade hegemônica. Na impossibilidade de ressignificar os mandatórios, os homens, colocam em risco sua saúde, adotando posturas alijadas na negação da vulnerabilidade do corpo e no adoecimento, que somadas ao distanciamento dos serviços de saúde - centrados majoritariamente, no urbano - acentuam a vulnerabilidade masculina no contexto rural. O reconhecimento pelo amor demonstrou-se como modulador do cuidado nas condições crônicas, em seu sentido biológico, pelo vigiar que atua no controle das medicações, no acompanhamento das consultas, no preparo de uma refeição. Por outro lado, produz sofrimento, ao atentar o ideário de invulnerabilidade e marcar que a autossuficiência pode ser parcial no envelhecimento. A aposentadoria, mais que um direito, surgiu nos relatos como forma de reconhecimento do Estado, ao ofertar acesso a bens materiais - antes não alcançados ou pouco acessíveis. Na esfera do direito, o acesso aos serviços de saúde foi pontuado, todavia, as narrativas indicaram que isso por si só não basta, demandando interesse e comprometimento para se estabelecer reconhecimento. As identidades - colono, trabalhador e alemão – constituem categorias de estima e fomentam solidariedade, sobretudo em situações de adoecimento, de perdas de familiares ou de bens materiais. Do enlace entre as ações de reconhecimento e a vivência masculina do envelhecimento, as relações mostraram-se potentes aliadas no cuidado em saúde, mas ao distanciarem os homens dos mandatórios do modelo hegemônico de masculinidade ou colocarem em circulação juízos de valor depreciativos de escolhas e de modos de ser, também se mostram capazes de causar sofrimento. / In the process of getting older, men face particular challenges in dealing with a duality of demands: the social and the health ones. The mandates of the model of hegemonic masculinity, impossible to be fully achieved, either because of living with chronic diseases or because of difficulties in work activities, bring different reactions, which sometimes may remain pending to be adjusted, sometimes as a denial of the norms generated by aging. In this experience, social relations, depending on what they put into circulation, contribute to generate situations of care or suffering, which have an impact on health, and it is in this perspective that this study is oriented. In order to contribute to the issue of men’s health, in its diversity, a qualitative research was proposed, which was based on a rural community of a small municipality belonging to the Valley of Light (RS). The information was produced in the months between December 2015 to September 2016, through open interviews with 10 elderly men and daily journal writing. The analytical process was based on Scott's gender and Honneth's recognition concepts. In the confrontation between masculinity and aging is revealed a diachrony between the life cycles and the expectations of the hegemonic model of masculinity. In the impossibility of resignifying the mandates, men put their health in risk, adopting positions born in denying the vulnerability of the body and the disease, which in addition with the distance from health services, mostly concentrated in urban centers, accentuate male vulnerability in the rural context. Recognition through love was demonstrated as a modulator of care in chronic conditions, in its biological sense, by the vigil that acts in the control of medications, being company in the medical visits, in the preparation of a meal. On the other hand, it produces suffering, by undermining the ideal of invulnerability and marking that self-sufficiency may be partial in aging. Retirement, more than a right, arises in the stories as a form of recognition of the State, by offering access to material goods, previously unreached or inaccessible. In the area of law or access to health services, was pointed out, however, that this alone is not enough, it is also necessary interest and commitment to establish recognition. Colonial, working, and German identities are categories of esteem, and foster solidarity, especially in situations of illness, loss of family or property. On the link between actions of recognition and the male experience of aging, relationships were powerful allies in health care, but by distancing men from the mandates of the hegemonic model of masculinity, or by putting into circulation contemptuous judgments about choices and ways of being, are also capable of fostering suffering.

No envelhecer, os homens se deparam com desafios particulares, ao lidar com uma dualidade de exigências: as sociais e as de saúde. Os mandatórios do modelo de masculinidade hegemônico, não mais possíveis de serem alcançados em sua plenitude - seja pela vivência do adoecimento crônico ou pelas dificuldades nas atividades laborais - despertam diferentes reações, que ora podem pender para ajustamentos, ora para negação das normas geradas pelo envelhecer. Nessa experiência, as relações sociais, a depender do que colocam em circulação, contribuem para a geração de situações de cuidado ou de sofrimento que repercutem na saúde, e é sob essa perspectiva que se assenta este estudo. Com a finalidade de contribuir para a temática pertinente à saúde do homem em sua diversidade, propôs-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo cenário focalizou uma comunidade rural de um pequeno município pertencente ao Vale da Luz/RS. As informações produziram-se entre os meses de dezembro de 2015 e setembro de 2016, por meio da aplicação de entrevistas abertas a dez homens idosos e da composição de diários de campo. O processo analítico teve como referenciais de gênero o estudo de Scott, e a Teoria de Reconhecimento, de Honneth. Do encontro entre masculinidade e envelhecimento, revelou-se assincronia entre os ciclos vitais e as expectativas do modelo de masculinidade hegemônica. Na impossibilidade de ressignificar os mandatórios, os homens, colocam em risco sua saúde, adotando posturas alijadas na negação da vulnerabilidade do corpo e no adoecimento, que somadas ao distanciamento dos serviços de saúde - centrados majoritariamente, no urbano - acentuam a vulnerabilidade masculina no contexto rural. O reconhecimento pelo amor demonstrou-se como modulador do cuidado nas condições crônicas, em seu sentido biológico, pelo vigiar que atua no controle das medicações, no acompanhamento das consultas, no preparo de uma refeição. Por outro lado, produz sofrimento, ao atentar o ideário de invulnerabilidade e marcar que a autossuficiência pode ser parcial no envelhecimento. A aposentadoria, mais que um direito, surgiu nos relatos como forma de reconhecimento do Estado, ao ofertar acesso a bens materiais - antes não alcançados ou pouco acessíveis. Na esfera do direito, o acesso aos serviços de saúde foi pontuado, todavia, as narrativas indicaram que isso por si só não basta, demandando interesse e comprometimento para se estabelecer reconhecimento. As identidades - colono, trabalhador e alemão – constituem categorias de estima e fomentam solidariedade, sobretudo em situações de adoecimento, de perdas de familiares ou de bens materiais. Do enlace entre as ações de reconhecimento e a vivência masculina do envelhecimento, as relações mostraram-se potentes aliadas no cuidado em saúde, mas ao distanciarem os homens dos mandatórios do modelo hegemônico de masculinidade ou colocarem em circulação juízos de valor depreciativos de escolhas e de modos de ser, também se mostram capazes de causar sofrimento. / In the process of getting older, men face particular challenges in dealing with a duality of demands: the social and the health ones. The mandates of the model of hegemonic masculinity, impossible to be fully achieved, either because of living with chronic diseases or because of difficulties in work activities, bring different reactions, which sometimes may remain pending to be adjusted, sometimes as a denial of the norms generated by aging. In this experience, social relations, depending on what they put into circulation, contribute to generate situations of care or suffering, which have an impact on health, and it is in this perspective that this study is oriented. In order to contribute to the issue of men’s health, in its diversity, a qualitative research was proposed, which was based on a rural community of a small municipality belonging to the Valley of Light (RS). The information was produced in the months between December 2015 to September 2016, through open interviews with 10 elderly men and daily journal writing. The analytical process was based on Scott's gender and Honneth's recognition concepts. In the confrontation between masculinity and aging is revealed a diachrony between the life cycles and the expectations of the hegemonic model of masculinity. In the impossibility of resignifying the mandates, men put their health in risk, adopting positions born in denying the vulnerability of the body and the disease, which in addition with the distance from health services, mostly concentrated in urban centers, accentuate male vulnerability in the rural context. Recognition through love was demonstrated as a modulator of care in chronic conditions, in its biological sense, by the vigil that acts in the control of medications, being company in the medical visits, in the preparation of a meal. On the other hand, it produces suffering, by undermining the ideal of invulnerability and marking that self-sufficiency may be partial in aging. Retirement, more than a right, arises in the stories as a form of recognition of the State, by offering access to material goods, previously unreached or inaccessible. In the area of law or access to health services, was pointed out, however, that this alone is not enough, it is also necessary interest and commitment to establish recognition. Colonial, working, and German identities are categories of esteem, and foster solidarity, especially in situations of illness, loss of family or property. On the link between actions of recognition and the male experience of aging, relationships were powerful allies in health care, but by distancing men from the mandates of the hegemonic model of masculinity, or by putting into circulation contemptuous judgments about choices and ways of being, are also capable of fostering suffering.

Médicas e médicos de família e comunidade frequentemente atendem homens aparentemente assintomáticos que buscam avaliação da próstata, e percebem que muitos deles ocultam outras queixas, especialmente disfunção erétil - problema de grande interesse para homens e para a indústria farmacêutica. Como o rastreamento de câncer de próstata traz mais danos que benefícios, esses usuários se colocam sob risco de intervenções diagnósticas e terapêuticas questionáveis, com grande potencial de falsos-positivos e sequelas. As Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBSs) no Brasil, por sua vez, historicamente se dedicaram à população feminina, e seus profissionais frequentemente reproduzem estereótipos de gênero que contribuem para a invisibilidade dos homens nesses serviços. O objetivo da pesquisa foi entender como a população masculina usa serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e como expressa suas queixas, a partir do caso dos homens que buscam avaliação de próstata ou têm questões referentes a disfunção erétil (ou outros problemas de sexualidade). Buscamos identificar articulações entre esses problemas e a demanda por rastreio, bem como entender como os serviços (particularmente os/as médicos/as) lidam com demandas expressas e subjacentes. A pesquisa é qualitativa e os dados foram produzidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 16 profissionais e 15 usuários maiores de 18 anos da Estratégia Saúde da Família em três UBSs em São Paulo e duas em Mauá - homens em cujas consultas surgiram questões sobre próstata, disfunção erétil ou outros problemas de sexualidade. Como técnica auxiliar, observamos os cinco serviços participantes, pautados por roteiro específico e registrando as observações em diário de campo. A interpretação dos dados levou em conta os referenciais de gênero e construção social das masculinidades, além das noções de integralidade, prevenção quaternária e medicalização. A análise de conteúdo das entrevistas demonstrou como aspectos dos(as) profissionais se relacionam à forma como eles(as) percebem, acolhem e dão sentido às demandas dos homens, permitindo também apontar mudanças em curso. A observação dos serviços ajudou a identificar características de APS seletiva em UBSs mauaenses, favorecendo o desencontro entre as demandas e dificuldades dos homens e as ações oferecidas e idealizadas, e de uma APS mais abrangente nas UBSs paulistanas, que facilita a presença dos homens, mas nem sempre contempla questões de gênero. Entre os usuários, identificamos a incorporação de discursos médicos envolvendo risco e cuidado em saúde, nomeamos fatores de entrada, facilitação e manutenção de sua presença na UBS e apontamos fatores relacionados à expressão de suas demandas, mostrando como essa expressão pode influenciar o cuidado recebido e mesmo colocar o homem sob risco de iatrogenia. Discutimos possibilidades de superar olhares reducionistas e estereotipados e abordagens prostatocêntricas e medicalizadoras da saúde masculina. Com isso, contribuimos à diminuição da invisibilidade dos homens, positivando sua avaliação e cuidado integrais / Family physicians often meet apparently asymptomatic men who seek for prostate evaluation and perceive that many of them hide other complaints, especially erectile dysfunction - a matter of great interest to men and to the pharmaceutical industry. As the screening of prostate cancer brings more harm than good, these users are put at risk of questionable diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, with great potential for false positives and sequelae. Basic Health Units (BHU) in Brazil, in turn, was historically dedicated to the female population, and their professionals often reproduce gender stereotypes that contribute to the invisibility of men in these services. The objective of the research was to understand how the male population uses Primary Health Care (PHC) services and express their needs, considering the case of men who seek for prostate evaluation or have questions regarding erectile dysfunction (or other sexual problems). We seek to identify links between these problems and the demand for screening as well as understand how services (particularly doctors) deal with said and hidden agenda. The research is qualitative and data were produced using semistructured interviews with 16 professionals and 15 adult users of the Family Health Strategy in three BHUs in São Paulo and two in Mauá - men in whose consultations arose questions about prostate, erectile dysfunction or other sexual problems. As an auxiliary technique, we observed the five participating services, guided by specific script and recording observations in a field diary. Interpretation of data took into account the references of gender and the social construction of masculinities, as well as the notions of comprehensiveness, quaternary prevention and medicalization. The content analysis of the interviews demonstrated how aspects of the doctors relate to how they perceive, embrace and give meaning to the demands of men, allowing us also to identify changes in progress. Observation of services helped to identify characteristics of selective PHC in BHUs in Mauá (favoring the mismatch between men\'s needs and difficulties and the actions offered or idealized) and of a more comprehensive PHC in BHUs in São Paulo, which facilitates the presence of men, but not always consider gender issues. Among male users, we identified the incorporation of medical discourses involving risk and health care, named input, facilitating and maintaining factors for their presence in BHUs and pointed factors related to the expression of their needs, showing how this expression can influence the care received and even put the man at risk of iatrogenia. We discuss possibilities to overcome reductionist and stereotyped views as well as prostatocentric and medicalized approaches to men\'s health. Thus, we contribute to the lessening of the invisibility of men, supporting their comprehensive evaluation and care

Esta tese investigou os significados atribuídos por trabalhadores portuáriosdo Porto de Santos/SP ao processo de Modernização dos Portos Brasileiros, implementado a partir da promulgação da Lei 8630/93 e da implantação do OGMO, no tocante à identidade de trabalhador portuário, processo saúde-adoecimento-cuidado, gênero e masculinidades. Foi utilizada metodologia qualitativa, com trabalho de campo realizado entre os anos de 2009/2010, com os instrumentos de observação etnográfica (dos locais de escalação para o trabalho e faixa cais do Porto de Santos) e 39 entrevistas em profundidade com diferentes categorias de trabalhadores portuários na ativa. O material produzido na pesquisa empírica constituiu-se de diários de campo e um banco de narrativas, sobre os quais foi aplicada análise por triangulação de métodos, seguindo o referencial hermenêutico , e a análise temática de conteúdo. A discussão sobre os dados obtidos a partir da análise foi divida em 3 capítulos representativos das categorias temáticas fundantes, identificadas no processo de impregnação: o primeiro sobre a caracterização dos sujeitos de pesquisa e seu universo simbólico, o segundo específico sobre a temática da saúde dos trabalhadores, e o último referente às representações de gênero e masculinidades. De acordo com os trabalhadores portuários, a promulgação da Lei 8630/93 modificou drasticamente a organização do trabalho portuário no Porto de Santos, trazendo alguns ganhos nos aspectos de saúde do trabalhador, como aqueles relacionados à exigência do uso de EPIs, controle de acidentes e exames médicos periódicos. Em contraposição, a mesma lei acarretou muitas perda objetivas e subjetivas, no sentido do esvaziamento da identidade do grupo, anteriormente pautada nas noções de ofício, e quanto aos atributos da masculinidade, baseada em valores como \'ser trabalhador\' e \'provedor da família\'. No quesito da relação entre saúdeadoecimento e cuidado, verificou-se uma percepção de insalubridade relacionada ao exercício do trabalho no Porto de Santos, considerado um ambiente permeado por muitos riscos pelos portuários. Por outro lado, apresentaram resistência à procura por tratamentos médicos e um comportamento de aversão aos afastamentos por motivos de saúde, sendo sua interface com o cuidado em saúde restrita aos exames periódicos exigidos pelo OGMO / We aimed to study the meaning of impacts that a Brazilian law (Lei de Modernização dos Portos Brasileiros 8630/93) produced in port workers of Port of Santos/SP, in a way to acess their port worker identity, health-illness care process, gender and masculinities themes. The empirical research which ground the discussion, had a qualitative approach and was perform between 2009/2010. It used as instruments for obtaining data ethnography observations (at workers selection places and pier) and 39 in-depth port workers interviews. From this point, were produced field diaries and an interview database that were analysed by metodos triangulation tecnic, according to the conceptual framework of hermeneutical referencial and content analysis. We shared the discussion in 3 chapters that brought out the leading temathics of our investigation: subjects characterization, their symbolic universe, workers health, gender and masculinities representations. According to port workers, that law dramatically modified their work organization, with some winning points like EPIs requirement, accident control and periodic exams. Beside that, port workers related considerable losses in the way of their brotherhood identity, based on craft skills and masculinities concepts, like \'be a worker\' and \'support a family\'. Port workers showed a perception about health-illness care process based in the idea that Port of Santos was a hazardous work place. In the other side, they avoid to look for medical treatments or absence from work for health problems. Their health care interface was restricted to periodic exams required from OGMO