The way in which an athlete responds to the injury--emotionally, behaviorally, and cognitively--can significantly affect the athlete's mental health in a negative way if not handled appropriately. There are different forms of social support that are known to be helpful with coping during specific stages of injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived levels of social support and depression symptomatology post injury in Division 1 collegiate athletes at Portland State University (PSU). Participants were PSU student athletes (n=115). Variables: social support amount (SSQN), social support satisfaction (SSQS), and depression symptomatology (CESD-R) score. Selected injured participants (n=3) completed a 20-minute interview regarding their injury, their social support, and how each affected their mental health. Females reported more social support sources (SSQN) as well as a higher satisfaction of their social support (SSQS) than males. Non-injured student athletes appeared to have fewer social support sources as well as less social support satisfaction than injured student athletes. Of the total study sample, 27.8 percent met the criteria for some kind of depressive symptom concern. The study confirmed gender characteristics regarding help-seeking behavior, trends of depression symptomatology, and social support preferences. Overall the current study's findings indicate a need for further research regarding social support and depression symptomatology, examining injured and non-injured student athletes.

The purpose of this research study was to measure and examine the current mental health status of Filipino immigrants who are living in Southern California.

The study makes an analysis of Charles Mungoshi's Shona works from a Modernist perspective. In this study, Modernist literature is shown as full of change and adventure that has seen characters failing to catch up with the speed at which their social lives are going. The change is continuos and has resulted in many characters continuously failing to cope, which in turn has resulted in continuous frustrations, here described as despair. The study also shows how the despair is being nurtured in the circumstances of crumbling social institutions which, in the past, had acted as the haven for devastated individuals. The crumbling social institutions are shown to be triggering the despair and the characters are given no room to recuperate. The study makes an analysis of what brings this despair and how in the end, particular individual characters fight to ward off the despair. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

1) Objectives: - To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist care compared with usual care (UC) on improving adherence to antidepressants in depressed outpatients. - To evaluate the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of a community pharmacist intervention (CPI) compared to UC in the improvement of adherence to antidepressants and patient wellbeing in a primary care population initiating treatment with antidepressants. 2) Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the impact of pharmacist interventions on improving adherence to antidepressants was conducted. RCTs were identified through electronic databases and manual search. Methodological quality was assessed and methodological details and outcomes were extracted in duplicate. A RCT comparing patients with depressive disorder receiving a low intensity CPI (87) with patients receiving UC (92) was performed in Barcelona. The intervention consisted of an educational programme focused on improving knowledge about medication, improving patients’ compliance and reducing stigma. Measurements took place at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Adherence was continuously registered from the computerized pharmacy records. Secondary outcomes included clinical severity of depression (PHQ‐9), health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) (EuroQol‐5D) and satisfaction with the treatment received. Direct and indirect costs were assessed using the Client Service Receipt Inventory. Unit costs were derived from official local sources. Quality‐Adjusted Life‐Years (QALYs) were calculated using the EuroQol‐5D Spanish tariffs. 3) Results: Six RCTs were identified in the systematic review; most of them were conducted in the USA. A total of 887 depressed patients who were initiating or maintaining treatment with antidepressants and who received pharmacist care (459 patients) or UC (428 patients) were included in the review. The most commonly reported interventions were patient education and monitoring, monitoring and management of toxicity and side effects and compliance promotion. Overall, no statistical heterogeneity or publication bias was detected. The pooled odds ratio was 1.64 (95% CI 1.24‐2.17). Subgroup analysis showed no statistically significant differences in results. Results from the RCT showed that patients in the CPI group were more likely to remain adherent at 3 and 6‐month follow‐up but the difference was not statistically significant. No statistically significant differences were observed in clinical symptoms or satisfaction with the pharmacy service. However, patients in the CPI group showed greater statistically significant improvement in HRQOL compared to UC patients, both in the ITT and PP analyses. Overall costs were higher in the CPI group than in UC patients, mainly because of differences in productivity losses. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in QALYs. From the societal perspective, the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) for CPI compared with UC was €9,335 per extra adherent patient. The incremental cost‐utility ratio (ICUR) was €38,896 per QALY gained. If willingness to pay (WTP) is €50,000 per one extra adherent patient, per extra remission of symptoms or per QALY, the probability of the CPI being cost‐effective was 0.71, 0.52 and 0.56, respectively. From the healthcare perspective, the ICER was €862 per extra adherent patient. ICUR was €3,542. The probability of the intervention being cost‐effective was 0.75 if WTP is €12,000 for an extra adherent patient and €40,000 for QALY gained. The probability of the CPI being cost‐effective in remission of depressive symptoms was 0.55 for a WTP of €50,000. 4) Conclusions: A pharmacist intervention could be a good strategy to improve patients’ adherence to antidepressants in primary care but evidence supporting the pharmacist intervention in depressed patients is still limited, especially in community pharmacies and outside the USA. A low intensity CPI proved to be ineffective in improving patients’ adherence to antidepressants or clinical symptomatology. However, it was effective in improving the patient’s HRQOL. The CPI was not cost‐effective in comparison with UC in the improvement of adherence, depressive symptoms and QALYs.

The study makes an analysis of Charles Mungoshi's Shona works from a Modernist perspective. In this study, Modernist literature is shown as full of change and adventure that has seen characters failing to catch up with the speed at which their social lives are going. The change is continuos and has resulted in many characters continuously failing to cope, which in turn has resulted in continuous frustrations, here described as despair. The study also shows how the despair is being nurtured in the circumstances of crumbling social institutions which, in the past, had acted as the haven for devastated individuals. The crumbling social institutions are shown to be triggering the despair and the characters are given no room to recuperate. The study makes an analysis of what brings this despair and how in the end, particular individual characters fight to ward off the despair. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Na clínica contemporânea, temos nos defrontado com novas expressões de sofrimento, nas quais o corpo ganha destaque. Entre os fenômenos recorrentes encontramos a dor crônica e as fibromialgias. Os estudos sobre esses assuntos apresentam posições distintas: uns consideram tais dores como fenômenos histéricos, outros, como uma manifestação do corpo deprimido. Pretendemos verificar as especificidades das dores crônicas, desde a possibilidade de uma manifestação histérica ou depressiva, mas avançando na hipótese de que elas possam ser manifestações do quadro melancólico. Tomaremos a teoria de Freud como principal fonte dos nossos estudos sobre a melancolia e cotejaremos também autores mais recentes que tratam do fenômeno da dor, particularmente os da psicossomática psicanalítica. Os pacientes que nos mobilizaram a empreender tais estudos foram aqueles que apresentavam traços curiosos: pouca fluidez pulsional, desânimo, dores em vários pontos do corpo, sintomas psicossomáticos, ansiedade bastante expressiva e, geralmente, marcados por uma falta de sentido, conotando, de um lado, traços melancólicos e, de outro, sintomas somáticos. Na melancolia, trata-se de uma perda na vida pulsional enquanto que no sofrimento decorrente de um luto normal, isso não acontece; a libido se desprende do objeto, devido a uma posição ocupada por esse objeto perdido, em que havia um duplo trabalho a ele dirigido, de amor e ódio, portanto passível de ser elaborado, no nível consciente. Nesse mesmo texto, ele mostra que no luto patológico, o objeto perdido mantém-se investido, libidinalmente, tendo como consequência um apego a ele, sem que ele possa ser elaborado, causando, portanto, uma sombra do objeto sobre o próprio ego do sujeito. Isso significa que há um hiper investimento narcísico no objeto, no qual o sujeito se fixa colando nele. Num mundo voltado para o individualismo, para o narcisismo e sem ideais é provável que se estimule mais esse encapsulamento, impedindo o sujeito de se vincular. Na clínica contemporânea os sintomas são mais dessa natureza: são primários, de caráter narcísico, no qual o sujeito se vê encapsulado num mundo vazio e sem significação. Nesse contexto, pensamos ser mais propício falar de sujeitos melancólicos, distinto dos deprimidos, pois estes fazem uma retirada do investimento libidinal, mas mantém uma relação com objeto.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolina_cavalcanti_henriques.pdf: 339372 bytes, checksum: 35ac31ce1aa15f2bcacce66bd22f3ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-11 / In contemporary practice, we have been faced with new expressions of suffering, in which the body gets featured. Among the recurring phenomena found chronic pain and fibromialgia. Studies on these subjects feature distinct positions: some consider such pain as hysterical phenomena, others as a manifestation of the body down. We intend to verify the specifics of chronic pain, since the possibility of a hysterical demonstration or depressed, but advancing the hypothesis that they may be manifestations of melancholic framework. Take the theory of Freud as the main source of our studies on the melancholy and cotejaremos also latest authors dealing with the phenomenon of pain, particularly the psychoanalytic literature. Patients who mobilized us to undertake such studies were those that were curious traits: low fluidity pulsional, dismay, pain in various parts of the body, psychosomatic symptoms, anxiety quite expressive and usually marked by a lack of sense, connoting, on the other hand, melancholic traits and somatic symptoms. In melancholy, a loss in pulsional life while suffering from a normal grief, that doesn't happen; libido peels back the object, due to a position occupied by this lost object, in which there was a double job to him directed, of love and hate, so liable to be drafted in the conscious level. In this same text, it shows that in the pathological mourning, the missing object remains invested, libidinalmente, resulting in an attachment to him, without it can be elaborated, causing therefore a shadow of the object about the subject's ego itself. That means there's a hyper narcissistic investment in object, in which the subject is fixed by pasting it. In a world facing individualism, for narcissism and without ideals is likely to stimulate more this encapsulation, preventing the subject from link. In contemporary clinical symptoms are more of this nature: are primary, narcissistic character, in which the subject finds himself wrapped in a world empty and without meaning. In this context, we think it's more conducive to speak of melancholy subjects, distinct from the depressed, because these make a libidinal investment withdrawal, but maintains a relationship with object. / Na clínica contemporânea, temos nos defrontado com novas expressões de sofrimento, nas quais o corpo ganha destaque. Entre os fenômenos recorrentes encontramos a dor crônica e as fibromialgias. Os estudos sobre esses assuntos apresentam posições distintas: uns consideram tais dores como fenômenos histéricos, outros, como uma manifestação do corpo deprimido. Pretendemos verificar as especificidades das dores crônicas, desde a possibilidade de uma manifestação histérica ou depressiva, mas avançando na hipótese de que elas possam ser manifestações do quadro melancólico. Tomaremos a teoria de Freud como principal fonte dos nossos estudos sobre a melancolia e cotejaremos também autores mais recentes que tratam do fenômeno da dor, particularmente os da psicossomática psicanalítica. Os pacientes que nos mobilizaram a empreender tais estudos foram aqueles que apresentavam traços curiosos: pouca fluidez pulsional, desânimo, dores em vários pontos do corpo, sintomas psicossomáticos, ansiedade bastante expressiva e, geralmente, marcados por uma falta de sentido, conotando, de um lado, traços melancólicos e, de outro, sintomas somáticos. Na melancolia, trata-se de uma perda na vida pulsional enquanto que no sofrimento decorrente de um luto normal, isso não acontece; a libido se desprende do objeto, devido a uma posição ocupada por esse objeto perdido, em que havia um duplo trabalho a ele dirigido, de amor e ódio, portanto passível de ser elaborado, no nível consciente. Nesse mesmo texto, ele mostra que no luto patológico, o objeto perdido mantém-se investido, libidinalmente, tendo como consequência um apego a ele, sem que ele possa ser elaborado, causando, portanto, uma sombra do objeto sobre o próprio ego do sujeito. Isso significa que há um hiper investimento narcísico no objeto, no qual o sujeito se fixa colando nele. Num mundo voltado para o individualismo, para o narcisismo e sem ideais é provável que se estimule mais esse encapsulamento, impedindo o sujeito de se vincular. Na clínica contemporânea os sintomas são mais dessa natureza: são primários, de caráter narcísico, no qual o sujeito se vê encapsulado num mundo vazio e sem significação. Nesse contexto, pensamos ser mais propício falar de sujeitos melancólicos, distinto dos deprimidos, pois estes fazem uma retirada do investimento libidinal, mas mantém uma relação com objeto.