Cost models are an essential part of database systems, as they are the basis of query performance optimization. Based on predictions made by cost models, the fastest query execution plan can be chosen and executed or algorithms can be tuned and optimised. In-memory databases shifts the focus from disk to main memory accesses and CPU costs, compared to disk based systems where input and output costs dominate the overall costs and other processing costs are often neglected. However, modelling memory accesses is fundamentally different and common models do not apply anymore. This work presents a detailed parameter evaluation for the plan operators scan with equality selection, scan with range selection, positional lookup and insert in in-memory column stores. Based on this evaluation, a cost model based on cache misses for estimating the runtime of the considered plan operators using different data structures is developed. Considered are uncompressed columns, bit compressed and dictionary encoded columns with sorted and unsorted dictionaries. Furthermore, tree indices on the columns and dictionaries are discussed. Finally, partitioned columns consisting of one partition with a sorted and one with an unsorted dictionary are investigated. New values are inserted in the unsorted dictionary partition and moved periodically by a merge process to the sorted partition. An efficient attribute merge algorithm is described, supporting the update performance required to run enterprise applications on read-optimised databases. Further, a memory traffic based cost model for the merge process is provided. / Kostenmodelle sind ein essentieller Teil von Datenbanksystemen und bilden die Basis für Optimierungen von Ausführungsplänen. Durch Abschätzungen der Kosten können die entsprechend schnellsten Operatoren und Algorithmen zur Abarbeitung einer Anfrage ausgewählt und ausgeführt werden. Hauptspeicherresidente Datenbanken verschieben den Fokus von I/O Operationen hin zu Zugriffen auf den Hauptspeicher und CPU Kosten, verglichen zu Datenbanken deren primäre Kopie der Daten auf Sekundärspeicher liegt und deren Kostenmodelle sich in der Regel auf die kostendominierenden Zugriffe auf das Sekundärmedium beschränken. Kostenmodelle für Zugriffe auf Hauptspeicher unterscheiden sich jedoch fundamental von Kostenmodellen für Systeme basierend auf Festplatten, so dass alte Modelle nicht mehr greifen. Diese Arbeit präsentiert eine detaillierte Parameterdiskussion, sowie ein Kostenmodell basierend auf Cache-Zugriffen zum Abschätzen der Laufzeit von Datenbankoperatoren in spaltenorientierten und hauptspeicherresidenten Datenbanken wie das Selektieren von Werten einer Spalte mittels einer Gleichheitsbedingung oder eines Wertebereichs, das Nachschlagen der Werte einzelner Positionen oder dem Hinzufügen neuer Werte. Dabei werden Kostenfunktionen für die Operatoren erstellt, welche auf unkomprimierten Spalten, mittels Substitutionskompression komprimierten Spalten sowie bit-komprimierten Spalten operieren. Des Weiteren werden Baumstrukturen als Index Strukturen auf Spalten und Wörterbüchern in die Betrachtung gezogen. Abschließend werden partitionierte Spalten eingeführt, welche aus einer lese- und einer schreib-optimierten Partition bestehen. Neu Werte werden in die schreiboptimierte Partition eingefügt und periodisch von einem Attribut-Merge-Prozess mit der leseoptimierten Partition zusammengeführt. Beschrieben wird eine Effiziente Implementierung für den Attribut-Merge-Prozess und ein Hauptspeicher-bandbreitenbasiertes Kostenmodell aufgestellt.

O objetivo geral desta dissertação é fornecer um quadro amplo da formação dos compostos nas línguas naturais, deflagrando o que deve ser visto como universal em sua formação e o que deve ser visto como particular às línguas. Partindo de uma língua específica, o português brasileiro, demonstramos como a composição se estabelece em um sistema particular, e, no contraste entre as propriedades de seus dados e as propriedades atestadas nesse processo em trabalhos taxonômicos e tipológicos, delineamos as fronteiras entre o geral e o específico. Admitimos que sejam duas as propriedades universais da composição que devem ser abarcadas em um sistema gerativo: (i) o estabelecimento de uma relação gramatical entre os membros de um composto, a saber, uma relação de subordinação, atribuição ou coordenação fato bem comprovado translinguisticamente nos trabalhos de Bisetto e Scalise (2005), Guevara e Scalise (2009), e Scalise e Bisetto (2009) , e (ii) a criação de um domínio categorial acima de dois núcleos complexos conectados em determinada relação gramatical, o qual garante que uma estrutura complexa quase-sentencial seja interpretada como uma única unidade sintática. O particular nesse processo de formação de palavras reside no modo como as línguas naturais emolduram morfologicamente seus compostos, ou se a partir de uma combinação entre radicais, ou se a partir de uma combinação entre palavras, bem como os processos fonológicos que determinam a composição em um sistema linguístico específico. Essa assunção é evidenciada pela variedade de estruturas morfológicas encontrada nos compostos translinguisticamente, e pela assistematicidade de processos fonológicos que se aplicam nos compostos a fim de demarcá-los em uma língua. Para explicar esses fatos, assumimos um modelo não-lexicalista de gramática, a Morfologia Distribuída (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; EMBICK; NOYER, 2007), e, com base nesse aparato teórico, demonstramos que as propriedades universais da composição são diretamente abarcadas no componente sintático. As relações gramaticais, primeiramente, são formalizadas através dos tipos de aplicação da operação Merge, tal como definidos em Chomsky (2000, 2004), nomeadamente, set-Merge e pair-Merge, enquanto que o domínio categorial é formado a partir da concatenação de um núcleo definidor de categoria acima de duas ou mais raízes categorizadas. As estruturas morfológicas, por sua vez, serão emolduradas pós-sintaticamente, nos componentes morfológico e fonológico da gramática, onde a variação translinguística se processa. Para tanto, argumentamos que a informação de classe carrega um papel importante na variação estrutural dos compostos translinguisticamente, pois será a presença ou ausência dessa informação que determinará quando uma raiz sintática será um radical ou uma palavra, distribuindo, desse modo, as estruturas sintáticas dos compostos em combinações morfológicas variadas / The main goal of this thesis is to provide a broad picture of compounding in natural languages, triggering what should be considered universal and what should be considered languagespecific in this word formation process. Starting from a particular language, Brazilian Portuguese, we demonstrate how compounding is established in a linguistic system, and by the contrast of the properties present in its compounds with the attested properties provided in taxonomic and typological works on the subject, we outline the boundaries between what is general and what is specific to this language. We argue that there are two universal properties of compounding that should be accounted for a generative system: (i) the establishment of a grammatical relation between the constituents of a compound, namely subordination, attribution and coordination a crosslinguistically well-proven fact in the works of Bisetto and Scalise (2005), Guevara and Scalise (2009) and Scalise and Bisetto (2009) and (ii) the formation of a categorial domain above two constituents connected in a specific grammatical relation, which ensures that a quasi-sentential structure will be interpreted as a single syntactic unit. What is language-specific in this word formation process lies in how languages frame their compounds in morphological structures, whether in a combination of stems or in a combination of words, as well as the phonological processes that specify compounding in some linguistic systems. This assumption finds evidence in the variety of morphological structures found in compounds through the languages of the world, and in the unsystematicity of phonological processes that apply to compounds to demarcate it in a particular language. In order to explain all the above-mentioned facts, we assume a non-lexicalist approach to grammar, the Distributed Morphology framework (see HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; EMBICK; NOYER, 2007), and based on its tenets we demonstrate that the universal properties of compounding are straightforwardly accounted for the syntactic component of the grammar. Primarily, the grammatical relations are formalized through the nature of the operation Merge, as defined in Chomsky (2000, 2004), namely, set-Merge and pair-Merge, while the categorial domain is created by the concatenation of a category-defining head above two or more categorized roots. The morphological structures of the compounds will be framed post-syntactically at the morphological and phonological components, where crosslinguistic variation takes place. To this end, we argue that class marker information plays an important role in the variation of compounds morphological structure crosslinguistically, since it will be the absence or the presence of this feature that will define whether a syntactic root will be externalized as a stem or as a word, distributing this way the syntactic structure of a compound in various morphological combinations

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-23T19:53:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JadsonJoseDosSantos_DISSERT.pdf: 7860810 bytes, checksum: 0a216c3c6ba0a399cc3cb6314ccb7c88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-27T19:34:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JadsonJoseDosSantos_DISSERT.pdf: 7860810 bytes, checksum: 0a216c3c6ba0a399cc3cb6314ccb7c88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:34:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JadsonJoseDosSantos_DISSERT.pdf: 7860810 bytes, checksum: 0a216c3c6ba0a399cc3cb6314ccb7c88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-13 / A engenharia de linhas de produto de software traz vantagens quando comparado ao desenvolvimento tradicional de sistemas no que diz respeito a customiza??o em massa dos seus componentes, reduzindo o custo e aumentando a qualidade de produ??o de uma fam?lia de sistemas. Contudo, em determinados cen?rios, a manuten??o de c?pias separadas - clones - de um sistema tem sido explorado por ser uma abordagem mais simples e f?cil de gerenciar. Esta disserta??o de mestrado busca avaliar qualitativamente uma abordagem proposta para auxiliar a reconcilia??o de funcionalidades entre sistemas web clonados. A abordagem analisada ? baseada na minera??o de informa??es sobre evolu??es dos sistemas e a organiza??es dessas informa??es de forma estruturada, al?m de uma an?lise de determinados tipos de conflitos que tem por finalidade indicar poss?veis problemas na integra??o de funcionalidades entre vers?es clonadas de um mesmo sistema, n?o indicados por ferramentas tradicionais de controle de vers?o. O estudo emp?rico conduzido nesta disserta??o envolveu uma avalia??o qualitativa dos conflitos gerados pela abordagem. Os resultados do estudo mostraram a viabilidade de utiliza??o da abordagem para resolu??o de diferentes tipos de conflitos quando integrando funcionalidades desenvolvidas de forma independente em sistemas web clonados. / The software product line engineering brings advantages when compared with the traditional software development regarding the mass customization of the system components. However, there are scenarios that to maintain separated clones of a software system seems to be an easier and more flexible approach to manage their variabilities of a software product line. This dissertation evaluates qualitatively an approach that aims to support the reconciliation of functionalities between cloned systems. The analyzed approach is based on mining data about the issues and source code of evolved cloned web systems. The next step is to process the merge conflicts collected by the approach and not indicated by traditional control version systems to identify potential integration problems from the cloned software systems. The results of the study show the feasibility of the approach to perform a systematic characterization and analysis of merge conflicts for large-scale web-based systems.

Intelligente Bauteile sind zunehmend in der Forschung und Industrie von Interesse, aufgrund ihrer vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Ein Beispiel dafür ist ein aktuelles Projekt des Bundesexzellenzclusters MERGE, welches sich mit der Entwicklung einer Mittelkonsole befasst, die als Bedienelement in einem Kraftfahrzeug dienen und durch Berührungen Aktionen ausführen soll. Um diese Funktionalität zu ermöglichen, ist es notwendig, die mittels piezokeramischer Sensoren erzeugten elektrischen Signale hinsichtlich der Lokalisation des Einschlags auszuwerten. Dies bezüglich werden verschiedene Signaleigenschaften auf ihre Eignung unter Verwendung einer support vector machine untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch die energetische Betrachtung der Signale eine Einschlagslokalisation realisierbar ist, aber Einschränkungen in der praktischen Verwendbarkeit aufweist.

Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe der Professur Strukturleichtbau und Kunststoffverarbeitung / Scientific publication series of the Department of Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology

<p>Software evolution is a crucial activity for software organizations. A specifc type of software evolution is the integration of previously isolated systems. The need for integration is often a consequence of different organizational changes, including merging of previously separate organizations. One goal of software integration is to increase the value to users of several systems by combining their functionality, another is to reduce functionality overlap. If the systems are completely owned and controlled in-house, there is an additional advantage in rationalizing the use of internal resources by decreasing the amount of software with essentially the same purpose. Despite in-house integration being common, this topic has received little attention from researchers. This thesis contributes to an increasing understanding of the problems associated with in-house integration and provides guidelines to the more efficient utilization of the existing systems and the personnel.</p><p>In the thesis, we combine two perspectives: software architecture and processes. The perspective of software architecture is used to show how compatibility analysis and development of integration alternatives can be performed rapidly at a high level of abstraction. The software process perspective has led to the identification of important characteristics and practices of the integration process. The guidelines provided in the thesis will help those performing future in-house integration to make well-founded decisions timely and efficiently.</p><p>The contributions are based on several integration projects in industry, which have been studied systematically in order to collect, evaluate and generalize their experiences.</p>

本研究的進行，乃基於企業利於企業的延伸發展，並且國內金融相關產業的購併風潮正方興未艾的背景；因而為利於個案公司購併後的問題克服，進而達到整體企業整合與轉型的動機下；本研究乃從被併購公司的現況及產業結構、發展的關鍵成功因素與未來經營策略三方向進行分析，以期益於個案公司的整體營運與成長之目的。除此，本研究亦期經此個案研究，可提供學術探討與企業實務相關的參考，而利於購併的研究領域與營運方向之發展。 而為促使本研究的周延，乃從企業併購後整合觀念、策略管理、轉型與再造三方面進行文獻探討，藉以獲得正確的研究知識與並啟發基礎的研究觀念，進而奠立本研究的研究架構與實施步驟，以促研究的有序進行。 另外，基於本研究議題之敏感，且願意公開的購併企業家數甚少，再加上本研究主題乃我國目前經濟現實自然演變而產生，故本研究採取探索性的個案研究。而研究架構，乃以內外部分析、公司策略架構要求與轉型與整合策略三方面為主發展（參見下圖）。而研究方法，主要採行文獻探討與個案研究。 企業購併後整合轉型策略的議題，經本研究探討後，發現個案公司的產業，乃目前我國政府單位特許與關注的產業，故政府訂定許多監理措施與政策進行控管。而其商品與通路發展日益多樣化，且此產業亟需以資訊化作為競爭武器。 對於個案公司的分析，首先從個案公司設立背景、組織結構、業務範圍、經營要點、業務通路、營運目標與未來展望等基礎資料探討；次而對個案公司的市場地位、競爭環境、優劣勢進行分析；再者從個案公司的資訊策略與企業策略之契合進行研析；最後，則從個案公司的收購類型、Porter的價值鏈分析、波士頓矩陣、Porter的五力分析與一般策略、資源關係等進行個案公司的各種策略之分析。 最後，本研究提出如下的結論： 1.個案公司的併購型態乃屬救援型的“渥克爸爸”型收購。 2.個案公司從各種產業競爭分析而言，都屬於弱勢。 3.個案公司從資訊分析而言，需要強化與策略、業務的契合。 4.個案公司的資訊管理問題主要包括以技術為中心且彈性不夠、缺乏整體及標準架構之設計和實施，系統相互獨立而分裂，且介面不暢、資訊部門不易提供支援業務的品質。 本研究對個案公司提出如下的建議： 1.進行流程再造： 透過重新思考與再造完成組織流程的方式而實現重大改善 2.進行資訊再造： 而個案公司的資訊部門的努力層面，包括： •支援業務流程，提高業務營運效率； •支援管理和決策，保證資訊及資料對業務的可用性； •實現業務價值和競爭優勢。 至於，對未來研究的建議： 1.研究資料的增加，以助研究的進行與研究結果的比較。 2.研究方法的改進，以助研究結果與理論的證明。 3.研究方向的拓展，有助培養我國企業併購的發展觀念與因應能力，進而達成促進我國不良企業重建的目標。 / The background of the study was the approach of the acquiring & merging was growing up in the monetary industry. The motivation of the study was to help solving the problems, proceeding the integration & transform, and extending the operation for the case. The analysis architecture of the study based on 4 divisions: the operation of the case, the structure of the industry, the key successful factors of the case, and the future strategy of the case. Because the issue of the study was sensitive and the industry of the case was unique, the study approach was the case study. The suggestion of the study presented 2 directions: 1. To the case: The case had to develop the process reengineering and the information department reengineering. 2.To the future study: a. To increase the research data- to help comparing kinds of study results. b. To change the research method- to help verifying the theory and physical situations. c. To explore new research directions- to help building the concepts of the acquiring & merging for our business. To sum up, the study of contribution: 1. To the research : The study supplied the research base of the acquiring & merging. 2.To the physical operation: The study supplied the operating direction of the acquiring & merging.

The research in this thesis is intended to aid caregivers’ supervision of toddlers to prevent accidental injuries, especially injuries due to falls in the home environment. There have been very few attempts to develop an automatic system to tackle young children’s accidents despite the fact that they are particularly vulnerable to home accidents and a caregiver cannot give continuous supervision. Vision-based analysis methods have been developed to recognise toddlers’ fall risk factors related to changes in their behaviour or environment. First of all, suggestions to prevent fall events of young children at home were collected from well-known organisations for child safety. A large number of fall records of toddlers who had sought treatment at a hospital were analysed to identify a toddler’s fall risk factors. The factors include clutter being a tripping or slipping hazard on the floor and a toddler moving around or climbing furniture or room structures. The major technical problem in detecting the risk factors is to classify foreground objects into human and non-human, and novel approaches have been proposed for the classification. Unlike most existing studies, which focus on human appearance such as skin colour for human detection, the approaches addressed in this thesis use cues related to dynamic motions. The first cue is based on the fact that there is relative motion between human body parts while typical indoor clutter does not have such parts with diverse motions. In addition, other motion cues are employed to differentiate a human from a pet since a pet also moves its parts diversely. They are angle changes of ellipse fitted to each object and history of its actual heights to capture the various posture changes and different body size of pets. The methods work well as long as foreground regions are correctly segmented.

The concurrent development (CD) project is defined as the concurrent development of both hardware and software that is integrated together later for a deliverable product. The CD Scheduling Problem (CDSP) is defined as most CD baseline project schedules being developed today are overly optimistic. That is, they finish late. This study researches those techniques being used today to produce CD project schedules and looks for ways to close the gap between the baseline project schedule and reality. In Chapter 1, the CDSP is introduced. In Chapter 2, a review is made of published works. A review is also made of commercial scheduling software applications to uncover their techniques as well as a review of organizations doing research on improving project scheduling. In Chapter 3, the components of the CDSP are analyzed for ways to improve. In Chapter 4, the overall methodology of the research is discussed to include the development of the Concurrent Development Scheduling Model (CDSM) that quantifies the factors driving optimism. The CDSM is applied to typical CD schedules with the results compared to Monte Carlo simulations of the same schedules. The results from using the CDSM on completed CD projects are also presented. The CDSM does well in predicting the outcome. In Chapter 5, the results of the experiments run to develop the CDSM are given. In Chapter 6 findings and recommendations are given. Specifically, a list of findings is given that a decision maker can use to analyze a baseline project schedule and assess the schedules optimism. These findings will help define the risks in the CD schedule. Also included is a list of actions that the decision maker may be able to take to reduce of the risk of the project to improve the chances of coming in on time.

近幾年來，國內外又掀起了另一股購併潮流。但在這樣的潮流底下，購併真的能為企業帶來價值嗎？又為什麼有這麼多的人想要投入這塊領域？ 從許多合併後的實證結論發現，購併的進行並不如業者本身所預期的那樣樂觀，但這股風潮，似乎未曾間斷。究其原因，我們從購併的基本動機理論著手，再加上實質選擇權的特性－「管理彈性」予以考量，發現若將選擇權的觀念應用到購併投資決策上，的確會造成投資計畫價值增加的效果。顯然彈性價值的存在，的確是推動企業購併的主要因素之一。 本文所採行的研究個案係國內的大型銀行，是故購併案的採行，勢必會有一筆龐大的期初投資。若未來的預期收益無法與期初成本相當，或在短期內，無法將成本回收的話，從購併案的動機來看，這樣的案子將不予採行。本文即因為期初投入成本太大，導致這宗合併案將不與採行。但在情境分析的考量下，若於市場處於樂觀情境，則雙方會接受這宗合併案。這樣的決策結果係針對量化指標來考量，若加入了政府當局或環境因素的考慮，也許雙方當事者仍會採納此購併建議。 本文研究之主要目的在為企業機構的合併案，提供一套利用多期實質選擇權概念進行評估的架構。同時，透過簡單的模型應用，加深企業對選擇權評價模式的瞭解，有助理論在實務上的應用。不過本文有資料蒐集上的困難，很多模型上的參數估計會產生些許誤差，但希望在合理的基礎下，能為購併計畫的評價帶來些許貢獻。