This work describes the synthesis and characterization of the mesoporous material MCM-41 and a new functionalized mesoporous material, PABA-MCM-41, for use as adsorbents to remove the PAHs benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F). Both materials were synthesized using hydrothermal methods. PABA-MCM-41 was synthesized using a hydrothermal/co-condensation technique, with functionalization employing modified 4-aminobenzoic acid. The mesoporous materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Batch adsorption experiments were employed to determine the effects of initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, and temperature on the removal of the PAHs. The co-condensation method was shown to be effective for the synthesis of functionalized PABA-MCM-41. The two mesoporous materials presented the hexagonal mesostructures typical of the M41S family, which were confirmed by the SAXS analyses and by the type IV isotherms with type H1 hysteresis. The materials possessed uniform mesopore size distributions, high surface areas, and were thermally stable. Adsorption tests showed that for both materials, the quantity adsorbed (qe) increased as the initial PAHs concentration was increased, with adsorption equilibrium reached in around 90 minutes. For adsorption by MCM-41, the equilibrium qe values were 12.49, 14.06, and 18.06 ìg g-1 for B[k]F, B[a]P, and B[b]F, respectively, while the corresponding values for the same PAHs were 22.51, 27.24, and 26.58 ìg g-1 when PABA-MCM-41 was used. The experimental kinetic data were fitted using the pseudo-second order model, and the Langmuir isotherm model was able to describe the process of PAH adsorption. At higher temperatures, there were increases in the initial adsorption rate and the kinetic constant for adsorption of the PAHs by PABA-MCM-41. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the processes are spontaneous, endothermic, and with a tendency towards disorder of the system at the adsorbent/adsorbate interface. Functionalization of MCM-41 increased the efficiency of adsorption of the PAHs by 44.5, 48.4, and 32.0% for B[k]F, B[a]P, and B[b]F, respectively. / Este trabalho descreve a sintese e caracterizacao do material mesoporoso MCM-41 e do novo material mesoporoso funcionalizado PABA-MCM-41 para serem utilizados como materiais adsorventes na remocao dos HPAs benzo[k]fluoranteno (B[k]F), benzo[a]pireno (B[a]P) e benzo[b]fluoranteno (B[b]F). Os dois materiais foram sintetizados pelo metodo hidrotermal, sendo que PABA-MCM-41 foi sintetizado pelo metodo hidrotermal/co-condensacao, o qual foi funcionalizado pelo acido 4-aminobenzoico modificado. Os materiais mesoporosos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na regiao do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espalhamento de raios-X a baixo angulo (SAXS), adsorcao/dessorcao de N2, microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV) e analise termogravimetrica (TG). Os experimentos de adsorcao em batelada foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos da concentracao inicial do adsorbato, tempo de contato e temperatura na remocao dos HPAs B[k]F, B[a]P e B[b]F. O metodo da co-condensacao mostrou-se eficiente na sintese do material mesoporoso funcionalizado PABA-MCM-41. Os dois materiais mesoporosos apresentaram mesoestruturas hexagonais tipicas da familia M41S, as quais foram confirmadas por SAXS, com isotermas do tipo IV e histerese do tipo H1. Tambem, apresentaram distribuicao uniforme do tamanho de mesoporos, alta area superficial e estabilidade termica. Os ensaios de adsorcao mostraram que ocorreu um aumento da quantidade adsorvida (qe) com o aumento da concentracao inicial dos HPAs, isto para os dois materiais mesoporosos utilizados, sendo que o equilibrio de adsorcao foi alcancado em cerca de 90 minutos. Os valores de qe obtidos no equilibrio foram de 12,49; 14,06 e 18,06 Êg g-1, respectivamente, na adsorcao do B[k]F, B[a]P e B[b]F pelo MCM-41 e de 22,51; 27,24 e 26,58 Êg g-1, respectivamente, na adsorcao dos mesmos pelo PABA-MCM-41. Os dados cineticos experimentais se ajustaram melhor ao modelo cinetico de pseudo-segunda ordem e o modelo de isoterma de Langmuir descreveu melhor o processo de adsorcao dos HPAs pelo MCM-41 e PABA-MCM-41. Foi verificado que em temperaturas mais altas houve um aumento na taxa inicial de adsorcao e na constante cinetica de adsorcao dos HPAs pelo PABA-MCM-41. Os parametros termodinamicos indicaram que o processo e espontaneo, endotermico e com uma tendencia para desordem do sistema na interface adsorvente/adsorbato. Com a funcionalizacao do MCM-41 foi verificado um aumento na eficiencia de adsorcao dos HPAs de 44,5; 48,4 e 32,0 %, respectivamente para o B[k]F, B[a]P e B[b]F.

Mesoporous materials like MCM-41 containing oxides of nickel, palladium or titanium were synthesized to evaluate the effect of these active phases in the structural, morphological and catalytic properties of these materials. The X-ray diffraction indicated that the MCM-41 type material was obtained with hexagonal structure well defined and highly ordered, and also suggest that after the impregnation of the MCM-41 with metal oxide, the MCM-41 structure was preserved and there was formation of particles of oxides of nickel, palladium or titanium, well dispersed on the MCM-41 surface, confirmed by the XRD, TEM and XPS analysis. The results of analysis of N2 adsorption indicate that the MCM-41 obtained has the textural properties relevant to the field of catalysis, such as high specific surface area (805 m2g-1), pore diameter of 3.65 nm and mesoporous volume of 0.48 cm3g-1. The insertion of the palladium, nickel or titanium oxides on MCM-41 resulted in a decrease in specific surface area of the supported catalysts. The catalytic tests revealed that: i) the Ni/MCM-41 presented a conversion of 55% DBT, ii) the Pd/MCM-41 had a performance of 50%, iii) the Ti/MCM-41, showed a conversion of 65% DBT, all with air flow at temperature of 60°C. / Materiais mesoporosos do tipo MCM-41 contendo óxidos de níquel, paládio ou titânio foram sintetizados visando avaliar o efeito dessas fases ativas nas propriedades estruturais, morfológicas e catalíticas desses materiais. Os difratogramas de raios X indicam a obtenção de materiais do tipo MCM-41 com estrutura hexagonal bem definida e altamente ordenada, além de sugerir que após a impregnação com metais a sua estrutura foi preservada e houve a formação de partículas de óxidos de níquel, paládio ou titânio, bem dispersas na superfície do MCM-41, confirmadas através das análises de DRX, MET e XPS. Os resultados da análise de adsorção de N2 indicaram que o MCM-41 obtido possui propriedades texturais relevantes para a área de catálise, tais como, alta área superficial específica (805 m2g-1), diâmetro médio de poro de 3,65 nm e volume de mesoporo de 0,48 cm3g-1. A inserção dos óxidos de níquel, paládio ou titânio no MCM-41 resultou numa diminuição na área superficial específica dos catalisadores suportados. Os testes catalíticos revelaram que: i) o Ni/MCM-41 apresentou uma conversão de 55% de DBT, ii) o Pd/MCM-41 apresentou um desempenho de 50%, iii) o Ti/MCM-41, apresentou uma conversão de 65% de DBT, todos na presença de fluxo de ar à temperatura de 60ºC.

De nouveaux matériaux à base de silice (silice mésoporeuse SBA-15 et nanoparticules coeur-coquille) associés à des hybrides de polyoxométallates lacunaires ont été élaborés pour des applications relavant de la catalyse homogène supportée, lors de réactions d'oxydation douce. Le critère principal a été la formation de liaisons covalentes entre les POMs et les deux types de supports utilisés. Des POMs à structure de Keggin portant des fonctions acide carboxylique ont été greffés sur des SBA-15 fonctionnalisées par des amines. Ce même support a été ensuite utilisé pour d'autres stratégies d'immobilisation covalente, comme l'utilisation d'un agent de réticulation. En parallèle, des nanocatalyseurs hybrides on été synthétisés par l'association de nanoparticules coeur-coquille magnétiques et de POMs. Tous ces matériaux ont été caractérisés par une large gamme de techniques physicochimiques. L'utilisation de la microscopie électronique par transmission haute résolution a permis de localiser les POMs à l'intérieur des pores de la SBA-15 et à la surface des nanoparticules magnétiques, montrant ainsi une très bonne nanostructuration à leur surface. L'activité catalytique des catalyseurs homogènes supportés synthétisés a été évaluée au travers de l'époxydation du cyclooctène et du cyclohexène par H2O2 dans l'acétonitrile. De bonnes conversions ont ainsi été obtenues dans certains cas, en comparaison avec les systèmes homogènes testés lors de ce travail. Une attention particulière a été portée aux bonnes performances catalytiques du POM portant des fonctions acide carboxylique. Des calculs DFT ont ainsi été réalisés afin d'identifier la cause de cette réactivité particulière. / New materials based on silica oxides (mesoporous silica SBA-15, magnetic core-shell nanoparticles) combined with nucleophilic hybrids of (vacant) polyoxometalates were elaborated for applications in the field of anchored homogeneous catalysis for mild oxidations reactions. The main parameter taken into account was the formation of a covalent bond between the support and the POMs. Two different pathways were followed depending upon the support used for the covalently grafting of POMs. Firstly, Keggin type POMs bearing carboxylic acid functions were grafted onto amino-functionalized SBA-15. Using the same support, other covalent immobilization methods were tried out, such as the use of a cross-linker. Secondly, hybrid nanocatalysts based on magnetic core-shell nanoparticles grafted with POMs were synthesized. All materials were characterized by a wide variety of physicochemical techniques. By HR TEM, the POMs were localized inside the pores of SBA-15 and onto the surface of magnetic core shell NPs, showing an excellent nanostructuration on the surface of both materials. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of the synthesized anchored homogeneous catalysts has been evaluated through the epoxidation of cyclooctene and cyclohenexe with H2O2 in acetonitrile, resulting in fairly good conversions in some cases, compared to the homogeneous systems used in this study. Finally, particular attention was paid to the excellent catalytic behavior of POMs bearing carboxylic acid functions compared to other POMs of the same family. Thus, DFT calculations were performed in order to identify the cause of this enhanced reactivity.

Le travail de cette thèse vise à contrôler la formation d’une structure fortement ordonnée à l’échelle supramoléculaire d'un liquide associé, par dilution dans un liquide aprotique, ou par confinement dans un silicate mésoporeux (MCM-41, SBA-15). Dans le volume, une forte perturbation du mélange idéal représentée en termes de regroupement entre les espèces similaires est observée par la diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles. Sous confinement, un phénomène remarquable de nanoségrégation des mélanges dans les pores conduit à des structures concentriques tubulaires de type coeur-gaine, ce qui est surprenant pour les systèmes binaires macroscopiquement homogène et entièrement miscibles. La dynamique moléculaire de ces nanostructures originales est étudiée par diffusion quasiélastique de neutrons dans le liquide et les états vitreux, révélant différents types de modes de relaxation sous confinement et étant fortement dépendant de la concentration. L’étiquetage isotopique HD des composants des mélanges fournit un point de vue global unique sur les propriétés de ces liquides binaires confinés. Ceci permet d’établir une corrélation directe entre les hétérogénéités dynamiques spatialement distinctes et la formation de nanostructures d'enveloppe de base d'origine induites par des interactions préférentielles. / The objective of this thesis is tuning the formation of ordered supramolecular structures of an H-bonded liquid alcohol, either by dispersion in an aprotic solvent or by confinement in mesoporous silicates (MCM-41 and SBA-15). In the bulk, a strong perturbation from ideal mixing depicted in terms of clustering between similar species is observed by small angle neutron scattering. Under confinement, a remarkable nanosegregation phenomenon of the mixture is observed in the pores, leading to concentric tubular structures of core-shell type, which are striking for macroscopically homogeneous and fully miscible binary systems. The molecular dynamics of these original glassforming nanostructures is studied by quasielastic neutron scattering in the liquid and vitreous states, revealing different types of relaxation modes under confinement with nontrivial concentration dependencies. Isotopic HD labelling of the mixtures components provides a unique comprehensive viewpoint on the properties of these confined binary liquids, establishing a direct correlation between spatially segregated dynamical heterogeneities and the formation of original core shell nanostructures induced by preferential interactions.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à mettre en place un système d’émulsion catalysé par des nanoparticules de Pickering afin de synthétiser des tensioactifs bio sourcés. Pour cela nous nous sommes intéressés à des matériaux mésoporeux fonctionnalisés (de type MCM-41). Ces matériaux favorisent la formation des émulsions tout en catalysant la réaction.Après une étude bibliographique sur le glycérol, les tensioactifs, les émulsions de Pickering et les matériaux mésoporeux, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse et à la fonctionnalisation de ces matériaux. Puis après les avoir caractérisés, nous les avons testés dans des réactions modèles biphasiques (acétalysation et hydrolyse d’ester). Enfin, nous avons terminé cette étude en testant ces catalyseurs dans notre réaction cible (éthérification du glycérol par des alcools gras). La MCM-41 a été synthétisée en utilisant un chauffage micro-onde.Les fonctions greffées sur nos matériaux ont permis de faire varier la balance hydrophile hydrophobe de nos matériaux tout en leur fournissant une fonction catalytique. Les nanoparticules ont été caractérisées par leur ATG, BET, DRX, analyse élémentaire, acidité et tailles des particules.Des catalyseurs à base d’Aerosil® 200 et de Nanoparticules de carbone ont également été testés.Une longue chaine alkyke (C18) et des nanoparticules de petites tailles (Aerosil® 200 et nanoparticules de carbone) favorisent la stabilité des émulsions. Cependant la présence de pores dans nos matériaux n’apporte pas d’avantage catalytique déterminant. / The objective of this work is the conception of emulsion catalysed by Pickering nanoparticles inorder to synthetize biosurfactant. Our strategy was based on functionalised mesoporous materials(MCM-41). These materials combine both emulsion stabilisation and reaction catalysis.After a bibliographic study on glycerol, surfactants, Pickering emulsions and mesoporousmaterials; our strategy was to functionalise these materials. After charaterisation, these materialswere tested in bipohasic model reactions (acetalysation and ester hydrolysis). We come to the end of this study by testing these catalysts in our target reaction (glycerol etherifaction from fattyalcohol).The MCM-41 was synthetized by using a microwave heating. The grafted functions on our materials can both make several hydrophilic-hydrophobic materialsas possible and provided them some catalytic functions. The nanoparticles were characterized byTGA, BET, XRD, elemental analysis, acidity and particle size.Catalyst from Aerosil® 200 and carbon nanoparticles were also tested. A long alkyl chain (C18) and small nanoparticles (Aerosil® 200 and carbon nanoparticles) supportthe emulsion’s stability. Nevertheless, the porous inside our materials is not interesting on acatalytic point of view.

Preparation of hierarchical zeolites for fine chemical synthesis Author: Bc. Ondřej Veselý Supervisor: Mgr. Pavla Eliášová, Ph.D. Prague, 2019 Abstract (in english): The thesis is focused on synthesis of hierarchical (micro-mesoporous) zeolites by several different methods and their application in catalytic reactions. Performance of hierarchical materials prepared by different approaches has been investigated, as well as the effect of framework topology and type of acidity on the outcome of the reactions. The work was elaborated in the Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry of Charles University under the supervision of Mgr. Pavla Eliášová, Ph. D. The work is divided into three parts. In the first part several methods of preparation of hierarchical zeolites have been investigated and compared in catalytic reactions. Desilication, selective removal of silicon from the framework, is a post-synthetic method that can be used to introduce additional mesoporosity into a zeolite. The process leads to formation of mesopores by introducing defects into the zeolite structure. The resulting mesopore size is very broad. To partially control the pore size, alkylammonium cations may be added to the solution to protect the crystal surface. The desilication was performed on MTW zeolite which contains...

M. Tech. (Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) are water pollutants that appear very often in chemical and petrochemical wastewaters due to gasoline leakage from storage tanks and pipelines. These BTX compounds can cause adverse health effects on humans even at very low concentrations. Amongst the available pollutant removal methods from wastewater, adsorption has been used due to its ease of operation, simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Different adsorbents have been used for BTX removal, however the use of Magnetite-organic acid composites as an adsorbent seems to offer a much cheaper alternative. This work seeks to develop a one-step microwave synthesis and optimization of magnetite-oleic (MNP-OA) and magnetite-palmitic (MNP-PA) acid) composites. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the magnetite-organic acid composites. The optimum conditions estimated for MNP-OA acid composite were 78.3 % Fe content, 1561.9 S/cm conductivity, 82.2, 84.1, 85.3 mg/g for BTX adsorption capacity. The MNP-PA composite were 75.6 % Fe content, 1325.66 S/cm conductivity, 60.55, 64.47, 63.06 mg/g for BTX adsorption capacity. The materials were characterized, and the adsorption process was optimized for BTX removal from aqueous solution. X-ray analysis confirmed the formation of magnetite by the presence of both ferric and ferrous ion states on the surface. It was noted that after modification, the magnetite-organic acids characteristics peaks became broad and the height of the peaks decreased indicating that surface modification with organic acid controls the crystallinity of the material. The average cystalline size of MNP, MNP-OA, and MNP-PA composites were 19.7, 17.1 and 17.9 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the target materials were produced and also to determine if the organic acids were imobilised on the surface of the magnetite. TEM images presented that the MNP, MNP-OA, and MNP-PA composites were spherical in shape with particle average sizes of 18.4 ± 0.5, 15.6 ± 0.5 and 16.5 ± 0.5 nm. The magnetite-organic acids show the particles with better isolated as compared to that of the MNP. The BET isotherms of the materials were described by a type IV characteristic related to uniform mesoporous materials. The magnetic saturation value for MNP, MNP-OA, and MNP-PA composites were 62.9, 59.0 and 51.0 emu/g. The decrease in magnetization was explained by the presence of the non-magnetic layer on magnetite surface. The pHpzc of MNP, MNP-OA, and MNP-PA composites were 6.9, 6.4 and 6.1. The decrease in pHpzc aftern modification was due to the charging acid-base interaction mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles. The optimum pH for the adsorption of BTX onto MNP, MNP-OA, and MNP-PA composites was determined to be pH 7 for benzene, pH 8 for toluene and xylene. Among the three pollutants, xylene had the highest adsorption capacity followed by toluene and benzene. The optimum adsorbent dose for the adsorbents for the adsorption process was 0.1 g/dm3. The effect of time on the uptake of BTX onto MNP, MNP-OA, and MNP-PA composites show that initial adsorption of BTX occured between 0 and 3 min of contact time. The effect of initial concentration results shows the initial concentration of BTX increases from 100 to 350 mg/dm3 with an increase in adsorption capacity. The results suggest that the adsorption process is controlled by concentration driving force. The experimental data was fitted to the pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models for all adsorbents and all pollutants. The pseudo-second-order models showed good correlation as compared to the first-pseudo model. Desorption studies for benzene, toluene and xylene using the pure magnetite, magnetite-palmitic and magnetite oleic acid composites indicate adsorption mrchanism can be explained in relation to acid–base chemistry. Electron donation from the phenyl ring of each benzene, toluene and xylene compound to surface iron atoms of magnetite has been suggested. The CH3OH and H2O desorbing agents were used and regeneration using five cycles show that the percentage desorption decreses from Benzene < Toluene < Xylene. The reduction in adsorption capacity after the cycles are attributed to decomposition of the adsorbents active sites and mass loss of the sample.

Novel highly functionalized hybrid organic-inorganic materials were synthesized by polycondensation of bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine in presence of cationic and anionic surfactants. Reaction media strongly affected gelation time. Thus, in basic media gelation occurred immediately while acid increased gelation time. Material structures were studied by IR spectroscopy, porosimetry, XRD, and SAXS methods. In spite of the absence of an inorganic linker, obtained bridged silsesquioxanes had mesoporous structure. A material prepared in the presence of dodecylamine as a template had higher surface area and narrow pore size distribution while the use of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate resulted in formation of mesopores with wide size ranges. Accessibility of surface amine groups in silsesquioxanes was studied for molecules of acidic nature and different sizes: HCl, CO2 and picric acid. High contents of accessible amine groups in these materials make them prospective adsorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture.

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