Cette recherche doctorale s’inscrit dans le cadre de la didactique de l’anglais et prend appui sur les champs théoriques propres à la didactique des langues et aux sciences du langage. Elle a pour objet l’étude de l’introduction d’approches plurielles fondées sur les langues inconnues (APLI) au sein du cours d’anglais et cherche à comprendre les effets d’une telle modification du savoir sur les acteurs de la relation pédagogique (l’élève et l’enseignant). Une quasi-expérimentation fut menée sur l’année scolaire 2011-2012 dans cinq classes de collège, de niveau cinquième. Les élèves, regroupés par tétrades, ont successivement été confrontés à trois langues inconnues (néerlandais, italien et finnois). Pour chacune de ces langues, ils ont été amenés à résoudre des problèmes d’ordre métasémantique, métasyntaxique, puis métaphonologique. Après avoir circonscrit le cadre institutionnel et théorique nécessaire à l’étude, le cadre méthodologique est précisé. Puis est abordée l’analyse des effets de la modification du savoir devenu plurilingue, tant sur les élèves que sur les enseignants. Lorsqu’on observe les effets des APLI sur la relation Savoir-Professeur, on constate que cette modification didactique a permis aux enseignants de mieux comprendre les concepts de situation-problème, de conceptualisation, de stratégies d’apprentissage et de compétence. La transposition didactique s’en trouve modifiée : les enseignants ont progressivement été amenés à concevoir des séquences didactiques donnant plus de place à l’élève, avec des exigences plus élevées. L’étude de la relation Enseignant-Élève met en exergue une modification de la pratique, essentiellement liée à la mise en place du travail de groupe. Le rôle de l’enseignant est alors révisé : il devient facilitateur du travail qui s’effectue en collaboration au sein du groupe. Finalement, l’analyse de la relation Savoir-Élève souligne la nécessaire conscientisation qui mène vers le développement de compétences plurilingues et la mise en œuvre de stratégies d’apprentissage transférables à l’étude de la L2. / This doctoral research work is embedded in the field of language didactics and is equally based on the linguistics and cognitive theoretical fields. Its main goal is to study the introduction of pluralistic approaches based on unknown languages (PAUL) within the English class, at lower secondary school. It seeks to understand the effects of such a change of knowledge on the actors of the pedagogical relationship (student and teacher). A quasi-experiment was conducted in 2011-2012 in five year 7 and four year 9 forms. Students, in groups of four, were successively confronted to three unknown languages (Dutch, Italian and Finnish). They were asked to solve metasemantic, metasyntactic or metaphonological problems in turn, for each of these languages. This doctoral work first explores the institutional and theoretical framework. Then, it presents the methodological framework so as to be able to analyze the effects of the change of the knowledge parameter which has become multilingual, both on the students and the teachers. When looking into the effects of PAUL on the Knowledge-Teacher relationship, we observe that it enables teachers to better apprehend concepts such as problem-solving, conceptualisation, learning strategies and competence. The didactic transposition is hence modified: teachers have gradually been led to develop teaching sequences with higher standards giving more space to the student. The study of the Teacher-Student relationship highlights a change in practice, mainly due to the implementation of group work. The role of the teacher is then revised: he becomes a facilitator of the collaborative learning. Finally, the analysis of the Knowledge-Student relationship underlines the necessary awareness that leads to the development of multilingual competences through the implementation of learning strategies which appear to be transferable to the study of L2.

Des vagues d’immigration successives ont fait du Québec le lieu d’une grande diversité linguistique et culturelle. De nombreux élèves bi/plurilingues sont maintenant scolarisés dans les classes ordinaires des écoles francophones, notamment au secondaire. Pour ces élèves, l’apprentissage de l’écriture est souvent un défi de taille. L’apprentissage de l’orthographe grammaticale (OG) du français, plus spécifiquement, constitue un obstacle important au développement de leur compétence à écrire. Cet obstacle se présente d’ailleurs pour l’ensemble des élèves scolarisés dans cette langue.Conçues en réponse aux difficultés des élèves en contexte de langue première, certaines interventions tendent à avoir des effets positifs sur leur apprentissage de l’OG, telles que les dictées métacognitives (Nadeau et Fisher, 2014) et une approche intégrée d’enseignement de l’orthographe (Allal et al., 2001). Dans notre thèse, nous avons conçu un dispositif qui s’inspire de ces interventions et nous y avons intégré des approches plurilingues. Ces approches sont susceptibles d’engager les élèves bi/plurilingues dans leurs apprentissages et de favoriser le développement de capacités métalinguistiques (Cummins, 2009 ; de Pietro, 2003).C’est ainsi que nous avons conçu un « dispositif plurilingue » d’enseignement de l’OG française. Ce dispositif allie la production de textes identitaires plurilingues (Cummins et Early, 2011) et la mise en œuvre de dictées métacognitives soutenues par des approches plurilingues, qui prennent la forme d’activités d’éveil aux langues (Armand, 2014 ; Auger, 2014) et de pratiques translinguistiques (Candelier et de Pietro, 2008 ; García et Kano, 2014). Nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle ce dispositif plurilingue favoriserait le développement de la compétence des élèves en OG en français. À cette fin, nous l’avons mis à l’essai auprès d’élèves bi/plurilingues de première secondaire (groupe expérimental 1), puis nous avons comparé ses effets avec ceux d’un « dispositif monolingue » (groupe expérimental 2), qui allie approche intégrée et dictées métacognitives, en français seulement, et avec ceux de pratiques habituelles d’enseignement de l’OG (groupe contrôle). Nous avons évalué la compétence en OG de l’ensemble des élèves au moyen d’une dictée et d’une production écrite. Des entretiens métagraphiques réalisés auprès d’un nombre ciblé de participants des trois groupes ont également permis une compréhension plus fine de l’évolution de leurs procédures graphiques. La passation de ces outils s’est effectuée à trois reprises : avant l’intervention (prétest), immédiatement après l’intervention (posttest immédiat) et cinq semaines après l’intervention (posttest différé).Nous constatons que le dispositif plurilingue apporte une contribution significativement plus grande au développement de la compétence en OG en français que des pratiques habituelles d’enseignement de l’OG. De plus, ce dispositif contribue tout autant, voire plus, à ce développement que le dispositif monolingue, alors que les effets propres au dispositif plurilingue se présentent notamment sous la forme d’un ancrage des apprentissages des élèves dans la durée. En effet, au posttest différé, seules les performances à la dictée des élèves du groupe expérimental 1 sont significativement supérieures à celles des élèves au groupe contrôle. Quant aux performances à la production écrite, celles des élèves des groupes expérimentaux 1 et 2 sont significativement supérieures à celles des élèves du groupe contrôle. Enfin, nous constatons l’existence d’un lien entre les plus grands progrès dans les performances des élèves des groupes expérimentaux 1 et 2 et l’augmentation du recours à des procédures morphosyntaxiques et à des procédures de remplacement, une tendance qui ne se dégage pas des résultats obtenus dans le groupe contrôle. / Successive waves of immigrants have turned the province of Quebec into a place of great linguistic and cultural diversity. Many bi/plurilingual students are now attending regular classes in French-language schools, particularly in high school. For these students, learning to write is often a challenge. The grammatical morphology (GM) of French, more specifically, constitutes an important obstacle to the development of their writing skills, an obstacle shared by all students of French regardless of their mother-tongue.In order to address students’ difficulties in a first language learning context, certain teaching practices, such as an integrated approach to teaching spelling and metacognitive dictations, tend to have positive effects on students’ GM development (Allal et al., 2001; Nadeau & Fisher, 2014). In our thesis, we designed an approach inspired by these practices. Furthermore, we integrated plurilingual pedagogical practices to this approach. Those practices are likely to engage bi/plurilingual students in their learning and to promote the development of metalinguistic abilities (de Pietro, 2003; Moore 2006; Cummins 2009).Thus, we tailored a “plurilingual approach” for teaching French GM. This approach combines the writing of plurilingual identity texts (Cummins & Early, 2011) and metacognitive dictations supported by plurilingual pedagogical practices. Those practices consisted of language awareness activities (Armand, 2014; Auger, 2014) and translinguistic practices (Candelier & de Pietro, 2008 ; Garcia & Kano, 2014). We verified the hypothesis according to which our plurilingual approach would promote the development of student’s GM in French. To this end, we tested this plurilingual approach with bi/plurilingual first-year secondary students (experimental group 1). We then compared its effects with those of a “monolingual approach” (experimental group 2), which combines an integrated approach of teaching spelling and metacognitive dictations, in French only, and with those of usual GM teaching practices (control group). We assessed the GM skills of all students through a dictation and a guided written production. Metagraphic interviews with a targeted number of participants from all three groups also provided a deeper understanding of the evolution of their graphical procedures. These data collection tools were used three times: before the experimentation (pre-test), immediately after the experimentation (immediate post-test) and five weeks after the experimentation (delayed post-test).We found that the plurilingual approach makes a significantly greater contribution to the development of GM in French than usual teaching practices. Moreover, this approach contributes as much, if not more, to this development as the monolingual approach, while the effects specific to the plurilingual approach involve the rooting of the skills learned by students over time. Indeed, at the delayed posttest, only the dictation performances of students in experimental group 1 are significantly higher than those of students in the control group. As for written production performances, both those in experimental groups 1 and 2 are significantly higher than those in the control group. Finally, we find a link between the greatest progress in the performances of students in experimental groups 1 and 2 and the increase in the use of morphosyntactic procedures and substitution procedures, a trend that does not emerge from the results obtained in the control group.

This study explored the effectiveness of a student question creation process engaging students actively in self, peer, and instructor interaction in development of affective, cognitive, and meta-cognitive skills. Employing a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design assigning both treatment and control activities sequentially in an alternating pattern over a six week period, students' performance on exams as well as their perceptions of various aspects of the student question creation process were used to evaluate the effectiveness of student-created questions (SCQs) activities as a cognitive strategy and to identify factors contributing to the effectiveness of question creation activities on students' learning. Subjects of this study were high performing and highly motivated graduate students in an 8-week online biomedical statistics course, part of a specialized master's program designed for medical school preparation. Survey findings and focus groups strongly supported the student question creation process as a facilitator of higher order thinking. However, the relatively short study duration, comparison of student question creation with another competing method for facilitating learning (discussion board) and not a pure control group, and availability of a common study guide course with student-created questions on all course topics may have muted assessment of the full impact of the strategy on learning. Although practically difficult in an education environment, further research to assess fully the impact of the student question creation strategy is desirable especially if these confounding factors can be greatly minimized, if not eliminated.

Learner beliefs, which contribute to attitude and motivation, may affect language learning. It is therefore valuable to investigate the malleability of learner beliefs, and to determine whether potentially detrimental beliefs can be ameliorated. This study examines how instruction of the principles of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) affects students' beliefs about classroom activities and their beliefs about language learning in general. The 68 first-year German students at Brigham Young University who participated in this study were asked to rate the effectiveness of three activities typical of communicative language teaching: Dialogue activities, Peer Interview activities, and Information-gap activities. They were also asked to respond to 11 statements about language learning, seven of which were taken from the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory(Horwitz, 1988). Students responded to the survey three times: once during the first week of the semester, again during the fourth week, and again during the eighth week. During the four weeks between the second and third surveys, students in the experimental group received seven treatment lessons based on some of the basic principles of SLA. A Repeated Measures ANCOVA and a Logistical Regression were used to determine the effects of the treatment, time, and a number of demographic variables. Results of this study show that the treatment did not have a significant effect on any of the beliefs that were measured. However, one language learning belief was significantly affected by time. A majority of the students who participated in this study agreed with the statement, “The instructor should teach the class in German.” After three weeks of class instruction, however, they agreed with this statement significantly stronger. The results of this study also show that many of the demographic variables, such as gender and previous language learning experience, had a significant effect on a number of the students' beliefs.

The paper discusses the process of teaching listening and speaking to Iraqi students in English classes. The relevance is determined by the expanding international contacts of the Republic of Iraq, on the one hand, and the insufficient development of effective teaching methods for listening and speaking, on the other hand. Based on the analysis of extensive theoretical material from works both Russian and foreign researchers considering various types of listening (intensive and extensive) cognitive and metacognitive processes, stages of information reception and processing and the interrelation of listening and speaking, it is concluded that they need to be integrated. In the practical part of the research, questionnaire data are presented to identify the problems and needs of Iraqi students; authentic tasks for developing listening and speaking skills, taking into account national characteristics, are offered. The approach contributes to the successful cooperation of actors in the educational process (a lecturer and students). In conclusion, factors influencing the teaching process of listening and speaking are generalized and some recommendations are given. / В работе рассматривается процесс обучения аудированию и говорению иракских студентов на занятиях по английскому языку. Актуальность определяется расширяющимися международными контактами Республики Ирак, с одной стороны, и недостаточной разработкой эффективных методик обучения аудированию и говорению, с другой стороны. На основе анализа обширного теоретического материала как российских, так и зарубежных исследователей, рассматривающих различные виды аудирования (интенсивное и экстенсивное) когнитивные и метакогнитивные процессы, этапы принятия и обработки информации и взаимосвязь аудирования с говорением, делается вывод о необходимости их интеграции. В практической части исследования приводятся данные анкетирования, позводяющего определить проблемы и потребности иракских студентов, предлагаются аутентичные задания на развитие навыков аудирования и говорения с учетом национальных особенностей. Данный подход способствует успешному взаимодействию акторов процесса обучения (преподаваетеля и студентов). В заключение обощаются факторы, влиющие на процесс обучения аудированию и говорению, даются некоторые рекомендации.

Metacognition is commonly understood in the context of the learners and not their teachers. Extant literature focusing on how Mathematics teachers apply their metacognitive skills in the classroom, clearly distinguishes between teaching with metacognition (TwM) referring to teachers thinking about their own thinking and teaching for metacognition (TfM) which refers to teachers creating opportunities for learners to reflect on their thinking. However, in both of these cases, thinking requires a language, in particular appropriate mathematical language to communicate the thinking by both teacher and learners in the Mathematics classroom. In this qualitative study, which forms part of a bigger project within SANPAD (South Africa Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development), the metacognitive skills and mathematical language used by Mathematics teachers who teach at two township schools were interrogated using the design-based research approach with lesson study. Data collection instruments included individual interviews and a trigonometric assessment task. Lessons were also observed and video-taped to be viewed and discussed during focus group discussions in which the teachers, together with five Mathematics lecturers, participated. The merging of the design-based research approach with lesson study brought about teacher-lecturer collaboration, referred to in this study as the Mathematics Educators’ Reflective Inquiry (ME’RI) group, and enabled the design of a hypothetical teaching and learning trajectory (HTLT) for the teaching of trigonometric functions. A metacognitive performance profile for the two grade 10 teachers was also developed. The Framework for Analysing Mathematics Teaching for the Advancement of Metacognition (FAMTAM) from Ader (2013) and the Teacher Metacognitive Framework (TMF) from Artzt and Armour-Thomas (2002) were adjusted and merged to develop a new framework, the Metacognitive Teaching for Metacognition Framework (MTMF) to analyse the metacognitive skills used by mathematics teachers TwM as well as TfM. Without oversimplifying the magnitude of these concepts, the findings suggest a simple mathematical equation: metacognitive skills + enhanced mathematical language = conceptualization skills. The findings also suggest that both TwM and TfM are required for effective mathematics instruction. Lastly the findings suggest that the ME’RI group holds promise to enhance the use of the metacognitive skills and mathematical language of Mathematics teachers in Mathematics classrooms. / PhD (Mathematics Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Metacognition is commonly understood in the context of the learners and not their teachers. Extant literature focusing on how Mathematics teachers apply their metacognitive skills in the classroom, clearly distinguishes between teaching with metacognition (TwM) referring to teachers thinking about their own thinking and teaching for metacognition (TfM) which refers to teachers creating opportunities for learners to reflect on their thinking. However, in both of these cases, thinking requires a language, in particular appropriate mathematical language to communicate the thinking by both teacher and learners in the Mathematics classroom. In this qualitative study, which forms part of a bigger project within SANPAD (South Africa Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development), the metacognitive skills and mathematical language used by Mathematics teachers who teach at two township schools were interrogated using the design-based research approach with lesson study. Data collection instruments included individual interviews and a trigonometric assessment task. Lessons were also observed and video-taped to be viewed and discussed during focus group discussions in which the teachers, together with five Mathematics lecturers, participated. The merging of the design-based research approach with lesson study brought about teacher-lecturer collaboration, referred to in this study as the Mathematics Educators’ Reflective Inquiry (ME’RI) group, and enabled the design of a hypothetical teaching and learning trajectory (HTLT) for the teaching of trigonometric functions. A metacognitive performance profile for the two grade 10 teachers was also developed. The Framework for Analysing Mathematics Teaching for the Advancement of Metacognition (FAMTAM) from Ader (2013) and the Teacher Metacognitive Framework (TMF) from Artzt and Armour-Thomas (2002) were adjusted and merged to develop a new framework, the Metacognitive Teaching for Metacognition Framework (MTMF) to analyse the metacognitive skills used by mathematics teachers TwM as well as TfM. Without oversimplifying the magnitude of these concepts, the findings suggest a simple mathematical equation: metacognitive skills + enhanced mathematical language = conceptualization skills. The findings also suggest that both TwM and TfM are required for effective mathematics instruction. Lastly the findings suggest that the ME’RI group holds promise to enhance the use of the metacognitive skills and mathematical language of Mathematics teachers in Mathematics classrooms. / PhD (Mathematics Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Accelerated social change emphasises knowledge and innovation, creating a need for learners to excel at learning and thinking. The study’s purpose was to replicate previous cognitive research findings, which emphasise the positive influence of learning strategies on learners’ self-efficacy and academic achievement and to verify the validity of training learners in learning strategy-use to promote learner-autonomy and accountability. The research targeted a selected primary school in a Black township in Gauteng Province using quasi-experimental and qualitative methods. The sample comprised 152 4th - 7th graders assigned by quota system to the treatment group and the control group. Learners participated in pre-tests and post-tests for learning strategies, self-efficacy and academic achievement. Only the experimental groups received strategy instruction before the post-test. The experimental group’s improved performance compared to the control group’s lower performance suggests the effectiveness of strategy-training. Subsequent learner reports of improved self-efficacy beliefs and academic achievement confirm strategy-effect on these variables. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Educational Psychology)

Students who study through the medium of a second language often have reading/listening comprehension and general study problems. This study focuses on particular aspects of these problems only, namely, identification of main ideas, summarisation and note-taking. The aim of this study was w determine the effect of teaching L2 students a combination of metacognitive and cognitive strategies for reading and listening comprehension (the main idea, summarising and note-taking by means of dictation). An intervention programme was designed in order to teach students these skills. There were ten students in both the experimental and the control groups. Both groups were assessed before and after the intervention programme. The findings reveal that the intervention was successful, with the experimental group showing greater improvement than the control group. The findings of this study have implications for second language tertiary learning and teaching theory and practice / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

Metacognition is one of the aims of the Swedish curricula in language teaching. This pilot study focuses on the implementation of this aim in a Swedish high-school. The teachers’ and the pupils’ attitudes towards the pupils’ metacognitive learning strategies and the reasons underpinning these attitudes are examined. The material finding of nine semi-structured interviews, held in a Swedish high-school in language teaching classes of Spanish, French and German, is analyzed with a qualitative method to get an understanding of the situation.The theoretical framework gives an introduction and overview of the actual research on the two key notions for this study: learning strategy and metacognition and related main concepts like cognitive and socio-affective strategies. The literature review shows that metacognitive learning strategies promote the pupils’ autonomy and responsibility in learning a foreign language in a more effective way.The analysis of the empirical material indicates that metacognition is a marginalized topic, although, after explaining them its meaning, both the teachers and the pupils think that it would be important to promote the pupils’ metacognitive learning strategies. However, the teachers emphasize more indirectly and unconsciously on offering different choices to accomplish an exercise than on consciously promoting metacognitive strategies. The main reasons for this were: the lack of time due to large and heterogeneous classes and doubting that most of the pupils could be responsible for their own learning.In cases where pupils had used learning strategies that worked best for them, they had developed these on their own and rarely reflected on them. The work with self-evaluative material like the European Language Portfolio was thought to be a good idea by both teachers and pupils but was not used at this particular school.