Diese Arbeit untersucht prominente Erfassungsmethoden metakognitiver Aktivitäten die während des Lernprozesses zum Einsatz kommen (online) auf deren Güte und Reaktivität. Im Fokus stehen die Methoden Laut-Denken, Fragebogenmethode sowie die Erfassung von Lernleistungsurteilen. Lernaufgaben werden durch komplexe Textlernaufgaben sowie Problemlöseaufgaben in deren Rahmen abduktive Schlüsse gefordert sind repräsentiert. In Studie 1 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten die mittels retrospektiv eingesetzten Fragebögen sowie mittels Laut-Denken erfasst wurden gegenübergestellt. Dabei wurden die Fragebogenitems parallel zum polytomen Kategoriensystem mit dessen Hilfe die Daten aus der Laut-Denken-Methode ausgewertet wurden konstruiert. Im Rahmen der Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten war die Übereinstimmung zweiter unabhängiger, gut geschulter Urteiler unbefriedigend. Die Übereinstimmungsunterschiede zwischen den Kategorien sowie zwischen den Probanden waren erheblich. Dies weist darauf hin, dass das Kategoriensystem nicht zur Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten geeignet ist. Zudem scheinen große Unterschiede in der Nutzung metakognitiver Aktivitäten zwischen den Probanden zu bestehen. Zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken-Daten besteht ein geringer nicht signifikanter negativer Zusammenhang. In Studie 2 wurde die Reaktivität der Laut-Denken-Methode und der Aufzeichnung von Lernleistungsurteilen während des Bearbeitens einer Textlese- sowie Problemlöseaufgabe untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser experimentellen Studie mit 2x2 Design legen nahe, dass von Laut-Denken im Rahmen von Problemlöseaufgaben reaktive Effekte zu erwarten sind. Von Lernleistungsurteilen hingegen sind reaktive Effekte lediglich im Rahmen von komplexen Textleseaufgaben zu erwarten. Auch im Rahmen dieser Erhebung mittels Laut-Denken konnte lediglich eine unbefriedigende Reliabilität der Messung berichtet werden obgleich in dieser Studie 11 unabhängige Urteiler zum Einsatz kamen. Auch hier wurde keine erwähnenswerte Korrelation zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken Erhebung ermittelt. In Studie 3 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten zu mehreren Messzeitpunkten im Kontext einer komplexen Gruppenlernaufgabe erhoben. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen individuellen Einsatz metakognitiver Aktivitäten unabhängig von der Lernsituation hin. Insgesamt lassen die Ergebnisse der Studien darauf schließen, dass Laut-Denken zumindest dann keine valide Erfassung metakognitiver Aktivitäten während des Lernens ermöglicht, wenn polytome Kategoriensysteme mit einer hohen Anzahl an Kategorien zum Einsatz kommen. Außerdem ist in spezifischen Lernsituationen von potentiellen reaktiven Effekte der Erhebung auszugehen. Dies gilt auch für die Erfassung des Monitoring- und Überwachungs-/Regulierungsverhaltens mittels Lernleistungsurteilen.

本研究旨在探討後設認知教學策略對高中生英文作文的學習成效。研究者以桃園縣立永豐高中五年某班中的四十二位學生為對象，進行為時一學期共十五週，每週兩節課的實驗。教學實驗進行之前，全體學生接受研究者改編自Schraw and Dennison (1993)，O’ Neil and Abedi (1996)，Wey(1998) 所編製的後設認知量表，實施後設認知量表前測，並接受作文的前測。研究者根據作文前測的成績區分出能力高、中、低三組於教學實驗結束之後施以訪談。全體學生並於教學實驗結束之後，再度接受後設認知量表與作文的後測。以觀察其在策略教學後英文寫作表現與後設認知行為的差異情形。 本研究主要的發現下： 1.後設認知策略教學的確能夠有效提升高中生的英文寫作能力。 2.後設認知策略教學的確能夠有效增加高中生在英文寫作中的後設認知 程度。 3.高中生英文寫作表現的確與後設認知的成長有正相關。 4.學生對於後設認知策略教學均抱持正面的態度。 有鑑於此，本研究建議高中英文教師應用後設認知教學策略於高中英文作文教學中。 / This researcher explored the effectiveness of the metacognitive strategy instruction in senior high school writers’ performance, based on the theories of metacognitive strategies. Forty-two high school students in Yung-feng were selected to be subjects. Adapted from Schraw and Dennison’s Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (1993), O’ Neil and Abedi’s State Metacognitive Inventory (1996) and Wey’s Writing Self-Assessment Questionnaire (1998), Mtacognitive Awareness Questionnaires before and after Instruction, were used to measure students’ metacognitive awareness. To assess the effects of metacognitive strategy instruction on writing performance, forty-two pieces of writing were assigned in class and then scored based on criteria by the CRESST writing score guide: overall impression, quality and scope of content, organization and presentation of content, and mechanics. The Pair-Sample T test was performed to test the hypotheses in this study. The findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Metacognitive strategy instruction has positive effects on the students’ writing performance. (2) Metacognitive strategy instruction has positive effects on students’ metacognitive awareness. (3) Students’ writing performance proved correlated to their metacognitive awareness. (4) Students’ attitudes towards the metacognitive strategy instructions were generally positive. Thus, we recommend that metacognitive strategy instruction be used in English writing in senior high school.

Self-paced study involves choosing items for (re)study and determining how much time will be allocated to those items so as to maximize later recall, making it a viable venue for examining whether there are age-related differences in metacognitive control. Two prominent models have been proposed to account for item selection and study time allocation behaviors during self-paced study. The Discrepancy Reduction Model (DRM; Dunlosky & Hertzog, 1998; Nelson & Leonesio, 1988) suggests individuals will always select and allocate the most time to items that have not yet been learned, whereas the Region of Proximal Learning model (RPL; Metcalfe, 2002) predicts individuals will select the easiest unknown items and will only later select and allocate time to the more difficult items if time constraints permit, thus making distinctions among unlearned items graded by difficulty. Two experiments were conducted to examine whether younger and older adults item selection and study time allocation behaviors would be more consistent with DRM or RPL model predictions. Across both experiments younger and older adults initially selected easier items for study, providing the first evidence to date that the RPL model would extend to older adults self-paced study of heterogeneously difficult Spanish-English vocabulary pairs. However, both younger and older adults allocated more time to difficult than easier items. The assignment of point values to items in Experiment 2 affected how likely participants were to pursue each of four experimenter-determined task goals that either stressed the number of words recalled, points earned, or both. Whether point values initially favored recall of easy or difficult items interacted with time constraints to influence the basis (objective versus subjective difficulty) and order of participants item selections (Experiment 2). However, younger adults were better able to effectively allocate their study time to achieve self-determined (Experiment 1) and experimenter-determined goals (Experiment 2), indicating age-related differences in metacognitive control despite younger and older adults having similar memory self-efficacy ratings and encoding strategy use behaviors.

Due to a lack of effective writing strategies and inhibition of English language proficiency, university students in China are found to produce little and shallow content in their English academic writing. Similar problems are also embodied in the academic writing of Chinese overseas students who struggle to survive in the target academic community. The purpose of this study was to investigate the writing processes of second language (L2) writers, specifically examining the writing strategies of three Chinese post-graduate students in an Australian higher education institution. The study was prompted by the paucity of research in the writing strategies used by Chinese students in English academic writing in an authentic context. Although it was too small in scale to generalise in the field of L2 writing, the study will stimulate research in L2 writing theory and practice. Based on a review of theories related to L2 writing and research in Chinese and English writing strategies, the writing strategies used by three Chinese post-graduate students while writing academic papers in English were investigated. Their understandings of English and Chinese writing processes, the issue of transfer of Chinese writing into English writing and cultural influence of native language on L2 writing were explored as well. Qualitative hermeneutic multi-case study methods were employed to provide a richer description of the writing strategies used by the three students to develop a deeper understanding of the L2 writing process. Data were provided by three Chinese post-graduate student writers in Public Health who were observed undertaking different tasks. Ally, a Masters student, was observed completing one of the assignments for a course. Susan and Roger, both doctoral students, were observed working on a second stage proposal and a journal paper respectively. Data collected from semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, retrospective post-writing discussions and papers were categorised and analysed using topical structure analysis and cohesion analysis. The findings suggest that writing in a second language is a complicated idiosyncratic developmental process influenced by cognitive development, social/educational experience, the writer's first language (L1) and second language (L2) proficiency and cultural factors as well. These proficient writers were found to utilise a broad range of writing strategies while writing academic papers in English. This study in some degree supports Silva's (1993) finding that the L2 writing process is strategically, rhetorically, and linguistically different from the L1 writing process. Most of the metacognitve, cognitive, communicative and social/affective strategies except rhetorical strategies (operationally defined in this study as organisation of text or paragraphs) were found to transfer across languages positively. These student writers were noticed to have difficulties in acculturating into the target academic discourse community because of their background of reader-responsibility which is regarded as a crucial feature in Eastern rhetoric and is distinguished from writer-responsibility in English rhetoric (Hinds, 1987, 1990).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSRQAZ.pdf: 1323187 bytes, checksum: 2c07e5414eb44b6e8b04b44da7e179e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-17 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The Practical of Education, as integrating disciplines between the specific knowledge of Sciences and the pedagogical knowledge for the teaching exercise have become the locus of the quarrel about educational formation. In this work we present the results of a research carried through a project of intervention, made with Chemistry studensts, based in the Investigative Methodology, in the development of the discipline Practical of Chemical Education I and II, at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos. The objective of this research was to search the perceptions of the students about their own learning and its transference to other contexts, useing the referencial considered by the Fenomenology and by Social Semiotic for data analysis. This analysis confirms the potential of the methodology proposal in the metacognitive development of the students and indicates a process in their conceptions. Gradually they perceive the construction of learning strategies as a process of personal construction. On the other hand, a valuation of this construction occurs as professional knowledge that needs to be developed in the pupils through the performance of the teacher (transference to other contexts and applicability of the knowledge). The reflection propitiated for the students took them to recognize the complementarity between teaching and learning, becoming both unassociable.The pupils were capable to construct and to reconstruct the meaning of learn with the final point in the perception of the responsibility for the own process of learning and in the necessity of applying these knowledge in new contexts, including the professional activity. / As Práticas de Ensino, na qualidade de disciplinas integradoras entre o conhecimento específico das Ciências em geral e os conhecimentos pedagógicos para o exercício docente, têm se tornado o locus da discussão sobre a formação para o ensino. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o resultado de uma pesquisa realizada através de um projeto de intervenção, levado a termo com licenciandos em Química com base numa proposta que utilizou a Metodologia Investigativa, no desenvolvimento das disciplinas Prática de Ensino de Química I e II, na Universidade Federal de São Carlos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi buscar as percepções dos sujeitos de pesquisa a respeito da própria aprendizagem e sua transferência a outros contextos e utilizou-se o referencial proposto pela Fenomenologia e Semiótica Social para a análise dos dados. Esta análise confirma o potencial da metodologia proposta no desenvolvimento metacognitivo dos sujeitos e indica um processo evolutivo em suas concepções. Gradualmente, eles percebem a construção de estratégias de aprendizagem como um processo de construção pessoal. Por outro lado, ocorre uma valorização desta construção como conhecimento profissional que precisa ser desenvolvido nos alunos através da atuação do professor (transferência a outros contextos e aplicabilidade do conhecimento). A reflexão propiciada pela sujeitos levou-os a reconhecer a complementaridade entre ensinar e aprender, tornando-se ambos processos indissociáveis. Os alunos foram capazes de construir e reconstruir o significado de aprender com o ponto de chegada na percepção da responsabilidade pelo próprio processo de aprendizagem e na necessidade de aplicar estes conhecimentos a novos contextos ação, ou seja, na atividade profissional.

Orientador: Evely Boruchovitch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marini_JaneteAparecidadaSilva_D.pdf: 1148683 bytes, checksum: 804f941d8486be1cbaa843c124be5fb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A autorregulação é todo ato intencional que, agindo sobre os mecanismos de aprendizagem, favorece sua progressão e/ou redirecionamento. É um aspecto importante no processo de ensino que contribui para a organização do ato de aprender. Estudantes autorregulados utilizam uma série de estratégias cognitivas, metacognitivas e motivacionais que permitem a construção de conhecimentos relevantes. O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer as variáveis associadas à autorregulação da aprendizagem em estudantes de Pedagogia. Mais precisamente, investigou suas Teorias Implícitas de Inteligência, suas motivações e uso de estratégias de aprendizagem e autoprejudiciais. Na coleta de dados foram utilizados: Escala de Avaliação das Estratégias de Aprendizagem, Escala de Avaliação da Motivação para Aprender de Estudantes Universitários, Escala de Teorias Implícitas de Inteligência e Escala de Uso de Estratégias Autoprejudiciais. Foram aplicadas, também, três atividades autorreflexivas: duas referentes ao uso de Estratégias de Aprendizagem e uma relativa às Estratégias Autoprejudiciais. A amostra foi composta por 107 estudantes do curso de Pedagogia, com faixa etária entre 18 e 46 anos, provenientes de duas Instituições de Ensino Superior do Estado de São Paulo. As respostas dos participantes para as atividades autorreflexivas foram examinadas qualitativamente pela análise de conteúdo. Os resultados das escalas e de questões fechadas, por sua vez, foram estudados pela estatística descritiva e inferencial. Observou-se que os participantes reportam fazer uso expressivo das estratégias de aprendizagem, apresentam motivação predominantemente intrínseca para aprender, possuem concepção de inteligência incremental, bem como que quanto maior o uso das estratégias de aprendizagem, menor a adoção de estratégias autoprejudiciais. Correlações entre o uso das estratégias de aprendizagem, motivação intrínseca, motivação para aprender e autoprejudiciais foram encontradas. Entre os estudantes acima de trinta anos, houve relato mais frequente de uso das estratégias de aprendizagem e maior motivação para aprender. Espera-se, que o presente estudo contribua para ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre as variáveis associadas à autorregulação da aprendizagem, bem como para o desenvolvimento de ações voltadas à melhoria da autorregulação da aprendizagem dos estudantes de Pedagogia. / Abstract: Self-regulation is any intentional act that operates on the mechanisms of learning, promotes progression and redirection. It is an important aspect in the learning process that contributes to the organization of the act of learning. Self- regulated students use a variety of cognitive, metacognitive and motivational strategies that allow the construction of relevant knowledge. The present study aims to understand the variables associated with self- regulated learning in a sample of students in undergraduate programs of Pedagogy. More precisely, it investigates their Implicit Theories of Intelligence, their motivations and the use of learning and self-handicapping strategies. Different tools were employed for the data collection: Scale of Assessment of Learning Strategies, Scale for Evaluation of Motivation to Learn for University Students, Implicit Intelligence Theories Scale and Self-handicapping Strategies Scale. Three self-reflective activities were also applied: two related to the use of Learning Strategies and one to the Selfhandicapping Strategies. The sample consisted of 107 undergraduate students of Pedagogy, aged between 18 and 46, from two private universities in the State of São Paulo. Content analysis was the method used to examine participants' responses to the self-reflective activities. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to examine the results of the scales and closed questions. It was observed that participants report expressive use of the learning strategies, present predominantly an intrinsic motivation to learn orientation and have incremental intelligence conception. It was also noticed that the higher the report of use of learning strategies, the lower the report of employment of self-handicapping strategies. Correlations among the use of learning strategies, intrinsic motivation, motivation to learn and self-handicapping strategies were found. Reports of use of learning and higher motivation to learn strategies were more frequent among the students over thirty years old. It is the hope that this study can contribute to increase the understanding of the variables associated with the self-regulation of learning, as well for the development of educational practices oriented towards improving self-regulation of undergraduate Pedagogy students. / Doutorado / Psicologia Educacional / Doutora em Educação

La rencontre permanente des langues et des identités culturelles est une évolution incontournable qui fait suite à l’accroissement de la mobilité des populations au cours de ces dernières années. Elle entraîne une évolution de la composition des sociétés qui implique une éducation linguistique adaptée aux nouveaux besoins de communication plurielle des individus. Les alliances interlinguistiques et l’intercompréhension de plusieurs langues sont des stratégies favorisant le plurilinguisme et permettant de gérer les conflits éventuels dus aux chocs interculturels et interlinguistiques. Les compétences métacognitives transversales et les capacités intellectuelles polyvalentes que ces stratégies plurilingues développent semblent parfaitement adaptées aux besoins de notre société mondialisée qui demande des capacités de réflexion stratégique pour faciliter la résolution des problèmes interculturels. / The permanent contact between languages and cultural identities is an incontrovertible evolution that results from the last few years’ increase in the population mobility. It brings an evolution in the composition of societies that involves a linguistic education which is adapted in the people’s need for plural communication. Interlinguistic alliances and intercomprehension of several languages are strategies that promote pluringuism and permit to settle the disputes resulting from intercultural and interlinguistic shocks. Metacognitive transversal skills and the polyvalent intellectual abilities developed by these plurilingual strategies seem to be perfectly adapted in the needs of our globalized society which demands abilities of strategic reflection in order to facilitate solving intercultural problems.

This study investigates Swedish secondary and upper secondary school teachers' knowledge and attitudes with respect to implementing self-assessment activities in teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. The purpose of the study has been to get an overview of the state of the implementation of self-assessment in Swedish schools. In order to achieve this objective, a survey method has been used. The results of this study, like the findings of previous studies, indicate that there is a deficiency in the implementation of self-assessment in teaching. Additionally, the results suggest some possible explanations for this deficiency. However, in order to be able to draw a definite conclusion regarding the matter, more detailed information and further studies would be needed. / Este estudio investiga conocimientos y actitudes de profesores suecos de secundaria y de bachillerato acerca de la implementación de actividades de autoevaluación en la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera (ELE). El propósito del estudio ha sido obtener una imagen general sobre el estado de la implementación de la autoevaluación en los institutos suecos. Para lograr este objetivo, se ha recurrido a una técnica de encuesta. Los resultados de este estudio, similares a los de los estudios anteriores, indican que existe una deficiencia en la implementación de la autoevaluación en la enseñanza. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren además algunas explicaciones posibles para esta deficiencia. No obstante, para poder sacar alguna conclusión definitiva, habría que profundizar más en el tema y realizar nuevos estudios.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of the students' learning strategies at a primary school. The strategies are demonstrated at an example of a foreign language. Based on this example, more general rules for using strategies in other areas are being searched. The strategies are understood as specific steps and methods used in the learning process. They are anchored in the curriculum documents, in particular under the learning competence. The theoretical part of the thesis is based on existing literature and it analyses learning styles and strategies of students at a primary school with the focus on a foreign language. The aim of the thesis is to find out to what extent students of the fifth grade use language strategies and what role a teacher's support plays. For the research, the questionnaire "Strategie učení se cizímu jazyku" was used. The thesis is also based on qualitative research consisting of observations and interviews with the teachers. The results show that the fifth-grade primary school students use the foreign language learning strategies to a limited degree. However, the teachers' support has an effect on the usage. KEYWORDS Learning strategies, learning styles, learning competence, support of the learning strategies, foreign language, metacognitive strategies

This master's thesis deals with interpreter's self-training. The aim of this theoretical-empirical study is to give an overview of the interpreting students' attitude towards interpreter's self- training as well as of the techniques students use when they perform their self-training. Another aim is to describe the role of teachers in interpreter's self-training, i.e. to what extent they motivate and support their students when it comes to self-training. The research part of the study was conducted at the Institute of Translation Studies, Charles University, and at the Department of Translation Studies, University of Graz, with the aim to compare the situation at those two institutes taking into account the abovementioned criteria. The theoretical part of the thesis discusses interpreter's self-training in the context of deliberate practice and focuses also on group practice as well as on the teachers' role. It also presents methods, techniques and e-learning tools which students may find useful during their self-training. The empirical part consists of an analysis of the data collected by means of questionnaires at the abovementioned institutes. Collected data suggest that both institutes support students' self-training, be it to different extents, and offer them all the necessary tools and...