Des copolymères à blocs polylactide-poly(éthylène glycol) (PLA-PEG) ont été synthétisés par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle du L- ou D-lactide en présence de PEG mono- ou dihydroxylé. La masse molaire, la composition, la cristallisation et les propriétés thermiques des copolymères ont été caractérisées à l'aide de la DSC, NMR, GPC, etc. Des micelles biorésorbables ont été obtenues par la méthode dissolution directe sans utiliser de solvants organiques. Des mesures de tension de surface ont permis de déterminer la concentration micellaire critique des copolymères. Les résultats montrent que les micelles mélange L/D sont plus stables que les micelles seules en raison de l'effet stéréocomplexation entre les blocs L-PLA et D-PLA. Les comportements d'agrégation des micelles en milieu aqueux ont été étudiés en détail. Il apparaît que les micelles mélange présentent un nombre d'agrégation inférieur à celui des micelles seules. La dégradation hydrolytique des micelles a été étudiée dans les conditions in vitro. Le paclitaxel a été utilisé comme modèle de principes actifs pour évaluer les comportements in vitro et in vivo des micelles. Les méthodes dissolutio n directe et dialyse conduisent à des résultats comparables en ce qui concerne l'efficacité d'encapsulation et la teneur en principe actif. Les micelles mélange L/D présentent une meilleure capacité d'encapsulation que les micelles seules. Les expériences in vivo montrent que le paclitaxel est distribué dans tous les organes avec concentrations élevées après injection des micelles chargées. En comparaison avec la formulation clinique et les micelles par dialyse, les micelles chargées en paclitaxel par dissolution directe présentent un effet antitumeur plus important. / A series of polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) block copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of L- or D-lactide in the presence of mono- or dihydroxyl PEG. The molar mass, composition, crystallization and thermal properties were characterized by using DSC, NMR, GPC, etc. Bioresorbable micelles were obtained by direct dissolution method without using any organic solvents. Surface tension measurements were used to determine the critical micellar concentration of the copolymers. The results show that L/D mixed micelles are more stable than single ones due to strong stereocomplexation effect between L-PLA and D-PLA blocks. The aggregation behavior of micelles in aqueous medium was investigated in detail. It appears that mixed micelles present lower aggregation number than single ones. The hydrolytic degradation of the micelles was investigated under in vitro conditions. Paclitaxel was used as a model drug to investigate the in vitro and in vivo behavior of micelles as drug delivery system. The direct dissolution method yields comparable drug encapsulation efficiency and loading content as the traditional dialysis method. The drug encapsulation ability is higher for L/D mixed copolymer micelles than single micelles due to stereocomplexation. In vivo experiments show that paclitaxel is widely distributed and kept at high concentration levels in various tissues after administration of drug-loaded micelles. Compared with the current clinical formulation and micelles by dialysis, paclitaxel-loaded micelles by direct dissolution exhibit the highest antitumor ability.

Une série de copolymères à blocs amphiphiles polylactide/poly(éthylène glycol) (PLA/PEG) a été synthétisée par polymérisation par ouverture de cycles, chimie clic, ou couplage des homopolymères PLA et PEG avec des extrémités de chaînes fonctionnels (OH, COOH ou NH2). Différentes configurations de PLA (PLLA et PDLA) ont été considérées pour élucider l'effet de stéréocomplexation sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des copolymères. Les copolymères présentent différentes structures de chaînes, y compris dibloc PEG-PLA, tribloc PLA-PEG-PLA du type ABA ou PEG-PLA-PEG asymétrique du type BAB-type. La masse molaire des copolymères varies de 2 000 à 20 000, et le rapport EO/LA de 1.0 to 7.0 environ. Différents agrégats formés par auto-assemblage tels que des nanotubes, polymersomes, filomicelles, micelles anisotropiques et micelles sphériques ont été obtenus par dissolution directe de copolymères, mélange de différents copolymères, ou mélange de copolymères avec surfactant dans une solution aqueuse. Des modèles théoriques ont été proposés pour simuler la formation des agrégats et expliquer l'évolution de leur taille et morphologie en fonction du rapport EO/LA, longueur de bloc, etc. / A series of amphiphilic polylactide/poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA/PEG) block copolymers was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization, click chemistry, or coupling PLA and PEG homopolymers with functional end groups (OH, COOH or NH2). Different configurations of PLA (PLLA and PDLA) were considered to elucidate the effect of stereocomplexation on the physico-chemical properties of copolymers. The obtained copolymers exhibit diverse chain structures, including PEG-PLA diblock, PLA-PEG-PLA ABA-type or asymmetric PEG-PLA-PEG BAB-type triblock structures. The molar mass of copolymers ranges from c.a. 2,000 to 20,000, and the EO/LA ratio from c.a. 1.0 to 7.0. Diverse self-assembled aggregates, including nanotubes, polymersomes, filomicelles, anisotropic micelles and spherical micelles, were obtained by dissolving the resulting copolymers, mixing different copolymers, or mixing copolymers with surfactant in aqueous solution. Theoretical models are proposed to simulate the formation of aggregates and to explain the evolution of their size and morphology as a function of EO/LA ratio, block length, etc.

Poor aqueous solubilities of drug candidates limit the biopharmaceutical usefulness in either oral or parenteral dosage forms. Lipid assemblies, such as micelles, may provide a means of enhancing solubility. Despite their usefulness, little is known about the means by which micelles accomplish this result. The goal of the current dissertation is to provide the molecular level understanding of the mechanism by which simple micelle systems solubilize drugs. Specifically, the location, orientation and amount of the drug molecules in micelle systems are the focuses of the work. Three series of model drugs, steroids, benzodiazepines and parabens, in three surfactant systems with anionic, cationic and neutral hydrophilic headgroups were studied. Solubilization power of each micelle system for each model drug was determined by equilibrium solubility. The observed strong surface activities of model drug at hydrocarbon/water interface and the ability of the drugs to compete with surfactants for the model oil/water interface lend support to the hypothesis that drug molecules are mainly solubilized in the interfacial region of the micelles. A surface-localized thermodynamic model that considered the surfactant-drug competition at micelle surface was successfully applied to predict the micelle/water partitioning coefficients. The predictions were made without the use of adjustable parameters in the case of both dilute and concentrated solutions. The orientation of drug at micelle surface was determined by matching calculated occupied areas by solutes at oil/water interface using molecular modeling method to the experimental values. To look into the micro-structure of micelles, twodimensional and diffusion (or PGSE) NMR techniques were employed to detect the specific drug-surfactant interactions and the micelle sizes influenced by model drugs and electrolytes.

Les micelles inverses (MI) sont des nano-gouttelettes d'eau, thermodynamiquement stables, dispersées dans une phase organique (généralement une huile), entourées d'une monocouche de tensioactif. Elles sont des modèles membranaires simplifiés, utilisées en biochimie pour solubiliser des protéines enzymes membranaires, peu ou pas solubles. Le fait que la dimension des micelles inverses dépend du rapport molaire Wo=[H2O]/[détergent] et que le contenu en eau dans des micelles inverses peut être finement contrôlé, ce sont des modèles intéressants pour étudier les effets de l'hydratation et du confinement sur la conformation des peptides, protéines et des acidesnucléiques. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié à l'aide des techniques de simulation de dynamique moléculaire (DM), les propriétés structurales et volumétriques (volume et compressibilité) de petites micelles inverses (i.e. avec des rapports 2 = Wo = 7) constituées d'un détergent ionique, le bis(2-ethylexyl sulfosuccinate) de sodium (AOT) et d'un non-ionique, le tétraéthylène glycol monododecylether (C12E4), en fonction de leur hydratation. Ces systèmes micellaires ont été simulés explicitement dans les conditions ambiantes de température et de pression avec des concentrations en solvant organique suffisantes pour reproduire les phases micellaires inverses. 1. Influence de l'hydratation sur les propriétés structurales et volumétriques des micelles inverses d'AOT Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'influence de la quantité d'eau solubilisée sur les propriétés structurales et dynamiques de l'eau confinée dans les micelles inverses d'AOT. Nous avons montré que : • Les micelles inverses construites avec une géométrie sphérique, ont toutes évoluées au cours des simulations vers une forme ellipsoïdale avec des rapports, entre l'axe majeur et mineur de l'ellipsoïde, plus élevés pour le coeur d'eau que pour la micelle (1.24 - 1.41 et 1.67 - 2.1, respectivement). Nos simulations reproduisent la dépendance linéaire de Rw en fonction de Wo donnée dans la littérature pour ce système ternaire, si on modélise les micelles comme des objets sphériques. Dans les micelles inverses les plus petites, la diffusion de translation de l'eau est fortement ralentie par la forte densité en ions et par le nombre de molécules d'eau liées aux têtes polaires, mais tend à se rapprocher de l'eau pure avec l'augmentation de Wo. • Quand aux propriétés volumétriques des micelles inverses et de l'AOT, nos calculs montrent que les compressibilités isothermes (comprises entre (70 et 78 (± 6).10-5 MPa-1 et 74 et 85 (± 4).10-5, respectivement) des micelles inverses modélisées, interprétés à l'aide du milieu effectif, augmentent de façon linéaire avec le rapport Wo, en accord avec les données de la littérature expérimentale. Dans le cas du volume de l'eau confinée nous avons calculé que celui-ci change peu (4 % de différence), par rapport à l'eau pure, et reste constant avec Wo. La compressibilité de l'eau confinée varie en fonction de Wo entre 24 et 60.10-5 MPa-1. 2. Influence de l'hydratation sur la structure octapeptide d'une alanine encapsulée dans les micelles inverses d'AOT Dans un second temps, nous avons examiné l'influence de l'hydratation des têtes polaires des molécules d'AOT sur la stabilisation de la structure secondaire d'un peptide modèle (un octapeptide alanine en hélice-a), confiné dans des micelles d'AOT de rapport Wo » 4.8 et 6.8. Ce peptide est instable dans l'eau. Nous avons montré que : Resumé en français - 8 - • L'insertion des peptides dans les micelles affecte la structure des micelles inverses et notamment celle du coeur d'eau. Dans la micelle la plus petite, où l'eau est majoritairement liée aux têtes polaires et donc peu disponible pour hydrater le peptide, la structure secondaire en hélice-a de l'octapeptide est conservée, alors quelle est plus ou moins rapidement perdue dans les micelles plus hydratées. • Dans le cas des propriétés volumétriques (volumes et compressibilités isothermiques), celles-ci changent peu avec l'insertion des octapeptides dans les deux micelles et restent voisines des valeurs obtenues pour les micelles vides. 3. Influence de la conformation des têtes polaires des détergents sur la structure des micelles inverses de C12E4 avec un rapport Wo=3 Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous avons étudié l'effet de l'hydratation faible sur la structure et les propriétés volumétriques des micelles inverses de C12E4 dans un rapport Wo=3 avec deux conformations possibles pour les têtes polaires des détergents (i.e. étendue vs. gauche). Ces deux micelles inverses ont été simulées dans le décane. Nous avons montré que : • Seules les propriétés structurales des coeurs d'eau des micelles sont significativement affectées par les conformations données aux têtes polaires des détergents. Lorsque que les têtes polaires sont gauches, l'eau confinée est peu liée aux têtes polaires et reste au centre de la micelle pour former un pool d'eau compact avec une structure proche de celle de l'eau pure. Avec les têtes polaires en conformation étendue, le piégeage des molécules d'eau au niveau des têtes des C12E4 est favorisé, ce qui a pour conséquence une diminution de leur diffusion de translation. • Quand aux compressibilités isothermes des micelles inverses, celles-ci ne sont pas significativement modifiées en fonction de la conformation des têtes polaires des détergents et sont proches de 54 et 57 (± 5).10-5 MPa-1. Le volume des molécules d'eau confinées dans les deux micelles ne montrent pas de variations que leur état soit liée ou libre et sont proches du volume de l'eau pure. Cependant, on constate que les compressibilités isothermes de l'eau confinée présentent des différences en fonction de leur état : l'eau liée présente une compressibilité isothermique environ deux fois plus faible (25 (± 2).10-5 MPa-1) que celle de l'eau pure, et sa compressibilité augmente avec la fraction d'eau libre dans les micelles. Finalement, la confrontation de nos résultats avec ceux de la littérature nous a permis de proposer un modèle de structure pour les micelles inverses de C12E4 de rapport Wo< 3.

Rhamnolipid (RL) biosurfactants have been considered "green" alternatives to synthetic surfactants. Here, systematic studies of monorhamnolipids (mRLs) and their synthetic analogues are performed to characterize their interfacial and solution behaviors as surfactants. Chemical structure-surface activity relationships of rhamnolipids were probed using surface tension measurements on RLs and a series of their synthetic analogues designed by "truncation modification." Based on our study on RLs and the rationally-designed RL analogues, the key structural factor responsible for the excellent surface activity performance of rhamnolipids is the presence of the rhamnose moiety in the headgroup. As a result, rhamnopyranosides (RhEs), the simplest surfactants with a rhamnose moiety in the headgroup, show surface activity comparable to the bioproduced mRLs. The purified mixture of mRLs harvested from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 was mixed with a nonionic surfactant Tween-20 (TW) and studied by surface tension measurements at pH 8. The experimental values of CMC show deviation from the theoretical values predicted by ideal solution theory, which is hypothesized to be due to a shape change from rod-shaped to spherical as the mole fraction of TW is increased. The hypothesis about the shape change is supported by dynamic light scattering results, regular solution theory, and packing parameter theory. Polarization modulated-infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) has been used to characterize the orientation of the synthetic rhamnolipid Rha-C18-C18 at the air-water interface. Although rhamnolipids exhibit pH-dependent micellization, their orientation at the air-water interface is not affected by pH. The average tilt angle of their alkyl chains is determined to be ~45° at a surface pressure π = 40 mN/m which decreases to 36° when Pb²⁺ is present in the subphase. Assisted by molecular modeling, the packing of mRLs at the air-water interface is believed to be dominated by the packing of their large hydrophilic headgroups. Finally, the adsorption isotherm of mRLs on hydrophobic polyethylene surfaces was generated by ATR-FTIR from solutions of different pH, which were then fit to a Frumkin adsorption model to yield the thermodynamic adsorption parameters, the adsorption equilibrium constant and the interaction parameter. mRLs strongly adsorb to d-PE, and the adsorption is pH dependent.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer de nouveaux agents tensioactifs, capables de s’auto-assembler sous forme de micelles permettant de solubiliser les principes actifs insolubles, en vue de leur administration par voie intraveineuse. Cette étude a permis la synthèse, la caractérisation physico-chimique ainsi que l’évaluation toxicologique in vitro et in vivo de nouveaux agents tensioactifs d’origine naturelle. Au cours de cette étude, différentes familles de tensioactifs ont été évaluées. Ces nouveaux agents tensioactifs sont composés d’une partie hydrophobe de type cholestérol, sels biliaires ou lipides, associée via une fonction amide à une partie hydrophile dérivée d’acides aminés tels que la lysine, la glutamine ou l’acide glutamique.Ces travaux expérimentaux ont permis d’étudier l’influence de la flexibilité de la partie hydrophobe sur la capacité de solubilisation des tensioactifs. Cette étude a montré que l’efficacité de solubilisation est reliée à la flexibilité de la partie hydrophobe. L’utilisation d’agents tensioactifs composés d’une chaîne lipidique saturée flexible a permis de solubiliser efficacement le principe actif insoluble avec un taux de charge de 46 % (m/m). Les tensioactifs composés de lipides saturés sont donc plus efficaces en termes de solubilisation que les dérivés de stéroïdes ou de lipides polyinsaturés, moins flexibles. Les études de toxicité ont mis en évidence la relation ente la structure chimique des tensioactifs et leur toxicité, en particulier vis-à-vis des membranes cellulaires. L’introduction de doubles liaisons en configuration cis dans la partie lipidique des tensioactifs permet de diminuer leur interaction avec les membranes cellulaires et donc leur toxicité mais diminue également leur capacité de solubilisation. Le développement de nouveaux agents tensioactifs nécessite donc de trouver un compromis entre la capacité de solubilisation et la toxicité des tensioactifs. / The aim of this thesis was to develop novel surfactants, able to self-assemble into micelles and to solubilize insoluble drugs intented for intravenous injection. Natural-based surfactants were synthesized and their physico-chemical properties were evaluated. In addition, their in vitro and in vivo toxicity were evaluated. Their drug solubilization abitity was also investigated. Three surfactant classes were evaluated. They were composed of a hydrophobic moiety, such as cholesterol, bile salts or lipids, bonded to a hydrophilic moiety, deriving from amino acids, such as lysine, glutamine or glutamic acid, via an amide bond.The influence of surfactant hydrophobic moiety flexibility on drug solubilization ability was evaluated. This study evidenced that solubilization efficiency is related to the surfactant hydrophobic moiety flexibility. The use of surfactants with flexible and saturated lipidic moieties increased drug water solubility with a drug loading of 46 % (w/w). Saturated lipid-based surfactants exhibited a better solubilization efficiency, in comparison with steroid-based surfactants or poly-unsaturated-based surfactants. Toxicity studies evidenced the relation between surfactant chemical structure and their toxicity, in particular with cell membranes. The introduction of double bond in cis configuration in surfactant lipidic moiety decreased their interaction with cell membranes and thus their toxicity. In addition, this chemical modification also decreased their solubilization ability. To develop novel surfactants, it is thus necessary to take into account drug solubilization ability and toxicity of surfactants.

Nesta dissertação avaliou-se o uso de óleos vegetais na descontaminação \"ex-situ\" de solo contaminado por compostos policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs). O processo trata solo com microemulsão (µE) formada por água (A) /tensoativo não-iônico comercial (S) C9/11EO4 /\"óleo\" (O), sendo este ésteres metílicos dos óleos de coco (CME), babaçu (BME), e fração saturada (SME) e insaturada (LME) do azeite de dendê. Estudamos os diagramas de fase dos sistemas acima, em função de ? = O/(A+O) e ? = S/(S+A+O), em peso. Os sistemas pseudo- ternários foram estudados em função da temperatura, T para diferentes ? (? constante) e ? (? constante). Os diagramas de fase foram qualitativamente similares àqueles obtidos para sistemas com água /alcano /tensoativo não- iônico homogêneo. Eles apresentaram o assim chamado diagrama tipo \"peixe\". O \"corpo do peixe\" é trifásico enquanto que sua \"cauda\" é monofásica e isotrópica. As duas áreas se encontram na Temperatura de balanço hidrofílico- lipofílico, THLB (Schubert e Kaler, 1996). As principais diferenças obtidas entre os diagramas baseados em óleos vegetais e os de sistemas água/ alcano/ tensoativo não iônico homogêneo foram: a) Para T em função de ?, o diagrama tipo \"peixe\" é extremamente distorcido para cima, e seu \"corpo\" (área trifásica) é muito reduzido; b) Para T em função de ? (diagrama do \"canal\"), a fase isotrópica ocorre apenas para ? maior ou igual a 0,5. As microestruturas das monofases isotrópicas foram caracterizadas por reologia, difração de raios X e espalhamento quasi-elástico de luz (QELS). A baixa viscosidade e o comportamento Newtoniano destes líquidos mostraram que estes não contém cristais líquidos cúbicos. Esta conclusão foi corroborada por medidas de difração de raios X, que não apresentaram padrões de difração característicos de estruturas organizadas a longa distância. Os coeficientes de difusão das monofases foi medido por QELS. Isto indicou que as soluções monofásicas são compostas por µEs bicontínuas ou água/óleo (A/O), com THLB=37,5ºC para CME e BME e 42,5ºC para SME e LME, respectivamente. Testes indicaram que estrutura da µE, razão µE/solo, e tempo de contato são variáveis importantes na extração. A quantidade de µE deve ser suficiente para molhar toda a superfície do solo, sem causar redeposição dos PAHs. A melhor razão µE/solo foi 6. As µEs bicontínuas foram agentes descontaminantes mais eficientes que µEs A/O, provavelmente por dessorverem PAH do solo pelo decréscimo da tensão interfacial. A descontaminação pelas µEs bicontínuas foi 35% mais eficiente que a extração por tolueno em Soxhlet por 6h (?=0,5 e 0,6, tempo de contato 3h à THLB, razão µE/solo=6). O éster usado influencia principalmente a formação e estabilidade da µE. Depois da descontaminação, o solo foi lavado com água e sua biodisponibilidade foi avaliada pela medição da densidade de carga. Esta aumentou em 63%, 86%, 100% e 162% para as amostras que foram tratadas com µEs com CME, SME, LME e BME, respectivamente (µEs bicontínuas, ?=0,5 e ?=0,3). / In the present project, we were interested in assessing the use of Brazilian vegetable oils in the \"ex-situ\" decontamination of soils from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this process, contaminated soil is treated with a microemulsion (µE) composed of water (W) /commercial non-ionic surfactant (S) C9/11EO4 /oil (O). The latter term refers to the methyl esters of coconut oil (CME), babaçu oil (BME), and the saturated (SME), and unsaturated (LME) fractions of palm oil. Phase diagram of the above mentioned systems were studied. We used weight fractions, ? = (O / W + O) e ? = (S / S + W + O). The pseudo-ternary systems were then studied as a function of temperature, at different ? (? constant) and ? (? constant). The phase diagrams were qualitatively similar to those previously obtained for systems of water/alkane/homogeneous non-ionic surfactant. These show the so-called \"fish\" type phase diagram. The fish \"body\" is triphasic whereas its \"tails\" is monophasic and isotropic. Both areas meet at the so-called hydrophilic-lipophilic temperature, THLB (Schubert and Kaler, 1996). The following are the main differences between the vegetable oil-based phase diagrams and those of homogeneous component systems: a) The fish diagram is severely skewed upward, and its body area is much reduced; b) In the temperature versus ? channel\" phase diagram; the monophasic region exists only at ? equal or above 0.5. The microstructures of the monophasic regions were studied by rheology, X ray diffraction, and quasi-elastic light scattering, QELS. The low viscosity and Newtonian behavior of these liquids shows that they do not contain cubic liquid crystals. This conclusion was corroborated by X ray diffraction measurements, which did not show diffraction patterns characteristic of systems of long-range structural order. The diffusion coefficients of the species involved were measured with QELS. These indicated that monophasic solutions are composed of bicontinuous and W/O microemulsions, whose THLB, is 37.5 ºC for CME, BME, and 42.5 ºC for SME and LME, respectively. The structure of the µE employed, µE/soil ratio, and contact time are important extraction variables. The amount of the µE should be sufficient to wet the surface of the soil, without causing PAHs redeposition. The optimum ratio was 6. Bicontinuous µEs were more efficient decontaminators than W/O microemulsions probably because they desorb PAH from soil by decreasing the associated interfacial tension. Decontamination by the former µEs was 35% more efficient than by hot toluene (6 hours, Soxhlet). After decontamination, the soil was washed with water, and its bioavailability assessed by measuring its charge density. Relative to the original soil, the charge density of decontaminated soil increased by 63%, 86%, 100% and 162%, for washed samples, which were decontaminated with µEs of CME, SME, LME and BME, respectively (µEs BI; ? = 0.5 e ? = 0.3).

Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados sobre o uso da voltametria com microeletrodos para o estudo de sistemas micelares. Estes estudos se basearam na obtenção de coeficientes de difusão de micelas em solução aquosa. Para tanto, o ferroceno foi utilizado como sonda eletroativa, haja vista que esta molécula é pouco solúvel em água e possui grande afinidade pelo interior micelar. A partir de experimentos envolvendo o tensoativo brometo de hexadecil trimetil amônio (C16TABr) pôde-se calcular parâmetros como o coeficiente de difusão do agregado na concentração micelar crítica e o coeficiente de interação intermicelar com a aplicação dos dados de coeficiente de difusão obtidos pela teoria de interação linear. O coeficiente de interação intermicelar permitiu a estimativa da concentração de eletrólito necessária para a mudança morfológica da micela (micela esférica para micela alongada). O raio hidronâmico da micela foi o calculado a partir da relação Stokes-Einstein. Um estudo complementar envolveu a adição de n-decanol à solução de tensoativo, e comparações dos coeficientes de difusão obtidos na presença e na ausência do álcool foram efetuadas. Estudos subseqüentes foram realizados empregando outros tensoativos (C14TABr, C12TABr e C10TABr) com a finalidade de verificar a dependência do coeficiente de difusão micelar com o comprimento da cauda hidrofóbica da molécula do tensoativo. A influência de outros parâmetros como o raio hidrodinâmico e a concentração de eletrólito necessária para a transição morfológica com o comprimento da cauda hidrofóbica também foi estudada. Em experimentos voltamétricos envolvendo a oxidação eletroquímica do ferroceno em meio de C16TABr e de SDS (dodecil sulfato de sódio) foi verificado que o sinal anódico ocorre em potenciais menos positivos em soluções de SDS, fato justificado pela interação da micela de SDS, negativamente carregada, com a superfície do eletrodo positivamente carregado. A investigação da interação do produto de oxidação eletroquímica do ferroceno, o íon ferrocínio, com as micelas de C16TABr foi realizada em experimentos envolvendo uma microestrutura geradora-coletora. Esta estrutura consiste em dois eletrodos de área similar separados por um canal de espessura micrométrica. A utilização deste dispositivo possibilitou a obtenção do coeficiente de difusão do ferrocínio e, a partir deste dado, foi possível fazer inferências sobre a afinidade deste íon pelo interior micelar. / Voltammetry with platinum disc microelectrodes was employed to gain information on diffusion coefficients, D, of micelles in aqueous solution. Owing to the low solubility in water and high affinity for the micellar core, ferrocene was used as electroactive probe. Diffusion coefficients of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C16TABr) were determined in solutions containing the surfactant in different concentrations and the data were fitted according to the linear interaction theory. This procedure allowed the diffusion coefficient at the critical micelle concentration to be found, as well as the intermicellar interaction parameter. The latter was used to estimate the minimum concentration of electrolyte that promotes morphological changes in the micelles (sphere to rod transition). The micellar hydrodynamic radius was calculated by using the Stokes-Einstein equation. A complementary study involved the addition of n-decanol to surfactant solutions and the diffusion coefficient was compared with the one obtained in the absence of the fatty alcohol. Experiments were also performed in solutions containing other surfactants (C14TABr, C12TABr e C10TABr) to investigate the dependence of D on the length of the hydrophobic tail. The influence of the hydrodynamic radii and supporting electrolyte concentration for the sphere to rod transition on the surfactant tail was also studied. A brief study on the electrochemical oxidation of ferrocene at two different micellar media (C16TABr and SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate) was done. The voltammetric experiments showed that the anodic process occurs at less positive potentials in solutions containing SDS and a likely explanation involves the electrostatic interaction between the micelle and the electrode surface. Experiments with a homemade twin-electrode thin-layer cell (TETLC) were performed in order to evaluate the interaction of ferrocinium, the product of ferrocene oxidation, with C16TABr micelles. The diffusion coefficient of ferrocinium was obtained and the affinity of this generated electroactive species with the micellar core was discussed.

Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados sobre o uso da voltametria com microeletrodos para o estudo de sistemas micelares. Estes estudos se basearam na obtenção de coeficientes de difusão de micelas em solução aquosa. Para tanto, o ferroceno foi utilizado como sonda eletroativa, haja vista que esta molécula é pouco solúvel em água e possui grande afinidade pelo interior micelar. A partir de experimentos envolvendo o tensoativo brometo de hexadecil trimetil amônio (C16TABr) pôde-se calcular parâmetros como o coeficiente de difusão do agregado na concentração micelar crítica e o coeficiente de interação intermicelar com a aplicação dos dados de coeficiente de difusão obtidos pela teoria de interação linear. O coeficiente de interação intermicelar permitiu a estimativa da concentração de eletrólito necessária para a mudança morfológica da micela (micela esférica para micela alongada). O raio hidronâmico da micela foi o calculado a partir da relação Stokes-Einstein. Um estudo complementar envolveu a adição de n-decanol à solução de tensoativo, e comparações dos coeficientes de difusão obtidos na presença e na ausência do álcool foram efetuadas. Estudos subseqüentes foram realizados empregando outros tensoativos (C14TABr, C12TABr e C10TABr) com a finalidade de verificar a dependência do coeficiente de difusão micelar com o comprimento da cauda hidrofóbica da molécula do tensoativo. A influência de outros parâmetros como o raio hidrodinâmico e a concentração de eletrólito necessária para a transição morfológica com o comprimento da cauda hidrofóbica também foi estudada. Em experimentos voltamétricos envolvendo a oxidação eletroquímica do ferroceno em meio de C16TABr e de SDS (dodecil sulfato de sódio) foi verificado que o sinal anódico ocorre em potenciais menos positivos em soluções de SDS, fato justificado pela interação da micela de SDS, negativamente carregada, com a superfície do eletrodo positivamente carregado. A investigação da interação do produto de oxidação eletroquímica do ferroceno, o íon ferrocínio, com as micelas de C16TABr foi realizada em experimentos envolvendo uma microestrutura geradora-coletora. Esta estrutura consiste em dois eletrodos de área similar separados por um canal de espessura micrométrica. A utilização deste dispositivo possibilitou a obtenção do coeficiente de difusão do ferrocínio e, a partir deste dado, foi possível fazer inferências sobre a afinidade deste íon pelo interior micelar. / Voltammetry with platinum disc microelectrodes was employed to gain information on diffusion coefficients, D, of micelles in aqueous solution. Owing to the low solubility in water and high affinity for the micellar core, ferrocene was used as electroactive probe. Diffusion coefficients of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C16TABr) were determined in solutions containing the surfactant in different concentrations and the data were fitted according to the linear interaction theory. This procedure allowed the diffusion coefficient at the critical micelle concentration to be found, as well as the intermicellar interaction parameter. The latter was used to estimate the minimum concentration of electrolyte that promotes morphological changes in the micelles (sphere to rod transition). The micellar hydrodynamic radius was calculated by using the Stokes-Einstein equation. A complementary study involved the addition of n-decanol to surfactant solutions and the diffusion coefficient was compared with the one obtained in the absence of the fatty alcohol. Experiments were also performed in solutions containing other surfactants (C14TABr, C12TABr e C10TABr) to investigate the dependence of D on the length of the hydrophobic tail. The influence of the hydrodynamic radii and supporting electrolyte concentration for the sphere to rod transition on the surfactant tail was also studied. A brief study on the electrochemical oxidation of ferrocene at two different micellar media (C16TABr and SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate) was done. The voltammetric experiments showed that the anodic process occurs at less positive potentials in solutions containing SDS and a likely explanation involves the electrostatic interaction between the micelle and the electrode surface. Experiments with a homemade twin-electrode thin-layer cell (TETLC) were performed in order to evaluate the interaction of ferrocinium, the product of ferrocene oxidation, with C16TABr micelles. The diffusion coefficient of ferrocinium was obtained and the affinity of this generated electroactive species with the micellar core was discussed.

Le but de ce projet est de synthétiser des peptides amphiphiles ayant une partie structurante en feuillet beta afin d'obtenir des micelles cylindriques. La partie hydrophile du peptide est associée à un polymère qui va être le support de la membrane car le peptide seul ne se structure qu'en micelle cylindrique. Une fois la membrane créée, le peptide peut être enlevé ou alors laissé au sein de la membrane et cette membrane a des applications dans la filtration spécifique car elle est nanostructurée. / The goal of this project is to synthesize amphphilic peptides with a structuring part in beta sheet in order to obtain cylindrical mycelles. The hydrophylic part of the peptide is associated to a polymer which will be the support of the membrane because the peptide itself doesn't associate to crate a membrane. With the membrane, we can remove the peptide or not and this membrane has specific filtration properties since it is nanostructured.