O tratamento endodôntico tem por finalidade primordial oferecer um ambiente favorável para que o organismo possa proporcionar o reparo dos tecidos periapicais possibilitando ao dente o retorno de suas funções. Uma das principais dificuldades de se lograr tal objetivo reside na complexidade anatômica dos canais radiculares, oferecendo sítios de difícil acesso a instrumentos e substâncias químicas, responsáveis pela promoção desse ambiente. Novos instrumentos mecanizados de NiTi foram desenvolvidos propondo diferentes tratamentos térmicos com a finalidade de melhorar a adaptação a canais ovalados, permitindo tocar o maior número de paredes dos canais radiculares. O sistema XP- endo Shaper (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Suíça), recentemente lançado, possui um design inovador, sendo capaz de reagir a variações de temperatura e adquirir uma forma pré-determinada dentro do canal radicular, na temperatura corpórea, bem como atingir áreas inacessíveis para os instrumentos convencionais, tocando os pontos mais dificeis dos canais ovais. O presente estudo tem por objetivos, avaliar o preparo de canais ovais longos de molares inferiores com o sistema XP- endo Shaper comparando-o com instrumentos do sistema Mtwo, por meio da microtomografia computadorizada (?CT). Foram selecionadas 32 raízes distais de molares inferiores divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos de 16, de acordo com o método de instrumentação a ser avaliado: Grupo XP - Instrumentação com XP- endo Shaper e Grupo Mtwo - instrumentação com Mtwo. Após a utilização dos softwares Data Viewer, CTan, CTVol foi possível a visualização e análise tridimensional do canal radicular antes e após os procedimentos de preparo-químico cirúrgico, para a comparação do volume de dentina removida, aumento do volume do canal, aumento da área de superfície do canal, superfícies não preparadas do canal, volume de debris e índice de modelo de estrutura (SMI). Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes Shapiro-Wilk e Mann-Whitney. Demonstrando que não houve uma diferença estatística entre os grupos XP-endo Shaper e Mtwo quanto o volume de dentina removida, aumento do volume do canal, aumento da área de superfície do canal, superfícies não preparadas do canal, volume de debris e SMI. Concluiu-se que nenhum sistema estudado foi capaz de tocar todas as paredes de um canal oval longo e que ambas as técnicas se comportam de maneiras semelhantes quanto a do volume de dentina removida, aumento do volume do canal, aumento da área de superfície do canal, SMI, superfícies não preparadas do canal e volume de debris. / Endodontic treatment has the primary purpose of offering a favorable environment so that the body can provide the repair of the periapical tissues enabling the tooth to return to its functions. One of the main difficulties in achieving this objective is the anatomical complexity of the root canals, offering difficult access to instruments and chemical substances responsible for promoting this environment. New NiTi rotatory instruments were developed by proposing different thermal treatments with the purpose of improving the adaptation to oval root canals, allowing instrumenting the largest number of root canal walls. The newly launched XP-endo Shaper system (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) has an innovative design, being able to react to temperature variations and acquire a predetermined shape inside the root canal, at body temperature, as well as reaching areas inaccessible to conventional instruments, instrumenting the hardest points of oval canals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the preparation of long oval canals of mandibular molars with the XP-endo Shaper system, comparing it with the Mtwo system instruments, using micro-computerized tomography (?CT). 32 distal roots of mandibular molars were randomly divided into 2 groups of 16, according to the instrumentation method to be evaluated: XP Group - Instrumentation with XP-endo Shaper and Mtwo Group - instrumentation with Mtwo. After the use of the CTan, CTVol and Data Viewer softwares, it was possible to visualize and analyze three-dimensionally the root canal, before and after the chemical-surgical procedures, to compare the volume of dentin removed, the increase of volume of the canal, the increase of area of the canal surface, unprepared canal surfaces, volume of debris and structure model index (SMI). Results were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. It was demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between the XP-endo Shaper and Mtwo groups, referring to the volume of dentin removed, increase in canal volume, increase in the surface area of the canal, unprepared surfaces of the canal, volume of debris and SMI. We concluded that no studied system was able to touch all the walls of a long oval canal and that both techniques behave in a similar way as the volume of dentin removed, increase in the volume of the canal, increase in the surface area of the canal, SMI, unprepared surfaces of the canal and volume of debris.

Endodontic retreatments are time-consuming and difficult to perform. Removing the root canal filling material of the original treatment with maximum efficiency and safety is a complex task that requires a good technique, patience and perseverance. This filling material is often contaminated and prevents access to areas of the canal harboring bacteria and remnants of necrotic tissue, especially in the isthmus region and in dentinal tubules. The aim of this study was to use micro-computed tomography to evaluate two protocols for the removal of root canal filling material from curved root canals of the mesial roots of mandibular molars using a reciprocating instrument followed by two different rotary instruments manufactured with different nickel-titanium alloys. The reduction in the volume of the filling material inside the root canals was evaluated. Assessments were also made of the influence of the glide path extension on root canal obturation, the extrusion of filling material after the use of the reciprocating instrument, the volume of filling material after retreatment and its presence in isthmus areas. In addition, the use of a solvent and the agitation of a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution using either passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or a plastic instrument in reciprocating motion were evaluated. A total of 40 mesial roots of mandibular molars with a mean curvature of 25 degrees were selected. The teeth were radiographed digitally in the buccolingual and mesiodistal directions, with a digital Xray system (Schick CDR; Schick Technologies, Long Island, NY), using an exposure time of 0.16 s. This was done in order to select the teeth and then compose two groups with similar characteristics to ensure their anatomic homogeneity. Group homogeneity in terms of anatomy, root canal length, curvature angle, and Vertucci classification type II and IV were confirmed and showed that the study groups were well balanced. Two groups were defined according to the retreatment protocol adopted, namely RHPui (Reciproc + Hyflex + PUI) and RMEasy (Reciproc + Mtwo + EasyClean). The teeth were instrumented with the Reciproc R25 instrument and filled using the single-cone technique and AHPlus cement. Prior to the use of this instrument, canal patency was achieved by creating a glide path with PathFile instruments, throughout the entire extension of the canal in Group RHPui, and up to 1 mm short of the total canal length in Group RMEasy. In both groups, the original filling material was removed with the Reciproc R25 instrument. Xylene was used as a solvent in Group RHPui up to the middle third, but not in the apical area, in the later steps of instrumentation with Reciproc R25. In Group RHPui, the Hyflex 40.04 instrument, made with a CM nickeltitanium alloy, was used. After that, xylene solvent was applied for one minute in the pulp chamber, followed by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) with 2% sodium hypochlorite using an irrisonic instrument, applied up to 2 mm short of the working length. In Group RMEasy, the Mtwo 40.04 instrument, made with a conventional nickeltitanium alloy, was used. Xylene solvent was also used in the pulp chamber for one minute, followed by application of a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution agitated mechanically with an EasyClean plastic instrument in reciprocating motion up to the full working length. The two groups were re-obturated using the warm vertical condensation technique, with a gutta-percha cone corresponding to the final instrument, and with AHPus cement. Micro-CT scans were performed after each procedure to evaluate the volume of the remaining material, the extrusion after the use of the reciprocating instruments, the final volume of the obturation at the end of the retreatment and the filling material volume in the isthmus area, both after the original obturation and after re-obturation. The results showed that the initial filling was significantly closer to the apical foramen in Group RHPui than in Group RMEasy, after the initial treatment. After performing the retreatment protocols, the complete removal of filling material from inside the root canals was not achieved in either study group, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups regarding this variable. In the intra-group evaluation, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the procedural steps regarding the reduction in filling material volume, both in the total canal length and at its different levels, except for the middle third after HyFlex, the cervical third after Mtwo, and the middle third after EasyClean. The volume of the final filling material was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the volume of the original filling material in both study groups. The volume of filling material in the isthmus region was significantly higher after re-obturation in both groups (P < 0.05), and this increase was greater in the RMEasy Group. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups regarding the total amount of time expended in the removal of filling material (P > 0.05), namely 209.40 s for the RHPui Group and 227.40 s for the RMEasy Group. There was also no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups regarding the volume of extruded filling material, namely 0.0258 mm3 (0 0.954) in the RHPui Group and 0.0037 mm3 (0 0.565) in the RMEasy Group. The Shapiro-Wilks, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Friedman and Dunn tests were used in the data analysis. / Os retratamentos endodônticos demandam tempo e são difíceis de serem executados. Remover o material de obturação do tratamento original com a máxima eficiência e segurança é uma tarefa complexa que necessita de técnica, paciência e perseverança. Esse material de obturação muitas vezes está contaminado, e impede o acesso às áreas do canal onde permaneceram restos de tecido necrótico e microrganismos, especialmente na região do istmo e nos túbulos dentinários. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio da microtomografia computadorizada, dois protocolos de desobturação de canais radiculares curvos de raízes mesiais de molares inferiores utilizando um instrumento reciprocante seguido de dois diferentes instrumentos rotatórios fabricados com diferentes ligas metálicas de níquel-titânio. Além da redução dos volumes de material obturador no interior dos canais, foram avaliados a influência do comprimento da patência do canal radicular (glide path) na obturação, extrusão de material obturador após o uso do instrumento reciprocante Reciproc R25, o volume do material de obturação após o retratamento e a presença deste em áreas de istmo. Também foi avaliado o uso de um solvente seguido da agitação do hipoclorito de sódio a 2% com ultrassom (PUI) e com um instrumento plástico acionado em movimento reciprocante. Foram selecionadas 40 raízes mesiais de molares inferiores com curvatura média de 25 graus que foram divididos em dois grupos de forma homogênea quanto ao comprimento, à curvatura e à anatomia (classes II e IV de acordo com a classificação de Vertucci) dos canais radiculares. Os dentes foram instrumentados com o instrumento Reciproc R25 e obturados com a técnica do cone único e com cimento AHPlus. Previamente ao uso do instrumento Reciproc R25, obteve-se a patência inicial do canal, ou seja, criou-se um glide path, com os instrumentos PathFile em toda a extensão do canal no Grupo RHPui e 1 mm aquém do comprimento total do canal no Grupo RMEasy. Os dois grupos foram definidos de acordo com o protocolo de retratamento adotado, a saber, RHPui (Reciproc + Hyflex + PUI) e RMEasy (Reciproc + Mtwo + EasyClean). Nos dois grupos, a remoção do material obturador original foi realizada com o instrumento Reciproc R25, sendo que no grupo RHPui foi utilizado o solvente xilol até a proximidade do terço médio, não sendo utilizado solvente no terço apical. No Grupo RHPui, utilizouse, então, o instrumento Hyflex 40.04 feito com liga de niquel-titânio CM (control memory ou de memória controlada) e, por último, utilizou-se o solvente xilol por um minuto na câmara pulpar, seguido de irrigação ultrassônica passiva (PUI) com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2% utilizando o instrumento Irrisonic, até o limite de 2 mm aquém do comprimento de trabalho. No Grupo RMEasy, foi utilizado o instrumento Mtwo 40.04 fabricado com liga de níquel-titânio convencional e, a seguir, também se utilizou o solvente xilol por um minuto na câmara pulpar seguido de uma agitação mecânica do hipoclorito de sódio a 2% com o instrumento plástico EasyClean em movimento reciprocante até o limite do comprimento total de trabalho. Os dois grupos foram re-obturados com a técnica de condensação vertical aquecida com cone de guta-percha correspondente ao instrumento final e com cimento AHPus. Foram realizadas microtomografias após cada procedimento para avaliar o volume de material remanescente, a extrusão após o uso dos instrumentos reciprocantes, o volume final da obturação ao final do retratamento e o volume na área de istmo, tanto após a obturação original quanto após a re-obturação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, no tratamento inicial, a patência do canal (ou glidepath) realizado com instrumentos Pathfile previamente ao uso dos instrumentos Reciproc R25 possibilitou que a obturação dos canais atingisse um limite significativamente (P < 0,05) mais próximo ao forame apical no grupo RHPui, onde o glidepath foi realizado em toda a extensão do canal. Em relação aos diferentes protocolos de retratamento, não houve remoção completa do material obturador do interior dos canais nos dois grupos estudados em todos os níveis avaliados, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa (P > 0,05) entre os grupos com relação a essa variável. Na avaliação intragrupo, houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (P < 0,05) entre os passos do procedimento em relação à redução do volume de material obturador, tanto na extensão total do canal, quanto nos seus diferentes níveis, com exceção do terço médio após o Hyflex, no terço cervical após o Mtwo e no terço médio após o EasyClean. O volume do material obturador final foi significativamente maior (P < 0,05) do que o volume do material obturador original, nos dois grupos estudados. O volume de material obturador na região do istmo foi significativamente maior (P < 0,05) após a re-obturação nos dois grupos, sendo significativamente maior (P < 0,05) no grupo RMEasy do que no grupo RHPui. Não houve diferença estatística (P > 0,05) entre os grupos com relação ao tempo total despendido na remoção do material obturador (P > 0,05), sendo 209,40 s para o Grupo RHPui e 227,40 s para o Grupo RMEasy. Não houve diferença estatística (P > 0,05) entre os grupos com relação ao volume da extrusão de material obturador, sendo 0,0258 mm3 (0 0,954) no Grupo RHPui e 0,0037 mm3 (0 0,565) no Grupo RMEasy. Os testes de Shapiro-Wilks, Mann- Whitney, Wilcoxon, Friedman e Dunn foram utilizados na análise dos dados.

A ação do instrumento endodôntico nas paredes do canal leva à formação de debris dentinários. Sua remoção é principalmente função das manobras de irrigação. Entretanto, a ação do instrumento pode facilitar ou não o acúmulo dos debris dentinários, principalmente em função da sua cinemática. O sistema Twisted File (TF) Adaptive (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) combina o movimento rotatório contínuo e reciprocante e o sistema Reciproc (VDW, Munique, Alemanha) realiza o preparo do canal radicular pelo movimento reciprocante puro. Os objetivos deste estudo foram, utilizando a microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT): avaliar, ex vivo, o preparo (aumento de volume e superficies não preparadas) e quantificar o acúmulo de debris dentinários em canais ovais longos comparando os sistemas TF Adaptive e Reciproc; avaliar o efeito da irrigação ultrassônica ativada intermitente (IUAT) após o preparo químico-cirúrgico com os sistemas propostos, na redução de debris dentinários; e relacionar a presença de debris dentinários com o magma dentinário avaliado por meio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Canais distais de trinta e oito molares inferiores foram selecionados e divididos em dois grupos: G1 - TFA (n=19) e G2 - RC (n=19). Cada espécime foi submetido a três escaneamentos: prée pós-operatório e pós-irrigação ultrassônica passiva final. Após a reconstrução das imagens resultantes dos três escaneamentos, foi feito o corregistro das mesmas com o programa DataViewer. Os programas CTAn e CTvol foram utilizados para binarização dos objetos de interesse, avaliações morfométricas e reconstrução dos modelos tridimensionais. Foram mensurados o aumento de volume do canal, as superfícies não preparadas e os debris dentinários após o preparo químico-cirúrgico. Após a irrigação final, cinco raízes de cada grupo foram clivadas longitudinalmente ao meio no terço apical e analisadas no microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) quanto à presença de magma dentinário. O sistema de pontuação utilizado foi o de Hülsmann et al. (1997). Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa Bioestat e mostraram uma distribuição não-paramétrica pelo teste D\'Agostino. Por esta razão, para a análise dois a dois entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Na análise intra-grupo, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi o escolhido, com complementação do teste de Dunn quando necessário. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o sistema TF Adaptive removeu mais dentina quando todo canal foi considerado (p<0,05). Entretanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à porcentagem de superfície não preparada em ambos os sistemas (p>0.05). Em relação ao acúmulo de debris dentinários e redução de debris dentinários pós-irrigação ultrassônica passiva, também não houve diferença entre os grupos (p>0.05). A IUAI promoveu redução significativa de debris dentinários, à exceção do terço apical. Qualitativamente, no MEV, observou-se magma dentinário não-homogêneo cobrindo a parede do canal, especialmente no grupo Reciproc. Conclui-se que nenhum sistema conseguiu preparar completamente as paredes de canal radicular oval longo e que a IUAI reduz os debris dentinários na ordem de 60-70%. Na análise do MEV, pode-se observar que não houve correlação entre a redução de debris dentinários e o magma dentinário. / The action of the endodontic instrument leads to hard-tissue debris. The main goal of the irrigation procedures is its removal. Nevertheless, depending on its kinematics the rotary file can contribute to the removal of hard-tissue debris. The TF Adaptive system (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) combines the rotary and reciprocating movement and the Reciproc system (VDW< Munique, Alemanha) with pure reciprocating movement, removes significant quantities of dentin of the canal wall with more difficulties of pulling out hard-tissue debris. The aims of this study were, using microcomputed tomography: evaluate preparation and quantify hard-tissue debris reduction in long-oval canals comparing TF Adaptive and Reciproc systems; evaluate the effect of passive ultrassonic irrigation (PUI) after preparation with the proposed groups in the accumulation of hard-tissue debris; and correlate the presence of hardtissue debris with smear layer evaluated by scanning eléctron microscope (SEM). Distal canals of thirty-eight lower molars were selected and divided in two groups: G1 - TFA (n=19) and G2 - RC (n=19). Each specimen was scanned three times: preand post-instrumentation of the root canal; and post-passive ultrassonic irrigation. After reconstruction of the scanned images, a co-registration was done with DataViewer. The softwares CTan and CTvol were used for binarization of the objects of interest, morphometrics alterations and reconstruction of tridimensional models and hard-tissue debris models. Volume increasing, non-prepared surfaces and hardtissue debris after instrumentation were measured. After final irrigation, the root canals were clived in halves at the apical third and analyzed by scanning eléctron microscope related to smear layer. The score system described by Hülsmann et al. (1997) was used. The results showed a non-parametric distribution by D\'Agostino test. For that reason, Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the experimental groups and the Kruskall-Wallis test to compare intra-group performance. Dunn test determined which sample was different. Data shows that TF Adaptive removed more dentin in the whole root canal (p<0,05). There was no significant statistic difference comparing non-prepared surfaces between the systems (p>0,05). Related to hardtissue debris and reduction of hard-tissue debris after passive ultrassonic irrigation, there was no significant difference between TF Adaptive and Reciproc. The PUI reduced significantly hard-tissue debris, except for the apical third. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a non-homogeneous smear layer covering the canal dentin walls, specially the Reciproc group. It was concluded that no system completely prepared the dentin walls of long-oval root canals and the passive ultrassonic irrigation decreased hard-tissue debris about 60-70% in the evaluated systems. SEM analysis reported no correlation between hard-tissue reduction and smear layer.

L’extraction des cellules cancéreuses d’un fluide corporel est une procédure importante lors d’un diagnostic clinique et d’une thérapie. En particulier, lorsque la technique de séparation est basée sur la chromatographie cellulaire, il est important de disposer de connaissances précises sur les capacités de liaison des cellules cibles avec le milieu poreux. Pour cette raison, des expériences utilisant la tomodensitométrie à résolution temporelle ont été́ conçues et réalisées à l’Installation Européenne de Rayonnement Synchrotron. Les distributions des courbures et des torsions des trajectoires de cellules situées dans suspension s’écoulant à travers un milieu poreux sont des informations précieuses pour caractériser l’efficacité́ des procédés chromatographiques. Cependant, le calcul de la torsion est un défi car étant basé sur des dérivées d’ordre supérieur qui sont très sensibles au bruit de discrétisation. Cette thèse présente deux nouvelles méthodes d’estimation des courbures et des torsions de trajectoires de particules données respectivement sous la forme de points discrets connectes ou non connectes. La première méthode est basée sur une approche dite d’approximation de Fourier. Des études de cas ont mis en lumière une diminution de l’erreur d’estimation des torsions d’au moins 65% par rapport à la méthode de référence d’approximation par les splines. Par ailleurs, le paramètre de lissage de l’approximation de Fourier peut rester constant pour une large plage de résolutions latérales et pour différentes valeurs de courbures et de torsion. La méthode dite d’approximation de Fourier n’étant pas applicable à des courbes échantillonnées avec un pas variable, une deuxième méthode basée sur la discrétisation des formules géométriques différentielles (DDGF) a été́ développée. L’approximation par les splines et la DDGF conduisent à des erreurs moyennes similaires. Cependant, le masque filtrant reste inchangé́ pour le DDGF, alors que le paramètre de lissage de l’approximation par les splines doit être adapté à la forme ainsi qu’au pas d’échantillonnage de la courbe / The extraction of cancerous cells from body uids is an important procedure in clinical diagnostics and therapy. Notably, when the separation technique is based on cell chromatography, it is important to have precise knowledge about binding capacities of target cells in porous media. Therefore, experiments using time-resolved micro-computed tomography were designed and carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The curvature and torsion distributions of cell paths in a two-phase ow through a porous medium are valuable information to characterize the efficiency of chromatographic processes. However, the computation of torsion is very challenging, since it is based on higher order derivatives which are very sensitive towards discretization noise. In this thesis, two new curvature and torsion estimation methods of particle paths are presented. The first method is based on a Fourier approximation. Case studies showed a decrease of the torsion estimation error of at least 65% compared to the commonly used spline approximation. Moreover, the smoothing parameter of the Fourier approximation can remain unchanged for both a wide range of lateral resolutions and curvatures and torsion values. Since this Fourier approximation approach cannot be applied at non-equidistant points, a second method based on the discretization of the differential-geometric formulas (DDGF) was developed. The spline approximation and the DDGF led to similar mean torsion errors. However, the filter mask remains unchanged for the DDGF, whereas the smoothing parameter of the spline approximation must be adapted to the curve shape and discretization

Endodontic retreatments are time-consuming and difficult to perform. Removing the root canal filling material of the original treatment with maximum efficiency and safety is a complex task that requires a good technique, patience and perseverance. This filling material is often contaminated and prevents access to areas of the canal harboring bacteria and remnants of necrotic tissue, especially in the isthmus region and in dentinal tubules. The aim of this study was to use micro-computed tomography to evaluate two protocols for the removal of root canal filling material from curved root canals of the mesial roots of mandibular molars using a reciprocating instrument followed by two different rotary instruments manufactured with different nickel-titanium alloys. The reduction in the volume of the filling material inside the root canals was evaluated. Assessments were also made of the influence of the glide path extension on root canal obturation, the extrusion of filling material after the use of the reciprocating instrument, the volume of filling material after retreatment and its presence in isthmus areas. In addition, the use of a solvent and the agitation of a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution using either passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or a plastic instrument in reciprocating motion were evaluated. A total of 40 mesial roots of mandibular molars with a mean curvature of 25 degrees were selected. The teeth were radiographed digitally in the buccolingual and mesiodistal directions, with a digital Xray system (Schick CDR; Schick Technologies, Long Island, NY), using an exposure time of 0.16 s. This was done in order to select the teeth and then compose two groups with similar characteristics to ensure their anatomic homogeneity. Group homogeneity in terms of anatomy, root canal length, curvature angle, and Vertucci classification type II and IV were confirmed and showed that the study groups were well balanced. Two groups were defined according to the retreatment protocol adopted, namely RHPui (Reciproc + Hyflex + PUI) and RMEasy (Reciproc + Mtwo + EasyClean). The teeth were instrumented with the Reciproc R25 instrument and filled using the single-cone technique and AHPlus cement. Prior to the use of this instrument, canal patency was achieved by creating a glide path with PathFile instruments, throughout the entire extension of the canal in Group RHPui, and up to 1 mm short of the total canal length in Group RMEasy. In both groups, the original filling material was removed with the Reciproc R25 instrument. Xylene was used as a solvent in Group RHPui up to the middle third, but not in the apical area, in the later steps of instrumentation with Reciproc R25. In Group RHPui, the Hyflex 40.04 instrument, made with a CM nickeltitanium alloy, was used. After that, xylene solvent was applied for one minute in the pulp chamber, followed by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) with 2% sodium hypochlorite using an irrisonic instrument, applied up to 2 mm short of the working length. In Group RMEasy, the Mtwo 40.04 instrument, made with a conventional nickeltitanium alloy, was used. Xylene solvent was also used in the pulp chamber for one minute, followed by application of a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution agitated mechanically with an EasyClean plastic instrument in reciprocating motion up to the full working length. The two groups were re-obturated using the warm vertical condensation technique, with a gutta-percha cone corresponding to the final instrument, and with AHPus cement. Micro-CT scans were performed after each procedure to evaluate the volume of the remaining material, the extrusion after the use of the reciprocating instruments, the final volume of the obturation at the end of the retreatment and the filling material volume in the isthmus area, both after the original obturation and after re-obturation. The results showed that the initial filling was significantly closer to the apical foramen in Group RHPui than in Group RMEasy, after the initial treatment. After performing the retreatment protocols, the complete removal of filling material from inside the root canals was not achieved in either study group, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups regarding this variable. In the intra-group evaluation, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the procedural steps regarding the reduction in filling material volume, both in the total canal length and at its different levels, except for the middle third after HyFlex, the cervical third after Mtwo, and the middle third after EasyClean. The volume of the final filling material was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the volume of the original filling material in both study groups. The volume of filling material in the isthmus region was significantly higher after re-obturation in both groups (P < 0.05), and this increase was greater in the RMEasy Group. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups regarding the total amount of time expended in the removal of filling material (P > 0.05), namely 209.40 s for the RHPui Group and 227.40 s for the RMEasy Group. There was also no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups regarding the volume of extruded filling material, namely 0.0258 mm3 (0 0.954) in the RHPui Group and 0.0037 mm3 (0 0.565) in the RMEasy Group. The Shapiro-Wilks, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Friedman and Dunn tests were used in the data analysis. / Os retratamentos endodônticos demandam tempo e são difíceis de serem executados. Remover o material de obturação do tratamento original com a máxima eficiência e segurança é uma tarefa complexa que necessita de técnica, paciência e perseverança. Esse material de obturação muitas vezes está contaminado, e impede o acesso às áreas do canal onde permaneceram restos de tecido necrótico e microrganismos, especialmente na região do istmo e nos túbulos dentinários. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio da microtomografia computadorizada, dois protocolos de desobturação de canais radiculares curvos de raízes mesiais de molares inferiores utilizando um instrumento reciprocante seguido de dois diferentes instrumentos rotatórios fabricados com diferentes ligas metálicas de níquel-titânio. Além da redução dos volumes de material obturador no interior dos canais, foram avaliados a influência do comprimento da patência do canal radicular (glide path) na obturação, extrusão de material obturador após o uso do instrumento reciprocante Reciproc R25, o volume do material de obturação após o retratamento e a presença deste em áreas de istmo. Também foi avaliado o uso de um solvente seguido da agitação do hipoclorito de sódio a 2% com ultrassom (PUI) e com um instrumento plástico acionado em movimento reciprocante. Foram selecionadas 40 raízes mesiais de molares inferiores com curvatura média de 25 graus que foram divididos em dois grupos de forma homogênea quanto ao comprimento, à curvatura e à anatomia (classes II e IV de acordo com a classificação de Vertucci) dos canais radiculares. Os dentes foram instrumentados com o instrumento Reciproc R25 e obturados com a técnica do cone único e com cimento AHPlus. Previamente ao uso do instrumento Reciproc R25, obteve-se a patência inicial do canal, ou seja, criou-se um glide path, com os instrumentos PathFile em toda a extensão do canal no Grupo RHPui e 1 mm aquém do comprimento total do canal no Grupo RMEasy. Os dois grupos foram definidos de acordo com o protocolo de retratamento adotado, a saber, RHPui (Reciproc + Hyflex + PUI) e RMEasy (Reciproc + Mtwo + EasyClean). Nos dois grupos, a remoção do material obturador original foi realizada com o instrumento Reciproc R25, sendo que no grupo RHPui foi utilizado o solvente xilol até a proximidade do terço médio, não sendo utilizado solvente no terço apical. No Grupo RHPui, utilizouse, então, o instrumento Hyflex 40.04 feito com liga de niquel-titânio CM (control memory ou de memória controlada) e, por último, utilizou-se o solvente xilol por um minuto na câmara pulpar, seguido de irrigação ultrassônica passiva (PUI) com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2% utilizando o instrumento Irrisonic, até o limite de 2 mm aquém do comprimento de trabalho. No Grupo RMEasy, foi utilizado o instrumento Mtwo 40.04 fabricado com liga de níquel-titânio convencional e, a seguir, também se utilizou o solvente xilol por um minuto na câmara pulpar seguido de uma agitação mecânica do hipoclorito de sódio a 2% com o instrumento plástico EasyClean em movimento reciprocante até o limite do comprimento total de trabalho. Os dois grupos foram re-obturados com a técnica de condensação vertical aquecida com cone de guta-percha correspondente ao instrumento final e com cimento AHPus. Foram realizadas microtomografias após cada procedimento para avaliar o volume de material remanescente, a extrusão após o uso dos instrumentos reciprocantes, o volume final da obturação ao final do retratamento e o volume na área de istmo, tanto após a obturação original quanto após a re-obturação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, no tratamento inicial, a patência do canal (ou glidepath) realizado com instrumentos Pathfile previamente ao uso dos instrumentos Reciproc R25 possibilitou que a obturação dos canais atingisse um limite significativamente (P < 0,05) mais próximo ao forame apical no grupo RHPui, onde o glidepath foi realizado em toda a extensão do canal. Em relação aos diferentes protocolos de retratamento, não houve remoção completa do material obturador do interior dos canais nos dois grupos estudados em todos os níveis avaliados, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa (P > 0,05) entre os grupos com relação a essa variável. Na avaliação intragrupo, houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (P < 0,05) entre os passos do procedimento em relação à redução do volume de material obturador, tanto na extensão total do canal, quanto nos seus diferentes níveis, com exceção do terço médio após o Hyflex, no terço cervical após o Mtwo e no terço médio após o EasyClean. O volume do material obturador final foi significativamente maior (P < 0,05) do que o volume do material obturador original, nos dois grupos estudados. O volume de material obturador na região do istmo foi significativamente maior (P < 0,05) após a re-obturação nos dois grupos, sendo significativamente maior (P < 0,05) no grupo RMEasy do que no grupo RHPui. Não houve diferença estatística (P > 0,05) entre os grupos com relação ao tempo total despendido na remoção do material obturador (P > 0,05), sendo 209,40 s para o Grupo RHPui e 227,40 s para o Grupo RMEasy. Não houve diferença estatística (P > 0,05) entre os grupos com relação ao volume da extrusão de material obturador, sendo 0,0258 mm3 (0 0,954) no Grupo RHPui e 0,0037 mm3 (0 0,565) no Grupo RMEasy. Os testes de Shapiro-Wilks, Mann- Whitney, Wilcoxon, Friedman e Dunn foram utilizados na análise dos dados.

In this thesis, we describe several imaging techniques specifically designed and developed for the assessment of pulmonary structure, function and pathology. We then describe the application of this technology within appropriate biological systems, including the identification, tracking and assessment of lung tumors in a mouse model of lung cancer. The design and development of a Large Image Microscope Array (LIMA), an integrated whole organ serial sectioning and imaging system, is described with emphasis on whole lung tissue. This system provides a means for acquiring 3D pathology of fixed whole lung specimens with no infiltrative embedment medium using a purpose-built vibratome and imaging system. This system enables spatial correspondence between histology and non-invasive imaging modalities such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), providing precise correlation of the underlying 'ground truth' pathology back to the in vivo imaging data. The LIMA system is evaluated using fixed lung specimens from sheep and mice, resulting in large, high-quality pathology datasets that are accurately registered to their respective CT and H&E histology. The implementation of an in vivo micro-CT imaging system in the context of pulmonary imaging is described. Several techniques are initially developed to reduce artifacts commonly associated with commercial micro-CT systems, including geometric gantry calibration, ring artifact reduction and beam hardening correction. A computer controlled Intermittent Iso-pressure Breath Hold (IIBH) ventilation system is then developed for reduction of respiratory motion artifacts in live, breathing mice. A study validating the repeatability of extracting valuable pulmonary metrics using this technique against standard respiratory gating techniques is then presented. The development of an ex vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and an in vivo catheter based confocal microscopy (CBCM) pulmonary imaging technique is described. Direct high-resolution imaging of sub-pleural alveoli is presented and an alveolar mechanic study is undertaken. Through direct quantitative assessment of alveoli during inflation and deflation, recruitment and de-recruitment of alveoli is quantitatively measured. Based on the empirical data obtained in this study, a new theory on alveolar mechanics is proposed. Finally, a longitudinal mouse lung cancer study utilizing the imaging techniques described and developed throughout this thesis is presented. Lung tumors are identified, tracked and analyzed over a 6-month period using a combination of micro-CT, micro-PET, micro-MRI, LSCM, CBCM, LIMA and H&E histology imaging. The growth rate of individual tumors is measured using the micro-CT data and traced back to the histology using the LIMA system. A significant difference in tumor growth rates within mice is observed, including slow growing, regressive, disappearing and aggressive tumors, while no difference between the phenotype of tumors was found from the H&E histology. Micro-PET and micro-MRI imaging was conducted at the 6-month time point and revealed the limitation of these systems for detection of small lesions ( < 2mm) in this mouse model of lung cancer. The CBCM imaging provided the first high-resolution live pathology of this mouse model of lung cancer and revealed distinct differences between normal, suspicious and tumor regions. In addition, a difference was found between control A/J mice parenchyma and Urethane A/J mice ‘normal’ parenchyma, suggesting a 'field effect' as a result of the Urethane administration and/or tumor burden. In conclusion, a comprehensive murine lung cancer imaging study was undertaken, and new information regarding the progression of tumors over time has been revealed.

Die Entwicklung und Erprobung von metallischen Implantatwerkstoffen mit biologischen Beschichtungen für den Einsatz im menschlichen Knochen verlangt, neben der Untersuchung grundlegender zellbiologischer Wechselwirkungen, eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung ihrer Wirkungsweise im lebenden Organismus. Die vorwiegend angewandte Methode zur Quantifizierung des Potentials von Biofunktionalisierungen metallischer Implantate ist dabei die histologische Auswertung. Diese stützt sich aber auf Informationen aus nur wenigen und eher zufälligen Schnittlagen im Probenvolumen, was mit einer hohen Anzahl an Tierexperimenten ausgeglichen wird. Mit der Mikrocomputertomographie steht neben der klassischen Histologie eine zerstörungsfreie Methode zur Verfügung, welche eine detaillierte dreidimensionale Darstellung des neugebildeten Knochengewebes ermöglicht. Die Abbildungsqualität des mineralischen Knochengewebes um Titanimplantate, als Grundlage für eine Vergleichbarkeit von Tomographie und Histologie, wurde anhand von drei Mikrofokus-Computertomographen und einem Synchrotron-Computertomographen am HASYLAB untersucht. Die tomographische Untersuchung von Hartgewebe einschließlich metallischer Implantate zeigte mit Hilfe von Synchrotronstrahlung die beste qualitative Übereinstimmung zur histologischen Bildgebung. Für die Quantifizierung der Knochenneubildung wurden interaktive Analysemodelle erarbeitet, welche eine vereinheitlichte Auswertung von histologischen und tomographischen Informationen erlaubt. Auf Grundlage der entwickelten Analyseprozeduren war es erstmals möglich, die statistische Belastbarkeit der Ergebnisse aus der histologischen und tomographischen Analyse zu untersuchen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass hinsichtlich der Herausstellung von Unterschieden bei der Osseointegration modifizierter Titanimplantate mit beiden Methoden ähnliche Ergebnistrends gefunden werden. Eine Signifikanz (p &amp;lt; 0,01) der Unterschiede bei der Knochenneubildung konnte jedoch ausschließlich mit der mikrotomographischen Analyse herausgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse bei der Darstellung und Analyse des mineralischen Gewebes durch die Nutzung der Synchrotrontomographie gehen weit über die Grenzen der histologischen Untersuchungen hinaus. Durch den dreidimensionalen Charakter der Informationen ergeben sich dabei neue Bewertungsmodelle zur Beurteilung der Osseointegration von biofunktionalisierten Implantaten. Die mikrotomographische Analyse führt gegenüber der histologischen Auswertung durch die geringe Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit der Ergebnisse bei deutlich verminderter Probenanzahl zu einer erheblichen Verringerung von Tierversuchen.

The primary objective was to predict the relative storage capacity of carbonate rocks relevant for carbon dioxide sequestration. To achieve this, a detailed pore scale characterization of model carbonate rocks, Indiana Limestone and Pink Dolomite, was conducted utilizing micro-computed tomography (microCT) data using pore network modeling and invasion percolation simulations. For the first time in literature, Pink Dolomite’s pore space characteristics were analyzed. A secondary objective was to compare thresholding techniques as applied to carbonates which exhibit dual porosity (porosity at multiple length scales). The analysis showed the sensitivity of existing methods to the thresholding technique, imaging method and material. Overall, the contributions of this work provide an assessment of two carbonates relevant for carbon capture and storage at the pore scale; and a preliminary assessment into thresholding dual porosity carbonates.

The primary objective was to predict the relative storage capacity of carbonate rocks relevant for carbon dioxide sequestration. To achieve this, a detailed pore scale characterization of model carbonate rocks, Indiana Limestone and Pink Dolomite, was conducted utilizing micro-computed tomography (microCT) data using pore network modeling and invasion percolation simulations. For the first time in literature, Pink Dolomite’s pore space characteristics were analyzed. A secondary objective was to compare thresholding techniques as applied to carbonates which exhibit dual porosity (porosity at multiple length scales). The analysis showed the sensitivity of existing methods to the thresholding technique, imaging method and material. Overall, the contributions of this work provide an assessment of two carbonates relevant for carbon capture and storage at the pore scale; and a preliminary assessment into thresholding dual porosity carbonates.

A ação do instrumento endodôntico nas paredes do canal leva à formação de debris dentinários. Sua remoção é principalmente função das manobras de irrigação. Entretanto, a ação do instrumento pode facilitar ou não o acúmulo dos debris dentinários, principalmente em função da sua cinemática. O sistema Twisted File (TF) Adaptive (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) combina o movimento rotatório contínuo e reciprocante e o sistema Reciproc (VDW, Munique, Alemanha) realiza o preparo do canal radicular pelo movimento reciprocante puro. Os objetivos deste estudo foram, utilizando a microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT): avaliar, ex vivo, o preparo (aumento de volume e superficies não preparadas) e quantificar o acúmulo de debris dentinários em canais ovais longos comparando os sistemas TF Adaptive e Reciproc; avaliar o efeito da irrigação ultrassônica ativada intermitente (IUAT) após o preparo químico-cirúrgico com os sistemas propostos, na redução de debris dentinários; e relacionar a presença de debris dentinários com o magma dentinário avaliado por meio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Canais distais de trinta e oito molares inferiores foram selecionados e divididos em dois grupos: G1 - TFA (n=19) e G2 - RC (n=19). Cada espécime foi submetido a três escaneamentos: prée pós-operatório e pós-irrigação ultrassônica passiva final. Após a reconstrução das imagens resultantes dos três escaneamentos, foi feito o corregistro das mesmas com o programa DataViewer. Os programas CTAn e CTvol foram utilizados para binarização dos objetos de interesse, avaliações morfométricas e reconstrução dos modelos tridimensionais. Foram mensurados o aumento de volume do canal, as superfícies não preparadas e os debris dentinários após o preparo químico-cirúrgico. Após a irrigação final, cinco raízes de cada grupo foram clivadas longitudinalmente ao meio no terço apical e analisadas no microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) quanto à presença de magma dentinário. O sistema de pontuação utilizado foi o de Hülsmann et al. (1997). Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa Bioestat e mostraram uma distribuição não-paramétrica pelo teste D\'Agostino. Por esta razão, para a análise dois a dois entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Na análise intra-grupo, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi o escolhido, com complementação do teste de Dunn quando necessário. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o sistema TF Adaptive removeu mais dentina quando todo canal foi considerado (p<0,05). Entretanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à porcentagem de superfície não preparada em ambos os sistemas (p>0.05). Em relação ao acúmulo de debris dentinários e redução de debris dentinários pós-irrigação ultrassônica passiva, também não houve diferença entre os grupos (p>0.05). A IUAI promoveu redução significativa de debris dentinários, à exceção do terço apical. Qualitativamente, no MEV, observou-se magma dentinário não-homogêneo cobrindo a parede do canal, especialmente no grupo Reciproc. Conclui-se que nenhum sistema conseguiu preparar completamente as paredes de canal radicular oval longo e que a IUAI reduz os debris dentinários na ordem de 60-70%. Na análise do MEV, pode-se observar que não houve correlação entre a redução de debris dentinários e o magma dentinário. / The action of the endodontic instrument leads to hard-tissue debris. The main goal of the irrigation procedures is its removal. Nevertheless, depending on its kinematics the rotary file can contribute to the removal of hard-tissue debris. The TF Adaptive system (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) combines the rotary and reciprocating movement and the Reciproc system (VDW< Munique, Alemanha) with pure reciprocating movement, removes significant quantities of dentin of the canal wall with more difficulties of pulling out hard-tissue debris. The aims of this study were, using microcomputed tomography: evaluate preparation and quantify hard-tissue debris reduction in long-oval canals comparing TF Adaptive and Reciproc systems; evaluate the effect of passive ultrassonic irrigation (PUI) after preparation with the proposed groups in the accumulation of hard-tissue debris; and correlate the presence of hardtissue debris with smear layer evaluated by scanning eléctron microscope (SEM). Distal canals of thirty-eight lower molars were selected and divided in two groups: G1 - TFA (n=19) and G2 - RC (n=19). Each specimen was scanned three times: preand post-instrumentation of the root canal; and post-passive ultrassonic irrigation. After reconstruction of the scanned images, a co-registration was done with DataViewer. The softwares CTan and CTvol were used for binarization of the objects of interest, morphometrics alterations and reconstruction of tridimensional models and hard-tissue debris models. Volume increasing, non-prepared surfaces and hardtissue debris after instrumentation were measured. After final irrigation, the root canals were clived in halves at the apical third and analyzed by scanning eléctron microscope related to smear layer. The score system described by Hülsmann et al. (1997) was used. The results showed a non-parametric distribution by D\'Agostino test. For that reason, Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the experimental groups and the Kruskall-Wallis test to compare intra-group performance. Dunn test determined which sample was different. Data shows that TF Adaptive removed more dentin in the whole root canal (p<0,05). There was no significant statistic difference comparing non-prepared surfaces between the systems (p>0,05). Related to hardtissue debris and reduction of hard-tissue debris after passive ultrassonic irrigation, there was no significant difference between TF Adaptive and Reciproc. The PUI reduced significantly hard-tissue debris, except for the apical third. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a non-homogeneous smear layer covering the canal dentin walls, specially the Reciproc group. It was concluded that no system completely prepared the dentin walls of long-oval root canals and the passive ultrassonic irrigation decreased hard-tissue debris about 60-70% in the evaluated systems. SEM analysis reported no correlation between hard-tissue reduction and smear layer.